-
Drug Design, Development and Therapy 2021Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a disease marked by painful oral lesions on the buccal and labial mucosa or tongue. Drug delivery systems (DDS) for RAS include... (Review)
Review
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is a disease marked by painful oral lesions on the buccal and labial mucosa or tongue. Drug delivery systems (DDS) for RAS include topical forms that manage wound healing, cover the ulcer, and relieve the associated pain. DDS targeting the oral mucosa face a major challenge, especially the short residence times in the mouth due to the effect of "saliva wash-out", which continually removes the drug. The objective of this review is to study the development of preparation forms and delivery systems of various types and preparations that have been used for RAS management from 1965 until February 2020. There are 20 types of DDS for RAS which were discussed in 62 articles. The preparations were classified into 4 preparation forms: liquid, semi-solid, solid, and miscellaneous. In addition, the ultimate DDS for RAS preparations is the semi-solid forms (41.94%), which include 5 types of DDS are gel, paste, patch, cream, and ointment. This preparation was developed into new preparation form (11.29%), such as adhesive alginates, dentifrice, OraDisc, membranes, bioresorbable plates, pellicles, and gelosomes. Generally, the mucosal drug delivery system is the method of choice in RAS treatment because the ulcer is commonly located in the oral mucosa. In conclusion, these preparations are designed to improve drug delivery and drug activity for the treatment of RAS ulcers. Moreover, almost all of these DDS are topical preparations that use various types of mucoadhesive polymers to increase both residence time in the oral mucosa and pain relief in RAS treatment.
Topics: Animals; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Stomatitis, Aphthous; Tongue
PubMed: 34616142
DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S328371 -
BMC Oral Health Jan 2023The stiffness of titanium mesh is a double-blade sword to repair larger alveolar ridges defect with excellent space maintenance ability, while invade the surrounding...
BACKGROUND
The stiffness of titanium mesh is a double-blade sword to repair larger alveolar ridges defect with excellent space maintenance ability, while invade the surrounding soft tissue and lead to higher mesh exposure rates. Understanding the mechanical of oral mucosa/titanium mesh/bone interface is clinically meaningful. In this study, the above relationship was analyzed by finite elements and verified by setting different keratinized tissue width in oral mucosa.
METHODS
Two three-dimensional finite element models were constructed with 5 mm keratinized tissue in labial mucosa (KM cases) and 0 mm keratinized tissue in labial mucosa (LM cases). Each model was composed of titanium mesh, titanium screws, graft materials, bone, teeth and oral mucosa. After that, a vertical (30 N) loadings were applied from both alveolar ridges direction and labial mucosa direction to stimulate the force from masticatory system. The displacements and von Mises stress of each element at the interfaces were analyzed.
RESULTS
Little displacements were found for titanium mesh, titanium screws, graft materials, bone and teeth in both LM and KM cases under different loading conditions. The maximum von Mises stress was found around the lingual titanium screw insertion place for those elements in all cases. The keratinized tissue decreased the displacement of oral mucosa, decreased the maximum von Mises stress generated by an alveolar ridges direction load, while increased those stress from labial mucosa direction load. Only the von Mises stress of the KM cases was all lower than the tensile strength of the oral mucosa.
CONCLUSION
The mucosa was vulnerable under the increasing stress generated by the force from masticatory system. The adequate buccal keratinized mucosa width are critical factors in reducing the stress beyond the titanium mesh, which might reduce the titanium exposure rate.
Topics: Humans; Stress, Mechanical; Finite Element Analysis; Titanium; Mouth Mucosa; Surgical Mesh
PubMed: 36650512
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02703-3 -
Brazilian Dental Journal 2022The clinicopathological features that precisely characterize oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) still represent a challenge. The aim of the...
