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International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of diseases involving the oral mucosa and that have a risk of carcinogenesis. The microenvironment is closely... (Review)
Review
Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of diseases involving the oral mucosa and that have a risk of carcinogenesis. The microenvironment is closely related to carcinogenesis and cancer progression by regulating the immune response, cell metabolic activities, and mechanical characteristics. Meanwhile, there are extensive interactions between the microenvironments that remodel and provide favorable conditions for cancer initiation. However, the changes, exact roles, and interactions of microenvironments during the carcinogenesis of OPMDs have not been fully elucidated. Here, we present an updated landscape of the microenvironments in OPMDs, emphasizing the changes in the immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, mechanical microenvironment, and neural microenvironment during carcinogenesis and their carcinogenic mechanisms. We then propose an immuno-metabolic-mechanical-neural interaction network to describe their close relationships. Lastly, we summarize the therapeutic strategies for targeting microenvironments, and provide an outlook on future research directions and clinical applications. This review depicts a vivid microenvironment landscape and sheds light on new strategies to prevent the carcinogenesis of OPMDs.
Topics: Carcinogenesis; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth Neoplasms; Precancerous Conditions; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36012205
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168940 -
Indian Journal of Pathology &... 2022Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease for which the pathogenesis is complex and not fully understood; autoimmunity has been suggested as a causative...
BACKGROUND
Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease for which the pathogenesis is complex and not fully understood; autoimmunity has been suggested as a causative factor. World health organization (WHO) has classified OLP as a potentially malignant lesion. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible key enzyme that generates prostanoids which play a critical role in inflammation, immunopathology; also considered as a malignant potential marker.
AIMS
The present study was conducted to analyze and compare epithelial COX-2 expression in OLP clinical subtypes and normal oral mucosa to evaluate its role in the pathophysiology of the disease process.
METHODS
This retrospective immunohistochemistry (IHC) study was performed on tissue sections of 30 OLP and 10 normal oral mucosae for COX-2 expression.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED
Descriptive and comparative statistical methods were done using 'one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), 't' and Chi-square tests.
RESULTS
All the OLP showed epithelial COX-2 expression; strong expression was noted in 80% of the OLP while normal oral mucosa sections showed no expression. Cox-2 expression was significantly higher in erosive lichen planus compared to reticular lichen planus.
CONCLUSIONS
Strong expression of COX-2 in OLP suggested its important role in pathogenesis. Although COX-2 has been connected to malignant development and autoimmunity, as the malignant development in OLP is quite rare, this study suggests that increased levels of COX-2 seen here may support an autoimmune cause of the disease process.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Cyclooxygenase 2; Female; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Lichen Planus, Oral; Male; Middle Aged; Mouth Mucosa; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 35074958
DOI: 10.4103/IJPM.IJPM_1304_20 -
International Journal of Environmental... Sep 2022The prevalence of oral mucosa lesions (OMLs) among children varies from 4.1% up to 69.5%. There is a lack of sufficient epidemiological data and adequate knowledge about...
The prevalence of oral mucosa lesions (OMLs) among children varies from 4.1% up to 69.5%. There is a lack of sufficient epidemiological data and adequate knowledge about OMLs in relation to minors' gender and age. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence of OMLs in children, patients of the oral pathology clinic in south-western parts of Poland, and to investigate the potential correlation between the occurrence of particular types of OMLs and the gender and age. A retrospective study was performed using a total of 2474 clinical charts from 2015 to 2019. Data collected included age, gender, and OMLs' type. The prevalence of OMLs in minors was 5.21%. Aphthae was the most frequent diagnosis. Boys were more commonly affected, and traumatic erosion and ulcers were significantly more often detected in males. The mean age of children was 8 y/o, preschoolers were significantly more often diagnosed with geographic tongue, while was significantly more common in school children and adolescents. Clinicians should be familiar with OMLs prevalence and with its specific frequency in connection to age and gender of children. Furthermore, they should be aware of the diversity of OMLs found in the oral cavity of children and that their frequency in the pediatric population is different from that in adults.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Humans; Male; Mouth Diseases; Mouth Mucosa; Poland; Prevalence; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 36141550
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811277 -
Journal of Stomatology, Oral and... Oct 2022To analyze the relation between biopsy specimen's size and the definitive diagnosis. In addition, other variables including oral mucosa region, type of disease and...
AIM
To analyze the relation between biopsy specimen's size and the definitive diagnosis. In addition, other variables including oral mucosa region, type of disease and general versus specialist practitioner were also assessed.
METHODS
Data from specimens submitted to histopathological examination between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively analysed.
RESULTS
We analysed data on 792 patients. Out of 1089 archived reports, 81 (7.4%) had no definitive diagnosis. Multivariate analysis rendered biopsy length as the factor influencing the possibility to reach a definitive diagnosis.
CONCLUSION
The size of the specimen is an important parameter to achieve a correct histopathological diagnosis of the oral lesions investigated. According to our results, it seems that a 10 mm length is adequate to optimize the biopsy outcome. No statistically differences were observed between GPDs and oral surgery specialists, probably because biopsies were performed by experienced general practitioners, although not formally trained.
