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International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2021Oral health awareness during the menopausal period is essential to minimize the inevitable inconveniences which may occur due to hormonal changes. The decrease in... (Review)
Review
Oral health awareness during the menopausal period is essential to minimize the inevitable inconveniences which may occur due to hormonal changes. The decrease in estrogen hormone concentration impacts the oral mucosa in a similar way to the vaginal mucosa due to the presence of estrogen receptors in both of these structures. An estrogen deficiency also affects the maturation process of the oral mucosal epithelium and can lead to its thinning and atrophy, making it more susceptible to local mechanical injuries, causing a change in pain tolerance and problems in the use of removable prosthetic restorations. Mucosal epithelium during the menopausal period is more vulnerable to infections, , burning mouth syndrome, oral lichen planus (OLP), or idiopathic neuropathy. Moreover, salivary glands are also hormone-dependent which leads to changes in saliva secretion and its consistency. In consequence, it may affect teeth and periodontal tissues, resulting in an increased risk of caries and periodontal disease in menopausal women. Due to the large variety of complaints and symptoms occurring in the oral cavity, menopausal women constitute a significant group of patients who should receive special preventive and therapeutic care from doctors and dentists in this particular period.
Topics: Burning Mouth Syndrome; Epithelium; Female; Humans; Lichen Planus, Oral; Menopause; Mouth Mucosa; Saliva
PubMed: 35010513
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010253 -
Head and Neck Pathology Jun 2022Frozen section evaluation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is critical for margin status and subsequent patient therapy. In this study, we retrospectively... (Review)
Review
Frozen section evaluation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is critical for margin status and subsequent patient therapy. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the rate of frozen-permanent section discrepancies in blocks with two frozen section levels compared to ≥ three levels in oral cavity and oropharyngeal SCCs. A search of the cases with both intraoperative frozen sections and corresponding permanent sections for SCCs in the oral cavity and oropharynx was performed. Frozen sections and permanent slides were compared. The nature of discrepancies was assigned to one of the following: change in diagnosis, margin status, or distance of the tumor from the margin. The cause of the discrepancy was designated as one of the following: block sampling, gross sampling, interpretation, or technical error. The pathologist experience, frozen section technical experience, and intraoperative impact of each discrepancy were also evaluated. A total of 654 frozen and corresponding permanent blocks were assessed. For 532 of the frozen section blocks, two levels were cut, while 122 frozen section blocks had ≥ three levels. Thirty-five frozen-permanent section discrepancies were observed (5.4% of all blocks). Among these, 2.5% had a possible or definitive intraoperative impact. The percentage of discrepancies in the ≥ three levels group (5.7%) was slightly higher than the two-level group (5.3%), and this difference was not statistically significant. For the two-level group, the overall block sampling error rate was 4.5%. This was not significantly different from the 4.1% block sampling error rate seen in the ≥ three levels group. The rate of block sampling discrepancy did not show significant differences based on attending or frozen section technical experience. A change in margin distance (closer margin detected on permanent) occurred in 4% of the blocks and involved 16% of the patients. This review of oral cavity and oropharynx SCCs frozen/permanent section discrepancies shows that the error rate is not significantly different depending on the number of levels cut. The results suggest that always performing more than two frozen section levels may not yield a decreased discrepancy rate. A change in margin distance occurred quite frequently, but only in rare cases it had a definitive impact on the intraoperative management. Given the importance of correct intraoperative diagnosis in patient management, additional levels may be warranted depending on the clinical scenario.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Margins of Excision; Mouth; Retrospective Studies; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 34655410
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01385-7 -
NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes Jul 2023The oral cavity harbors highly diverse communities of microorganisms. However, the number of isolated species and high-quality genomes is limited. Here we present a...
