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Frontiers in Immunology 2022
Topics: Male; Humans; Orchitis; Epididymitis; Genitalia, Male
PubMed: 36325325
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042468 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Continuous exposure of tissue antigen (Ag) to the autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg) is required to maintain Treg-dependent systemic tolerance. Thus, testis... (Review)
Review
Continuous exposure of tissue antigen (Ag) to the autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells (Treg) is required to maintain Treg-dependent systemic tolerance. Thus, testis autoantigens, previously considered as sequestered, may not be protected by systemic tolerance. We now document that the complete testis antigen sequestration is not valid. The haploid sperm Ag lactate dehydrogenase 3 (LDH3) is continuously exposed and not sequestered. It enters the residual body (RB) to egress from the seminiferous tubules and interact with circulating antibody (Ab). Some LDH3 also remains inside the sperm cytoplasmic droplets (CD). Treg-depletion in the DEREG mice that express diphtheria toxin receptor on the Foxp3 promoter results in spontaneous experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) and Ab to LDH3. Unlike the wild-type male mice, mice deficient in LDH3 (wild-type female or LDH3 males) respond vigorously to LDH3 immunization. However, partial Treg depletion elevated the wild-type male LDH3 responses to the level of normal females. In contrast to LDH3, zonadhesin (ZAN) in the sperm acrosome displays properties of a sequestered Ag. However, when ZAN and other sperm Ag are exposed by vasectomy, they rapidly induce testis Ag-specific tolerance, which is terminated by partial Treg-depletion, leading to bilateral EAO and ZAN Ab response. We conclude that some testis/sperm Ag are normally exposed because of the unique testicular anatomy and physiology. The exposed Ag: 1) maintain normal Treg-dependent systemic tolerance, and 2) are pathogenic and serve as target Ag to initiate EAO. Unexpectedly, the sequestered Ags, normally non-tolerogenic, can orchestrate Treg-dependent, systemic tolerance when exposed in vasectomy.
Topics: Animals; Autoantigens; Female; Humans; Immune Tolerance; Male; Mice; Orchitis; T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory; Vasectomy
PubMed: 35693780
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.809247 -
Medical Ultrasonography Aug 2019In brucellosis the male genitourinary system can be affected in a small number of patients. In this study we aimed to identify, discuss and compare the radiologic... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
AIM
In brucellosis the male genitourinary system can be affected in a small number of patients. In this study we aimed to identify, discuss and compare the radiologic findings of 24 cases with Brucella epididymo-orchitis (BEO) and 285 cases with non-Brucella epididymis orchitis (NBEO).
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study had a retrospective design. The area of involvement, side of involvement (left, right or bilateral), presence of abscess, hydrocele and testicular involvement pattern were analyzed and compared between the BEO and NBEO cases.
RESULTS
The median age of the included cases was 33 years, with a minimum of 0 and maximum of 89. Epididymo-orchitis and isolated orchitis were more frequent in BEO cases while isolated epididymis involvement was more common in patients with non-BEO (p=0.0117). Bilateral involvement was present in 20.8% and 4.6% cases in the BEO and non-BEO groups, respectively (p=0.008). The frequency of abscess was significantly higher in BEO cases (p=0.003).
CONCLUSION
Although the radiological indications of BEO are similar to those of other types of epididymo-orchitis, abscess formation, bilateral involvement and testicular involvement contribute significantly to diagnosis.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Brucella; Brucellosis; Child; Child, Preschool; Epididymis; Epididymitis; Humans; Infant; Male; Middle Aged; Orchitis; Retrospective Studies; Testis; Ultrasonography; Young Adult
PubMed: 31476203
DOI: 10.11152/mu-1871 -
Bovine Brucellosis: Epidemiology, Public Health Implications, and Status of Brucellosis in Ethiopia.Veterinary Medicine (Auckland, N.Z.) 2022Brucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes serious problems in developing countries such as Ethiopia. is the primary cause of brucellosis in... (Review)
Review
Brucellosis is a globally distributed zoonotic disease that causes serious problems in developing countries such as Ethiopia. is the primary cause of brucellosis in cattle, and and also occasionally cause infection in cattle. Abortion and the retained fetal membrane are typical signs in females, whereas orchitis and bursitis are the known signs in male cattle. Brucellosis is typically transmitted to healthy cattle by direct or indirect contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. Humans can acquire brucellosis through the consumption of unpasteurized milk or milk products, and through contact with diseased cattle or their discharges. The occurrence of bovine brucellosis is affected by different factors related to the management system, host, and environmental factors. In Ethiopia, the occurrence of brucellosis is high in pastoral and mixed cattle management systems, wherever humans live closely with cattle and so have a higher probability of picking up the organism. The most suitable technique in the management of infection is the vaccination of young female cattle. can also be eradicated by the isolation of diseased cattle, administration of immunizing agents, and test-and-slaughter methods. Therefore, it is important to implement applicable management techniques and to increase public awareness about the transmission of brucellosis, and further research should be conducted on brucellosis in high-risk groups.