Topics: Biopsy; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Retrospective Studies; Surgery, Oral
PubMed: 35176511
DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.02.005 -
Biomedical Microdevices Jan 2021Knowledge of human gingival cell responses to dental monomers is critical for the development of new dental materials. Testing standards have been developed to provide...
Knowledge of human gingival cell responses to dental monomers is critical for the development of new dental materials. Testing standards have been developed to provide guidelines to evaluate biological functionality of dental materials and devices. However, one shortcoming of the traditional testing platforms is that they do not recapitulate the multi-layered configuration of gingiva, and thus cannot evaluate the layer-specific cellular responses. An oral mucosa-chip with two cell layers was previously developed as an alternative platform to assess the oral mucosa responses to dental biomaterials. The mucosa-chip consists of an apical keratinocyte layer attached to a fibroblast-embedded collagen hydrogel through interconnecting pores in a three-microchannel network. Here, cell responses in the mucosa-chip were evaluated against 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), a common monomer used in restorative and aesthetic dentistry. The response of mucosal cell viability was evaluated by exposing the chip to HEMA of concentrations ranging from 1.56 to 25 mM and compared to cells in conventional well-plate monoculture. The co-cultured cells were then stained and imaged with epifluorescence and confocal microscopy to determine the layer-specific responses to the treatment. Mucosa-chips were demonstrated to be more sensitive to assess HEMA-altered cell viability than well-plate cultures, especially at lower doses (1.56 and 6.25 mM). The findings suggest that the mucosa-chip is a promising alternative to traditional platforms or assays to test a variety of biomaterials by offering a multi-layered tissue geometry, accessible layer-specific information, and higher sensitivity in detecting cellular responses.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Cell Survival; Gingiva; Humans; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Methacrylates; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 33426594
DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00543-6 -
Annals of Palliative Medicine Apr 2021Long proximal or middle ureteral strictures remain challenging conditions. Although ileal replacement of the ureter or renal autotransplantation are possible solutions... (Review)
Review
Long proximal or middle ureteral strictures remain challenging conditions. Although ileal replacement of the ureter or renal autotransplantation are possible solutions for these problems, both present complexities and considerable morbidity. In recent years, many urologists have tended to use oral mucosal grafts to repair complex proximal or middle ureteral strictures and thereby avoid ileal replacement and renal autotransplantation. A comprehensive search of oral mucosa graft ureteroplasty and lingual mucosa graft (LMG) ureteroplasty was performed. All literatures must be in English language. Most reports related to oral mucosa graft ureteroplasty focus on buccal mucosa grafts (BMGs). The available data about LMG ureteroplasty are limited. Both LMG and BMG are oral mucosa grafts that have similar histological structures. The success rates of urethroplasty with LMG and BMG are similar. Although there is still no comparative study between LMG and BMG for ureteroplasty, the limited reports show that LMG ureteroplasty is safe and effective for the management of ureteral strictures. This method provides one more option for the management of long proximal and/or middle ureteral strictures. However, the current studies on LMG ureteroplasty have a small sample size and are retrospective. More prospective, multicenter and large sample studies with long-term follow-up results that can further prove the efficacy of LMG ureteroplasty are still needed.
Topics: Constriction, Pathologic; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Multicenter Studies as Topic; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Ureter
PubMed: 33832320
DOI: 10.21037/apm-20-2339 -
International Journal of Environmental... Jan 2023Dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring's disease, DH) is a chronic blistering cutaneous condition with pruritic polymorphic lesions, consisting of vesicles, papules or...
Dermatitis herpetiformis (Duhring's disease, DH) is a chronic blistering cutaneous condition with pruritic polymorphic lesions, consisting of vesicles, papules or nodules and erythema, found predominantly on the extensor surfaces of the limbs, buttocks, and neck. Diagnosis is based on characteristic clinical and immunopathological findings. Oral manifestations of DH have rarely been described. The aim of the study was to evaluate IgA, IgG, IgM and C3 complement deposits in the oral mucosa in DH patients. Direct immunofluorescence (DIF) was performed on the oral mucosa specimens collected from 10 DH patients. Biopsy was taken in a local anesthesia from perilesional site from the buccal mucosa and then preserved in a standard procedure using polyclonal rabbit IgG, IgA, IgM and C3 antibodies. Granular IgA and C3 deposits were found in 6 patients (60%), and in 3 subjects (30%) the result was indeterminate. Significant fluorescence of the deposits along the basement membrane was observed in 2 patients, moderate fluorescence in 3 patients, and in 4 cases the result was indeterminate. C3 deposits were found in 5 subjects (50%), 3 of them being moderate and 2 indeterminate. No IgM and IgG deposits were detected in the collected buccal mucosa specimens.