The clinicopathological features that precisely characterize oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) still represent a challenge. The aim of the present study was to analyze, from an oral pathologist perspective, the clinical features from OLP and OLL. Specimens fullfilling the histological criteria for OLP and OLL, and also compatible with OLP (OLP-C), were selected and clinical information was retrieved from the laboratory forms. The final sample was composed by 221 cases, including 119 OLP (53.8%), 65 OLP-C (29.4%) and 37 OLL (16.7%). Females were more affected in the three groups, but the number of males was higher in OLL. Mean age was lower in OLP (52.3 years) in comparison with OLL (57.9 years) (p=0.020). Buccal mucosa and tongue involvement was more frequent in OLP; gingival involvement was uncommon in OLL. The reticular pattern was more frequently found in OLP, while the association of reticular and atrophic/erosive/ulcerated patterns was more common in OLP-C and OLL (p=0.025). In conclusion, gender and mean age of the patients, and anatomical location and clinical manifestation of OLL are different from OLP, and could help to better characterize this group of conditions. Specimens diagnosed as OLP-C showed clinical parameters close to OLP.
Topics: Female; Humans; Lichen Planus, Oral; Lichenoid Eruptions; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Pathologists
PubMed: 35766718
DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202204426 -
Gerodontology Dec 2022Oral bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of bone resorptive diseases. There is an evidence that oral bisphosphonates can exert adverse effects on the oral... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Oral bisphosphonates are widely used in the treatment of bone resorptive diseases. There is an evidence that oral bisphosphonates can exert adverse effects on the oral mucosa independently of their effects on the jaw bones.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically map the literature on adverse effects of oral bisphosphonates on the oral mucosa of adults with bone resorptive diseases.
DESIGN
Scoping review of the literature, including different study designs.
METHODS
Systematic searches of the PubMed, LILACS, Google Scholar and EMBASE databases were conducted. Two independent reviewers screened titles and abstracts according to predetermined criteria.
RESULTS
The search retrieved 26 unique articles, comprising 22 case reports, one case series and three reviews describing a total of 56 cases of oral adverse events related to oral bisphosphonates. 88% of the reported cases were female suffering from comorbidities other than metabolic bone diseases. The improper use of the oral bisphosphonate was the most suspected cause of the adverse effect on the oral mucosa. Its management mainly involved withdrawal of the medication.
CONCLUSION
Adverse effects on the oral mucosa can develop from using oral bisphosphonates. Standardised registration of these adverse effects in university clinics and private practises could provide additional information about their occurrence and severity.
Topics: Female; Humans; Male; Mouth Mucosa; Diphosphonates; Bone Density Conservation Agents
PubMed: 34725854
DOI: 10.1111/ger.12590 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2021The oral cavity is a portal into the digestive system, which exhibits unique sensory properties. Like facial skin, the oral mucosa needs to be exquisitely sensitive and... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a portal into the digestive system, which exhibits unique sensory properties. Like facial skin, the oral mucosa needs to be exquisitely sensitive and selective, in order to detect harmful toxins versus edible food. Chemosensation and somatosensation by multiple receptors, including transient receptor potential channels, are well-developed to meet these needs. In contrast to facial skin, however, the oral mucosa rarely exhibits itch responses. Like the gut, the oral cavity performs mechanical and chemical digestion. Therefore, the oral mucosa needs to be insensitive, to some degree, in order to endure noxious irritation. Persistent pain from the oral mucosa is often due to ulcers, involving both tissue injury and infection. Trigeminal nerve injury and trigeminal neuralgia produce intractable pain in the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa, through mechanisms distinct from those seen in the spinal area, which is particularly difficult to predict or treat. The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic chronic pain, such as atypical odontalgia (idiopathic painful trigeminal neuropathy or post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy) and burning mouth syndrome, remain especially challenging. The central integration of gustatory inputs might modulate chronic oral and facial pain. A lack of pain in chronic inflammation inside the oral cavity, such as chronic periodontitis, involves the specialized functioning of oral bacteria. A more detailed understanding of the unique neurobiology of pain from the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa should help us develop novel methods for better treating persistent orofacial pain.