The oral cavity harbors highly diverse communities of microorganisms. However, the number of isolated species and high-quality genomes is limited. Here we present a Cultivated Oral Bacteria Genome Reference (COGR), comprising 1089 high-quality genomes based on large-scale aerobic and anaerobic cultivation of human oral bacteria isolated from dental plaques, tongue, and saliva. COGR covers five phyla and contains 195 species-level clusters of which 95 include 315 genomes representing species with no taxonomic annotation. The oral microbiota differs markedly between individuals, with 111 clusters being person-specific. Genes encoding CAZymes are abundant in the genomes of COGR. Members of the Streptococcus genus make up the largest proportion of COGR and many of these harbor entire pathways for quorum sensing important for biofilm formation. Several clusters containing unknown bacteria are enriched in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, emphasizing the importance of culture-based isolation for characterizing and exploiting oral bacteria.
Topics: Humans; Bacteria; Mouth; Saliva; Microbiota; Streptococcus
PubMed: 37400465
DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00414-3 -
Odontology Oct 2019The indivisible relationship between the human host and its oral microbiome has been shaped throughout the millennia, by facing various changes that have forced the... (Review)
Review
The indivisible relationship between the human host and its oral microbiome has been shaped throughout the millennia, by facing various changes that have forced the adaptation of oral microorganisms to new environmental conditions. In this constant crosstalk between the human host and its microbiome, a bidirectional relationship has been established. The microorganisms provide the host with functions it cannot perform on its own and at the same time the host provides its microbes with a suitable environment for their growth and development. These host factors can positively affect the microbiome, promoting diversity and balance between different species, resulting in a state of symbiosis and absence of pathology. In contrast, other host factors can negatively influence the composition of the oral microbiome and drive the interaction towards a dysbiotic state, where the balance tilts towards a harmful relationship between the host and its microbiome. The aim of this review is to describe the role host factors play in cultivating and maintaining a healthy oral ecology and discuss mechanisms that can prevent its drift towards dysbiosis.
Topics: Dysbiosis; Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Symbiosis
PubMed: 30719639
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-019-00413-x -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020This study focused on documenting characteristics of the gingival transcriptome during various stages of periodontitis targeting genes associated with apoptotic and...
This study focused on documenting characteristics of the gingival transcriptome during various stages of periodontitis targeting genes associated with apoptotic and autophagic pathways and changes that specifically associate with features of the oral microbiome. ( = 18; 12-23 years) were examined at baseline and 0.5, 1, and 3 months of disease progression, as well as 5 months with clinical disease resolution. 16S sequencing and microarray analyses examined changes in the microbiome and gingival transcriptome, respectively, at each time point from every animal. Specific patterns of apoptotic and autophagic genes were identified related to the initiation and progression of disease. The analysis also provided insights on the principal bacteria within the complex microbiome whose abundance was significantly correlated with differences in apoptotic and autophagic gene expression. Bacteria were identified that formed associated complexes with similar effects on the host gene expression profiles. A complex of _unclassifed, _unclassified, sp. 317, and _[G-1] sp. 155 were significantly negatively correlated with both apoptosis and autophagy. Whereas, _[G-1], , and 539 were significantly positively correlated with both pathways, albeit this relationship was primarily associated with pro-apoptotic genes. The findings provide evidence for specific bacteria/bacterial complexes within the oral microbiome that appear to have a more substantive effect on regulating apoptotic and autophagic pathways in the gingival tissues with periodontitis.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Gingiva; Macaca mulatta; Microbiota; Mouth; Periodontitis; Transcriptome
PubMed: 33193408
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.585414 -
Annual Review of Microbiology Sep 2019Microbial communities are complex and dynamic, composed of hundreds of taxa interacting across multiple spatial scales. Advances in sequencing and imaging technology... (Review)
Review
Microbial communities are complex and dynamic, composed of hundreds of taxa interacting across multiple spatial scales. Advances in sequencing and imaging technology have led to great strides in understanding both the composition and the spatial organization of these complex communities. In the human mouth, sequencing results indicate that distinct sites host microbial communities that not only are distinguishable but to a meaningful degree are composed of entirely different microbes. Imaging suggests that the spatial organization of these communities is also distinct. Together, the literature supports the idea that most oral microbes are site specialists. A clear understanding of microbiota structure at different sites in the mouth enables mechanistic studies, informs the generation of hypotheses, and strengthens the position of oral microbiology as a model system for microbial ecology in general.
