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Microorganisms May 2023Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) of ruminants is a viral pathology that has significant welfare, social, and economic implications. The causative agent, epizootic... (Review)
Review
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease (EHD) of ruminants is a viral pathology that has significant welfare, social, and economic implications. The causative agent, epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), belongs to the genus and leads to significant regional disease outbreaks among livestock and wildlife in North America, Asia, Africa, and Oceania, causing significant morbidity and mortality. During the past decade, this viral disease has become a real threat for countries of the Mediterranean basin, with the recent occurrence of several important outbreaks in livestock. Moreover, the European Union registered the first cases of EHDV ever detected within its territory. Competent vectors involved in viral transmission, midges, are expanding its distribution, conceivably due to global climate change. Therefore, livestock and wild ruminants around the globe are at risk for this serious disease. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about EHDV, including changes of distribution and virulence, an examination of different animal models of disease, and a discussion about potential treatments to control the disease.
PubMed: 37317313
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051339 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jan 2022Equine encephalosis (EE) is an arthropod-borne, noncontagious, febrile disease of horses. It is caused by EE virus (EEV), an of the Reoviridae family transmitted by .... (Review)
Review
Equine encephalosis (EE) is an arthropod-borne, noncontagious, febrile disease of horses. It is caused by EE virus (EEV), an of the Reoviridae family transmitted by . Within the EEV serogroup, seven serotypes (EEV-1-7) have been identified to date. This virus was first isolated from a horse in South Africa in 1967 and until 2008 was believed to be restricted to southern Africa. In 2008-2009, isolation of EEV in an outbreak reported from Israel demonstrated the emergence of this pathogen into new niches. Indeed, testing in retrospect sera samples revealed that EEV had already been circulating outside of South Africa since 2001. Although EEV normally does not cause severe clinical disease, it should be considered important since it may indicate the possible spread of other related, much more pathogenic viruses, such as African horse sickness virus (AHSV). The spread of EEV from South Africa to central Africa, the Middle East and India is an example of the possible emergence of new pathogens in new niches, as was seen in the case of West Nile virus, and should be a reminder not to limit the differential list when facing a possible outbreak or a cluster of clinical cases. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding EEV structure, pathogenesis, clinical significance, and epidemiology.
PubMed: 35158658
DOI: 10.3390/ani12030337 -
Microorganisms Dec 2020Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the genus (family ), is the causative agent of an important livestock disease, bluetongue (BT), which is transmitted via... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue virus (BTV), the prototype member of the genus (family ), is the causative agent of an important livestock disease, bluetongue (BT), which is transmitted via biting midges of the genus To date, up to 29 serotypes of BTV have been described, which are classified as classical (BTV 1-24) or atypical (serotypes 25-27), and its distribution has been expanding since 1998, with important outbreaks in the Mediterranean Basin and devastating incursions in Northern and Western Europe. Classical vaccine approaches, such as live-attenuated and inactivated vaccines, have been used as prophylactic measures to control BT through the years. However, these vaccine approaches fail to address important matters like vaccine safety profile, effectiveness, induction of a cross-protective immune response among serotypes, and implementation of a DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) strategy. In this context, a wide range of recombinant vaccine prototypes against BTV, ranging from subunit vaccines to recombinant viral vector vaccines, have been investigated. This article offers a comprehensive outline of the live viral vectors used against BTV.
PubMed: 33375723
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010042 -
Advances in Virus Research 2020Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an insect-vectored emerging pathogen of wild ruminants and livestock in many parts of the world. The virion particle is a complex structure of... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue virus (BTV) is an insect-vectored emerging pathogen of wild ruminants and livestock in many parts of the world. The virion particle is a complex structure of consecutive layers of protein surrounding a genome of 10 double-stranded (ds) RNA segments. BTV has been studied extensively as a model system for large, nonenveloped dsRNA viruses. A combination of recombinant proteins and particles together with reverse genetics, high-resolution structural analysis by X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy techniques have been utilized to provide an order for the assembly of the capsid shell and the protein sequestration required for it. Further, a reconstituted in vitro assembly system and RNA-RNA interaction assay, have defined the individual steps required for the assembly and packaging of the 10-segmented RNA genome. In addition, various microscopic techniques have been utilized to illuminate the stages of virus maturation and its egress via multiple pathways. These findings have not only given an overall understanding of BTV assembly and morphogenesis but also indicated that similar assembly and egress pathways are likely to be used by related viruses and provided an informed starting point for intervention or prevention.
