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International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022The oral cavity is inhabited by a wide spectrum of microbial species, and their colonization is mostly based on commensalism. These microbes are part of the normal oral... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is inhabited by a wide spectrum of microbial species, and their colonization is mostly based on commensalism. These microbes are part of the normal oral flora, but there are also opportunistic species that can cause oral and systemic diseases. Although there is a strong exposure to various microorganisms, the oral mucosa reduces the colonization of microorganisms with high rotation and secretion of various types of cytokines and antimicrobial proteins such as defensins. In some circumstances, the imbalance between normal oral flora and pathogenic flora may lead to a change in the ratio of commensalism to parasitism. Healthy oral mucosa has many important functions. Thanks to its integrity, it is impermeable to most microorganisms and constitutes a mechanical barrier against their penetration into tissues. Our study aims to present the role and composition of the oral cavity microbiota as well as defense mechanisms within the oral mucosa which allow for maintaining a balance between such numerous species of microorganisms. We highlight the specific aspects of the oral mucosa protecting barrier and discuss up-to-date information on the immune cell system that ensures microbiota balance. This study presents the latest data on specific tissue stimuli in the regulation of the immune system with particular emphasis on the resistance of the gingival barrier. Despite advances in understanding the mechanisms regulating the balance on the microorganism/host axis, more research is still needed on how the combination of these diverse signals is involved in the regulation of immunity at the oral mucosa barrier.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Autoimmunity; Biodiversity; Disease Susceptibility; Dysbiosis; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Mucosal; Microbiota; Mouth Mucosa; Symbiosis
PubMed: 35055069
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020882 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health... (Review)
Review
This review article was designed to evaluate the existing evidence related to the molecular processes of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the oral cavity. The World Health Organization stated that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and transmission is produced by respiratory droplets and aerosols from the oral cavity of infected patients. The oral cavity structures, keratinized and non-keratinized mucosa, and salivary glands' epithelia express SARS-CoV-2 entry and transmission factors, especially angiotensin converting enzyme Type 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Replication of the virus in cells leads to local and systemic infection spread, and cellular damage is associated with clinical signs and symptoms of the disease in the oral cavity. Saliva, both the cellular and acellular fractions, holds the virus particles and contributes to COVID-19 transmission. The review also presents information about the factors modifying SARS-CoV-2 infection potential and possible local pharmacotherapeutic interventions, which may confine SARS-CoV-2 virus entry and transmission in the oral cavity. The PubMed and Scopus databases were used to search for suitable keywords such as: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, oral virus infection, saliva, crevicular fluid, salivary gland, tongue, oral mucosa, periodontium, gingiva, dental pulp, ACE2, TMPRSS2, Furin, diagnosis, topical treatment, vaccine and related words in relevant publications up to 28 December 2021. Data extraction and quality evaluation of the articles were performed by two reviewers, and 63 articles were included in the final review.
Topics: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2; Animals; COVID-19; Humans; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Pathology, Oral; Receptors, Virus; SARS-CoV-2; Serine Endopeptidases; Signal Transduction; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 35163355
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031431 -
Depleting CD103+ resident memory T cells in vivo reveals immunostimulatory functions in oral mucosa.The Journal of Experimental Medicine Jul 2023The oral mucosa is a frontline for microbial exposure and juxtaposes several unique tissues and mechanical structures. Based on parabiotic surgery of mice receiving...
The oral mucosa is a frontline for microbial exposure and juxtaposes several unique tissues and mechanical structures. Based on parabiotic surgery of mice receiving systemic viral infections or co-housing with microbially diverse pet shop mice, we report that the oral mucosa harbors CD8+ CD103+ resident memory T cells (TRM), which locally survey tissues without recirculating. Oral antigen re-encounter during the effector phase of immune responses potentiated TRM establishment within tongue, gums, palate, and cheek. Upon reactivation, oral TRM triggered changes in somatosensory and innate immune gene expression. We developed in vivo methods for depleting CD103+ TRM while sparing CD103neg TRM and recirculating cells. This revealed that CD103+ TRM were responsible for inducing local gene expression changes. Oral TRM putatively protected against local viral infection. This study provides methods for generating, assessing, and in vivo depleting oral TRM, documents their distribution throughout the oral mucosa, and provides evidence that TRM confer protection and trigger responses in oral physiology and innate immunity.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Antigens; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Immunologic Memory; Memory T Cells; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 37097449
DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221853 -
Journal of Cancer Research and... 2019Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive, scarring disease affecting oral, oropharyngeal, and sometimes the esophageal mucosa. It is characterized by the... (Review)
Review
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) is a chronic progressive, scarring disease affecting oral, oropharyngeal, and sometimes the esophageal mucosa. It is characterized by the progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissue. The pathogenesis of OSMF has been directly related to the habit of chewing areca nut and its commercial preparation, which is widespread in Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. The areca nut has been classified as a "group one human carcinogen." Oral squamous cell carcinoma in the background of OSMF is one of the most common malignancies in South and Southeast Asian countries. Malignant transformation has been reported in 7%-12% cases of OSMF. Histopathological spectrum of OSMF includes the apparent alterations observed in the epithelium and connective tissue. Epithelial atrophy and sometimes epithelial hyperplasia with or without dysplasia are the peculiar alterations seen in the epithelium. In the connective tissue, there is extracellular matrix remodeling which results in excessive collagenization. Further cross-linking of collagen leads to hyalinization which makes the collagen resistant to proteolysis. Owing to fibrosis in the connective tissue, there is narrowing of blood vessels which further results in compromised blood supply to the local tissue milieu, that is, hypoxia. This tissue hypoxia elicits angiogenesis which may result in the malignant transformation of OSMF. Perpetual irritation of areca nut and its constituents to the oral mucosa leads to upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and further juxtaepithelial inflammation. Thus, these coordinated reactions in epithelium and connective tissue leads the OSMF toward malignant transformation.