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Mouth; Spatial Analysis
PubMed: 31180804
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-090817-062503 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2021Dental biofilm present on the tooth surface is associated with oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Because bacterial numbers rapidly increase...
Dental biofilm present on the tooth surface is associated with oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Because bacterial numbers rapidly increase in saliva during sleep, oral care before sleeping is recommended for the prevention of chronic oral diseases. However, temporal circadian changes in the quantity and quality of dental biofilms are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of sleeping on dental biofilm amounts and compositions by using an in situ model. The use of this in situ model enabled us to investigate dental biofilm formed in the oral cavity and to perform a quantitative analysis. Subjects began wearing oral splints in the morning or before sleeping, and biofilm samples were collected at 8, 16, and 24 h after the subjects began wearing oral splints; these samples were then used in various experiments. No significant changes in the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were caused by sleep. However, the relative abundances of genera related to periodontitis (i.e., Fusobacterium and Prevotella) increased after awakening. In conclusion, the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were not affected by sleep, and the abundances of obligate anaerobes increased after sleep. This research may aid in defining efficacious preventive oral care.
Topics: Adult; Bacteria; Biofilms; Dental Caries; Female; Humans; Male; Mouth; Periodontal Diseases; Sleep
PubMed: 33420225
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80541-5 -
Journal of Dental Research Sep 2020The dance between microbes and the immune system takes place in all biological systems, including the human body, but this interaction is especially complex in the... (Review)
Review
The dance between microbes and the immune system takes place in all biological systems, including the human body, but this interaction is especially complex in the primary gateway to the body: the oral cavity. Recent advances in technology have enabled deep sequencing and analysis of members and signals of these communities. In a healthy state, the oral microbiome is composed of commensals, and their genes and phenotypes may be selected by the immune system to survive in symbiosis. These highly regulated signals are modulated by a network of microbial and host metabolites. However, in a diseased state, host-microbial networks lead to dysbiosis and considerable burden to the host prior to systemic impact that extends beyond the oral compartment. Interestingly, we presented data demonstrating similarities between human and mice immune dysbiosis and discussed how this affects the host response to similar pathobionts. The host and microbial signatures of a number of disease states are currently being examined to identify potential correlations. How the oral microbiome interacts with inflammation and the immune system to cause disease remains an area of active research. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in understanding the role of oral microbiota in mediating inflammation and altering systemic health and disease. In line with these findings, it is possible that existing conditions may be resolved by targeting specific immune-microbial markers in a positive way.
Topics: Animals; Dysbiosis; Humans; Inflammation; Mice; Microbiota; Mouth; Symbiosis
PubMed: 32459164
DOI: 10.1177/0022034520926126 -
Viruses Apr 2021The oral cavity is often the first site where viruses interact with the human body. The oral epithelium is a major site of viral entry, replication and spread to other... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is often the first site where viruses interact with the human body. The oral epithelium is a major site of viral entry, replication and spread to other cell types, where chronic infection can be established. In addition, saliva has been shown as a primary route of person-to-person transmission for many viruses. From a clinical perspective, viral infection can lead to several oral manifestations, ranging from common intraoral lesions to tumors. Despite the clinical and biological relevance of initial oral infection, little is known about the mechanism of regulation of the viral life cycle in the oral cavity. Several viruses utilize host epigenetic machinery to promote their own life cycle. Importantly, viral hijacking of host chromatin-modifying enzymes can also lead to the dysregulation of host factors and in the case of oncogenic viruses may ultimately play a role in promoting tumorigenesis. Given the known roles of epigenetic regulation of viral infection, epigenetic-targeted antiviral therapy has been recently explored as a therapeutic option for chronic viral infection. In this review, we highlight three herpesviruses with known roles in oral infection, including herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We focus on the respective oral clinical manifestations of these viruses and their epigenetic regulation, with a specific emphasis on the viral life cycle in the oral epithelium.
Topics: Cell Line; Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Herpesvirus 4, Human; Herpesvirus 8, Human; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Diseases; Saliva; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33920978
DOI: 10.3390/v13040681 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... Oct 2023
Topics: Humans; Microbiota; Mouth
PubMed: 38739809
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_180_24