Topics: Animals; Bluetongue virus; Books; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Genome, Viral; Insect Vectors; Livestock; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Assembly; Virus Release; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33837718
DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.08.002 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2024Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) was first isolated from mosquitoes in Xizang, China, in 2009. In recent years, more TIBOV strains have been isolated in several provinces across...
Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) was first isolated from mosquitoes in Xizang, China, in 2009. In recent years, more TIBOV strains have been isolated in several provinces across China, Japan, East Asia, and Nepal, South Asia. Furthermore, TIBOVs have also been isolated from mosquitoes, and several midge species. Additionally, TIBOV neutralizing antibodies have been detected in serum specimens from several mammals, including cattle, sheep, and pigs. All of the evidence suggests that the geographical distribution of TIBOVs has significantly expanded in recent years, with an increased number of vector species involved in its transmission. Moreover, the virus demonstrated infectivity towards a variety of animals. Although TIBOV is considered an emerging orbivirus, detailed reports on its genome and molecular evolution are currently lacking. Thus, this study performed the whole-genome nucleotide sequencing of three TIBOV isolates from mosquitoes and midges collected in China in 2009, 2011, and 2019. Furthermore, the genome and molecular genetic evolution of TIBOVs isolated from different countries, periods, and hosts (mosquitoes, midges, and cattle) was systematically analyzed. The results revealed no molecular specificity among TIBOVs isolated from different countries, periods, and vectors. Meanwhile, the time-scaled phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) of TIBOV appeared approximately 797 years ago (95% HPD: 16-2347) and subsequently differentiated at least three times, resulting in three distinct genotypes. The evolutionary rate of TIBOVs was about 2.12 × 10 nucleotide substitutions per site per year (s/s/y) (95% HPD: 3.07 × 10, 9.63 × 10), which is similar to that of the bluetongue virus (BTV), also in the genus. Structural analyses of the viral proteins revealed that the three-dimensional structures of the outer capsid proteins of TIBOV and BTV were similar. These results suggest that TIBOV is a newly discovered and rapidly evolving virus transmitted by various blood-sucking insects. Given the potential public health burden of this virus and its high infectious rate in a wide range of animals, it is significant to strengthen research on the genetic variation of TIBOVs in blood-feeding insects and mammals in the natural environment and the infection status in animals.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Sheep; Swine; Orbivirus; Tibet; Phylogeny; Mosquito Vectors; Anopheles; Mammals; Nucleotides; Genome, Viral; Reoviridae Infections
PubMed: 38505291
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1327780 -
Viruses Nov 2021The aim of this review is to follow the history of studies on endemiv arboviruses and the diseases they cause which were detected in the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia... (Review)
Review
The aim of this review is to follow the history of studies on endemiv arboviruses and the diseases they cause which were detected in the Czech lands (Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia (i.e., the Czech Republic)). The viruses involve tick-borne encephalitis, West Nile and Usutu flaviviruses; the Sindbis alphavirus; Ťahyňa, Batai, Lednice and Sedlec bunyaviruses; the Uukuniemi phlebovirus; and the Tribeč orbivirus. Arboviruses temporarily imported from abroad to the Czech Republic have been omitted. This brief historical review includes a bibliography of all relevant papers.
Topics: Animals; Arbovirus Infections; Arboviruses; Czech Republic; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans
PubMed: 34835140
DOI: 10.3390/v13112334 -
Viruses Aug 2019RNA viruses represent a large and important group of pathogens that infect a broad range of hosts. Segmented RNA viruses are a subclass of this group that encode their... (Review)
Review
RNA viruses represent a large and important group of pathogens that infect a broad range of hosts. Segmented RNA viruses are a subclass of this group that encode their genomes in two or more molecules and package all of their RNA segments in a single virus particle. These divided genomes come in different forms, including double-stranded RNA, coding-sense single-stranded RNA, and noncoding single-stranded RNA. Genera that possess these genome types include, respectively, (e.g., Bluetongue virus), (e.g., Red clover necrotic mosaic virus) and (e.g., Influenza A virus). Despite their distinct genomic features and diverse host ranges (i.e., animals, plants, and humans, respectively) each of these viruses uses -acting RNA-RNA interactions (tRRIs) to facilitate co-packaging of their segmented genome. The tRRIs occur between different viral genome segments and direct the selective packaging of a complete genome complement. Here we explore the current state of understanding of tRRI-mediated co-packaging in the abovementioned viruses and examine other known and potential functions for this class of RNA-RNA interaction.