Topics: Animals; Chronic Pain; Face; Facial Pain; Humans; Mice; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa; Neuralgia; Periodontitis; Skin; Skin Physiological Phenomena; Trigeminal Nerve Injuries; Trigeminal Neuralgia
PubMed: 34071720
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115810 -
BioMed Research International 2023Oral mucosa is encountered by various lesions and normal variants. Some are not to be worried about, whereas others may be of significance. Knowing the prevalence of...
BACKGROUND
Oral mucosa is encountered by various lesions and normal variants. Some are not to be worried about, whereas others may be of significance. Knowing the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in a particular region helps better evaluate, diagnose, and, thus, manage these lesions.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the prevalence and distribution of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants among various age groups, genders, and sites of the orofacial region.
METHODS
This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital from January 2021 to March 2021. Three different proformas were designed according to age, gender, and location of lesions for entry as per the WHO's guide. The obtained data were entered into a Microsoft Excel sheet for frequency analysis by SPSS, and the results were tabulated.
RESULTS
Among the records of 16572 (9703 (58.55%) males and 6869 (41.44%) females) OPD patients, 3495 (21.08%) (1934 (55.33%) males and 1561 (44.66%) females) had OMLs and 2314 (13.96%) (1626 (70.26%) males and 688 (29.73%) females) had normal mucosal variants. The most commonly seen OML categories were tobacco-associated lesions, i.e., 2056 (34.07%), tongue lesions, i.e., 1598 (26.48%), oral potentially malignant disorders, i.e., 815 (13.50%), ulcers i.e., 728 (12.06%), and infectious lesions, i.e., 256 (4.24%).
CONCLUSION
The Nepalese population has a wide range of oral mucosal lesions and normal variants, and this study has attempted to have baseline data for the same. The most common OML was smoker's melanosis.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Prevalence; Cross-Sectional Studies; Nepal; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Ulcer; Hospitals, Teaching
PubMed: 37885902
DOI: 10.1155/2023/9375084 -
Head and Neck Pathology Sep 2021Canalicular adenoma (CAD) is an uncommon benign tumor of minor salivary glands with predilection for the upper labial mucosa. An 80-year-old female presented with nine...
Canalicular adenoma (CAD) is an uncommon benign tumor of minor salivary glands with predilection for the upper labial mucosa. An 80-year-old female presented with nine submucosal nodules of the upper labial mucosa and bilateral buccal mucosa. Histopathologic examination revealed multifocal circumscribed tumor islands with a tubular growth pattern within a loose hypocellular myxoid background stroma. Interconnecting rows of columnar tumor cells imparted a canalicular morphology. In addition to the characteristic histopathologic findings, a comprehensive immunohistochemical panel supported a final diagnosis of multifocal CAD. Synchronous multifocality in CAD is an infrequent finding and this sine qua non clinicopathologic correlation article exemplifies such a case.
Topics: Adenoma; Aged, 80 and over; Female; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Salivary Gland Neoplasms
PubMed: 33544378
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01293-w -
Biomolecules Nov 2023Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the infiltration of T cells into the oral mucosa, causing the apoptosis of basal... (Review)
Review
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease that is characterized by the infiltration of T cells into the oral mucosa, causing the apoptosis of basal keratinocytes. OLP is a multifactorial disease of unknown etiology and is not solely caused by the malfunction of a single key gene but rather by various intracellular and extracellular factors. Non-coding RNAs play a critical role in immunological homeostasis and inflammatory response and are found in all cell types and bodily fluids, and their expression is closely regulated to preserve normal physiologies. The dysregulation of non-coding RNAs may be highly implicated in the onset and progression of diverse inflammatory disorders, including OLP. This narrative review summarizes the role of non-coding RNAs in molecular and cellular changes in the oral epithelium during OLP pathogenesis.
Topics: Humans; Lichen Planus, Oral; Keratinocytes; T-Lymphocytes; Mouth Mucosa; Apoptosis
PubMed: 38002328
DOI: 10.3390/biom13111646 -
Tissue Engineering. Part C, Methods Aug 2021Macrophages play a key role in orchestrating the host immune response toward invading organisms or non-self molecules in the oral mucosa. Three-dimensional (3D) oral...