Topics: Animals; Atrophy; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Hyperplasia; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Oral Submucous Fibrosis
PubMed: 31169205
DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.JCRT_522_17 -
Oral Diseases Apr 2022
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 32558983
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13499 -
Tissue Engineering. Part B, Reviews Oct 2020Oral mucosa is the target tissue for many microorganisms involved in periodontitis and other infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Three-dimensional (3D) and... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosa is the target tissue for many microorganisms involved in periodontitis and other infectious diseases affecting the oral cavity. Three-dimensional (3D) and oral mucosa equivalents have been used for oral disease modeling and investigation of the mechanisms of oral bacterial and fungal infections. This review was conducted to analyze different studies using 3D oral mucosa models for the evaluation of the interactions of different microorganisms with oral mucosa. In this study, based on our inclusion criteria, 43 articles were selected and analyzed. Different types of 3D oral mucosa models of bacterial and fungal infections were discussed in terms of the biological system used, culture conditions, method of infection, and the biological endpoints assessed in each study. The critical analysis revealed some contradictory reports in this field of research in the literature. Challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models were further discussed, suggesting possible future directions in microbiomics, including the use of oral mucosa-on-a-chip. The potential use of these 3D tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents on bacteria and oral mucosa was also addressed. This review concluded that there were many aspects that would require optimization and standardization with regard to using oral mucosal models for infection by microorganisms. Using new technologies-such as microfluidics and bioreactors-could help to reproduce some of the physiologically relevant conditions and further simulate the clinical situation. Impact statement Tissue-engineered or commercial models of the oral mucosa are very useful for the study of diseases that involve the interaction of microorganisms and oral epithelium. In this review, challenges in recovering bacteria from oral mucosa models, the potential use of these three-dimensional tissue models for the evaluation of the effects of antiseptic agents, and future directions in microbiomics are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Humans; Models, Biological; Mouth Mucosa; Mycoses
PubMed: 32131719
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEB.2020.0016 -
Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral... Aug 2022
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Stomatitis
PubMed: 35165057
DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.12.001 -
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi... Feb 2023Oral mucosal administration is extensively used to treat systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases owing to unique oral mucosal structure and convenient... (Review)
Review
Oral mucosal administration is extensively used to treat systemic diseases and oral mucosal diseases owing to unique oral mucosal structure and convenient administration. However, the special microenvironment of the oral cavity being open, moving, and humid causes oral mucosal drug delivery to face great challenges. To address this dilemma, local adhesive agents have been widely studied for sustained drug delivery and improved bioavailability, showing broad prospects. Recently, the author has performed studies on oral mucosal adhesive agents. In this paper, the progress of research on oral mucosal adhesive materials is reviewed.
Topics: Humans; Drug Delivery Systems; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Diseases
PubMed: 38596935
DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2023.01.001 -
Dental and Medical Problems 2023Diet and eating habits significantly affect health and quality of life. Various diets and food eliminations can lead to nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition. This... (Review)
Review
Diet and eating habits significantly affect health and quality of life. Various diets and food eliminations can lead to nutritional deficiencies and malnutrition. This article discusses the relationship between nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, and the condition of the periodontium and oral mucosa. An analysis of PubMed materials was conducted to assess the impact of nutrition on the condition of the oral mucosa and periodontium. We also considered dietary habits such as vegetarianism, the ketogenic diet, the Paleo diet, the Mediterranean diet, the Western diet, and intermittent fasting. Vitamin deficiencies, both watersoluble and fat-soluble, as well as macroand microelements, can manifest in the oral cavity, among others, as gingivitis and bleeding, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, enamel hypomineralization, cheilitis, angular cheilitis, halitosis, glossitis, lingual papillae atrophy, and stomatitis. Malnutrition does not cause periodontal disease, but it increases the risk of its occurrence and accelerates disease progression. Inadequate nutrition, combined with other predisposing factors, may contribute to an increased risk of oral cancer and the development of leukoplakia.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Cheilitis; Quality of Life; Periodontium; Malnutrition
PubMed: 38133993
DOI: 10.17219/dmp/156466 -
Oral Diseases Sep 2020A crucial aspect of mucosal HIV transmission is the interaction between HIV, the local environmental milieu and immune cells. The oral mucosa comprises many host cell... (Review)
Review
A crucial aspect of mucosal HIV transmission is the interaction between HIV, the local environmental milieu and immune cells. The oral mucosa comprises many host cell types including epithelial cells, CD4 + T cells, dendritic cells and monocytes/macrophages, as well as a diverse microbiome predominantly comprising bacterial species. While the oral epithelium is one of the first sites exposed to HIV through oral-genital contact and nursing infants, it is largely thought to be resistant to HIV transmission via mechanisms that are still unclear. HIV-1 infection is also associated with predisposition to secondary infections, such as tuberculosis, and other diseases including cancer. This review addresses the following questions that were discussed at the 8th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS held in Bali, Indonesia, 13 September -15 September 2019: (a) How does HIV infection affect epithelial cell signalling? (b) How does HIV infection affect the production of cytokines and other innate antimicrobial factors, (c) How is the mucosal distribution and function of immune cells altered in HIV infection? (d) How do T cells affect HIV (oral) pathogenesis and cancer? (e) How does HIV infection lead to susceptibility to TB infections?
Topics: CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Immunity, Mucosal; Infant; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 32862519
DOI: 10.1111/odi.13470