Topics: Humans; Dermatitis Herpetiformis; Mouth Mucosa; Immunoglobulin A; Erythema; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 36767890
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032524 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Jun 2020Both skin and oral mucosa are characterized by the presence of keratinized epithelium in direct apposition to an underlying collagen-dense connective tissue. Despite... (Review)
Review
Both skin and oral mucosa are characterized by the presence of keratinized epithelium in direct apposition to an underlying collagen-dense connective tissue. Despite significant overlap in structure and physiological function, skin and the oral mucosa exhibit significantly different healing profiles in response to injury. The oral mucosa has a propensity for rapid restoration of barrier function with minimal underlying fibrosis, but in contrast, skin is associated with slower healing and scar formation. Modulators of cell function, matricellular proteins have been shown to play significant roles in cutaneous healing, but their role in restoration of the oral mucosa is poorly defined. As will be discussed in this review, over the last 12 years our research group has been actively investigating the role of the profibrotic matricellular protein periostin in tissue homeostasis and fibrosis, as well as healing, in both skin and gingiva. In the skin, periostin is highly expressed in fibrotic scars and is upregulated during cutaneous wound repair, where it facilitates myofibroblast differentiation. In contrast, in gingival healing, periostin regulates extracellular matrix synthesis but does not appear to be associated with the transition of mesenchymal cells to a contractile phenotype. The significance of these findings will be discussed, with a focus on periostin as a potential therapeutic to augment healing of soft tissues or suppress fibrosis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Extracellular Matrix; Fibrosis; Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Organ Specificity; Phenotype; Signal Transduction; Skin; Skin Aging; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32267719
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00035.2020 -
Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao. Yi Xue Ban =... Jul 2021The mouth restriction of patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) seriously affects their eating food and the quality of life. There are few reports about improving... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVES
The mouth restriction of patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) seriously affects their eating food and the quality of life. There are few reports about improving the oral opening degree in patients with OSF. This study aims to explore the effect of oral opening training on the improvement of mouth opening limitation in patients with OSF treated with local injection.
METHODS
A total of 220 outpatients with limited mouth opening of OSF were collected from the Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, and randomly divided into a control group and an experiment group (=110). The control group were treated with local injection of Salvia miltiorrhiza and triamcinolone acetonide, once a week, and 8 times a course. The experimental group were treated with local injection combined with mouth opening training for 2 years. The degree of mouth opening was compared between the 2 groups at the end of local injection treatment, 1 year and 2 years after the treatment. The curative effect was evaluated according to the size of the opening, the lamellar structure of the mucosa, and the condition of the cords.
RESULTS
A total of 197 patients completed the whole course of treatment, with 107 in the experimental group and 90 in the control group. At the end of treatment, 1 year and 2 years after the treatment, the degree of mouth opening in the experimental group was (36.14±2.62), (39.67±2.67), and (39.80±2.57) mm, respectively, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (24.71±1.97), (22.82±2.13), and (22.02±2.09) mm, respectively. The difference was significant (<0.05). The increase of mouth opening in the experimental group was significantly better than that in the control group. Two years after local injection treatment, the effective rate of the experimental group was 97.1%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group (47.8%, <0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Mouth opening training can significantly increase the degree of mouth opening in patients with OSF treated with local injection.
Topics: Humans; Mouth Mucosa; Oral Submucous Fibrosis; Quality of Life; Triamcinolone Acetonide
PubMed: 34382590
DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.200786 -
Progress in Molecular Biology and... 2020Growing evidence suggests that imbalances in resident microbes (dysbiosis) can promote chronic inflammation, immune-subversion, and production of carcinogenic... (Review)
Review
Growing evidence suggests that imbalances in resident microbes (dysbiosis) can promote chronic inflammation, immune-subversion, and production of carcinogenic metabolites, thus leading to neoplasia. Yet, evidence to support a direct link of individual bacteria species to human sporadic cancer is still limited. This chapter focuses on several emerging bacterial toxins that have recently been characterized for their potential oncogenic properties toward human orodigestive cancer and the presence of which in human tissue samples has been documented. These include cytolethal distending toxins produced by various members of gamma and epsilon Proteobacteria, Dentilisin from mammalian oral Treponema, Pasteurella multocida toxin, two Fusobacterial toxins, FadA and Fap2, Bacteroides fragilis toxin, colibactin, cytotoxic necrotizing factors and α-hemolysin from Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica AvrA. It was clear that these bacterial toxins have biological activities to induce several hallmarks of cancer. Some toxins directly interact with DNA or chromosomes leading to their breakdowns, causing mutations and genome instability, and others modulate cell proliferation, replication and death and facilitate immune evasion and tumor invasion, prying specific oncogene and tumor suppressor pathways, such as p53 and β-catenin/Wnt. In addition, most bacterial toxins control tumor-promoting inflammation in complex and diverse mechanisms. Despite growing laboratory evidence to support oncogenic potential of selected bacterial toxins, we need more direct evidence from human studies and mechanistic data from physiologically relevant experimental animal models, which can reflect chronic infection in vivo, as well as take bacterial-bacterial interactions among microbiome into consideration.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Toxins; Carcinogenesis; Humans; Intestines; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 32475520
DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.02.004