Macrophages play a key role in orchestrating the host immune response toward invading organisms or non-self molecules in the oral mucosa. Three-dimensional (3D) oral mucosal equivalents (OME) containing oral fibroblasts and keratinocytes are used extensively to mimic the human oral mucosa where they have been employed to examine innate immune responses to both bacterial and fungal pathogens as well as to biomaterials. Although the presence of immune cells is critical in generating an immune response, very few studies have incorporated leukocytes into OME, and to date, none have contained primary human macrophages. In this study, we report the generation of an immunocompetent OME to investigate immune responses toward bacterial challenge. Primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) were as responsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge when cultured within a 3D hydrogel in terms of proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, CXCL8, and TNF-α) gene expression and protein secretion compared with culture as two-dimensional monolayers. MDM were incorporated into a type 1 collagen hydrogel along with oral fibroblasts and the apical surface seeded with oral keratinocytes to generate an MDM-containing OME. Full-thickness MDM-OME displayed a stratified squamous epithelium and a fibroblast-populated connective tissue containing CD68-positive MDM that could be readily isolated to a single-cell population for further analysis by collagenase treatment followed by flow cytometry. When stimulated with LPS, MDM-OME responded with increased proinflammatory cytokine secretion, most notably for TNF-α that increased 12-fold when compared with OME alone. Moreover, this proinflammatory response was inhibited by pretreatment with dexamethasone, showing that MDM-OME are also amenable to drug treatment. Dual-labeled immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that MDM were the sole source of TNF-α production within MDM-OME. These data show functional activity of MDM-OME and illustrate their usefulness for investigations aimed at monitoring the immune response of the oral mucosa to pathogens, biomaterials, and for tissue toxicity and anti-inflammatory drug delivery studies. Impact statement Three-dimensional models of the oral mucosa have been used extensively to investigate the host response to pathogens, but, to date, few have contained primary leukocytes. In this report, we describe the successful incorporation of primary human macrophages into oral mucosal equivalents (OME). These macrophage-containing models were histologically similar to the oral mucosa and immunoresponsive to bacterial lipopolysaccharides by upregulation of key proinflammatory markers. These advanced OME will significantly aid research into host-pathogen interaction, biomaterial toxicity, and drug delivery studies where the presence of an immune cell component is critical to better represent host oral tissue.
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Cytokines; Fibroblasts; Humans; Macrophages; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 34210153
DOI: 10.1089/ten.TEC.2021.0124 -
Journal of Advanced Research May 2024Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Oral health is of fundamental importance to maintain systemic health in humans. Stem cell-based oral tissue regeneration is a promising strategy to achieve the recovery of impaired oral tissue. As a highly conserved process of lysosomal degradation, autophagy induction regulates stem cell function physiologically and pathologically. Autophagy activation can serve as a cytoprotective mechanism in stressful environments, while insufficient or over-activation may also lead to cell function dysregulation and cell death.
AIM OF REVIEW
This review focuses on the effects of autophagy on stem cell function and oral tissue regeneration, with particular emphasis on diverse roles of autophagy in different oral tissues, including periodontal tissue, bone tissue, dentin pulp tissue, oral mucosa, salivary gland, maxillofacial muscle, temporomandibular joint, etc. Additionally, this review introduces the molecular mechanisms involved in autophagy during the regeneration of different parts of oral tissue, and how autophagy can be regulated by small molecule drugs, biomaterials, exosomes/RNAs or other specific treatments. Finally, this review discusses new perspectives for autophagy manipulation and oral tissue regeneration.
KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW
Overall, this review emphasizes the contribution of autophagy to oral tissue regeneration and highlights the possible approaches for regulating autophagy to promote the regeneration of human oral tissue.
Topics: Humans; Autophagy; Regeneration; Stem Cells; Animals; Mouth; Tissue Engineering; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 37356803
DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2023.06.010