Topics: Animals; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Humans; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Transcriptional Activation; Virus Assembly; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 31416187
DOI: 10.3390/v11080751 -
Vaccines Jul 2022Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries,... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) are widespread arboviruses that cause important economic losses in the livestock and equine industries, respectively. In addition to these, another arthropod-transmitted orbivirus known as epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) entails a major threat as there is a conducive landscape that nurtures its emergence in non-endemic countries. To date, only vaccinations with live attenuated or inactivated vaccines permit the control of these three viral diseases, although important drawbacks, e.g., low safety profile and effectiveness, and lack of DIVA (differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals) properties, constrain their usage as prophylactic measures. Moreover, a substantial number of serotypes of BTV, AHSV and EHDV have been described, with poor induction of cross-protective immune responses among serotypes. In the context of next-generation vaccine development, antigen delivery systems based on nano- or microparticles have gathered significant attention during the last few decades. A diversity of technologies, such as virus-like particles or self-assembled protein complexes, have been implemented for vaccine design against these viruses. In this work, we offer a comprehensive review of the nano- and microparticulated vaccine candidates against these three relevant orbiviruses. Additionally, we also review an innovative technology for antigen delivery based on the avian reovirus nonstructural protein muNS and we explore the prospective functionality of the nonstructural protein NS1 nanotubules as a BTV-based delivery platform.
PubMed: 35891288
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071124 -
Virus Research Aug 2020A novel orbivirus had been identified as a member of the Orbivirus genus, which was isolated from pooled Culex fatigans mosquitoes in Guangdong of China, named as the...
A novel orbivirus had been identified as a member of the Orbivirus genus, which was isolated from pooled Culex fatigans mosquitoes in Guangdong of China, named as the Fengkai virus (FKOV). The cytopathic effects (CPEs) on both Aedes albopictus cells (C6/36) and mammalian cell lines (Vero and BHK-21) emerged in the cell cultures inoculated above virus in. Experimental confirmation as the Orbivirus genus was conducted by the Real-time PCR and based on Ion Torrent Next-Generation in sequencing. The Identities of VP1, VP2 and VP3 in amino acid sequences between the Tibet orbivirus (TIBOV) and this strain were 98.6%, 42.9%, and 99.9%, respectively, which indicated that this strain shares the same genus (VP1, Pol) and species (VP3, T2) with TIBOV but was greatly different in VP2 and VP5 (10.3%) of TIBOV. The VP2 and VP5 diversities of both TIBOV and FKOV strains suggested both serotypes are distinct with each other. As natural evolution and circulation, this strain might expand its host ranges and infect human beings as a potential and severe pathogen.
Topics: Aedes; Animals; China; Chlorocebus aethiops; Culex; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Orbivirus; Phylogeny; Vero Cells; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 32437817
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.197990 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Feb 2023Bluetongue (BT), once considered a disease of sheep confined to the southern African region, has spread all over the world. BT is a viral disease caused by the... (Review)
Review
Bluetongue (BT), once considered a disease of sheep confined to the southern African region, has spread all over the world. BT is a viral disease caused by the bluetongue virus (BTV). BT is regarded as an economically important disease in ruminants of compulsory notification to OIE. BTV is transmitted by the bite of Culicoides species. Research over the years has led to a better understanding of the disease, the nature of the virus life cycle between ruminants and Culicoides species, and its distribution in different geographical regions. Advances have also been made in understanding the molecular structure and function of the virus, the biology of the Culicoides species, its ability to transmit the disease, and the persistence of the virus inside the Culicoides and the mammalian hosts. Global climate change has enabled the colonization of new habitats and the spread of the virus into additional species of the Culicoides vector. This review highlights some of the current findings on the status of BT in the world based on the latest research on disease aspects, virus-host-vector interactions, and the different diagnostic approaches and control strategies available for BTV.
Topics: Animals; Sheep; Bluetongue virus; Insect Vectors; Ruminants; Bluetongue; Ceratopogonidae
PubMed: 36897898
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.16947