PubMed: 35028300
DOI: 10.2147/VMRR.S347337 -
Journal of Molecular Histology Oct 2021Multiorgan dysfunction is the main characteristic of severe COVID-19 patients and the involvement of male reproductive system may occur among these patients. Although... (Review)
Review
Multiorgan dysfunction is the main characteristic of severe COVID-19 patients and the involvement of male reproductive system may occur among these patients. Although there is a limited evidence to confirm the orchitis and virus presence in the semen of patients, there are concerns about the transmission of virus through the semen. In addition, reduced fertility or infertility can be seen as consequences of severe COVID-19 in recovered subjects. In this study, we aimed to review articles related to COVID-19 and male reproductive system to find the possible underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 in affecting male fertility. The following keywords of SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, testis, orchitis, semen, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis, Hypothalamus, etc., were defined to find the related publications from standard search engines, e.g., PUBMED, SCOPUS, Google Scholar. According to studies, COVID-19 occurs in severe patients as respiratory disease, along with multi-organ failure. The most important mechanisms are classified as direct and indirect pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. The presence of ACE2 on the cell surface of various cells in testis increases the risk of direct infection by this virus. SARS-CoV-2 also affects the testis through the cytokine storm. In addition, the important role of HPT axis dysregulation through impaired Leydig cells and hypothalamus should be considered. Using antiviral and immunomodulatory therapy can be harmful for testis function. Further investigations are required to investigate potential mechanisms of male infertility in survivals of COVID-19. Since involvement of testis is essential for fertility, increasing the knowledge of health system may improve the outcomes.
Topics: COVID-19; Cytokine Release Syndrome; Genitalia, Male; Humans; Infertility, Male; Male; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34232425
DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10003-3 -
Urology Case Reports Nov 2022Epididymo-orchitis is a common urological condition that can be caused by a variety of etiologies, including retrograde extension of a urinary tract infection....
Epididymo-orchitis is a common urological condition that can be caused by a variety of etiologies, including retrograde extension of a urinary tract infection. Colovesical fistulas are frequent sequelae of diverticulitis that allow for communication between the colon and urinary bladder. Such fistulas facilitate the spread of enteric bacteria into the urinary bladder, with possible subsequent spread throughout the rest of the genitourinary system. Retrograde extension into the epididymis and testis is very rare, however. We present the case of a 38 year old man with epididymo-orchitis secondary to a colovesical fistula.
PubMed: 36438455
DOI: 10.1016/j.eucr.2022.102281 -
Fertility and Sterility Jun 2020To summarize current understanding of the effects of novel and prior coronaviruses on human reproduction, specifically male and female gametes, and in pregnancy.
OBJECTIVE
To summarize current understanding of the effects of novel and prior coronaviruses on human reproduction, specifically male and female gametes, and in pregnancy.
DESIGN
Review of English publications in PubMed and Embase to April 6, 2020.
METHOD(S)
Articles were screened for reports including coronavirus, reproduction, pathophysiology, and pregnancy.
INTERVENTION(S)
None.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)
Reproductive outcomes, effects on gametes, pregnancy outcomes, and neonatal complications.
RESULT(S)
Seventy-nine reports formed the basis of the review. Coronavirus binding to cells involves the S1 domain of the spike protein to receptors present in reproductive tissues, including angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2), CD26, Ezrin, and cyclophilins. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1) may cause severe orchitis leading to germ cell destruction in males. Reports indicate decreased sperm concentration and motility for 72-90 days following Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection. Gonadotropin-dependent expression of ACE2 was found in human ovaries, but it is unclear whether SARS-Coronavirus 2 (CoV-2) adversely affects female gametogenesis. Evidence suggests that COVID-19 infection has a lower maternal case fatality rate than SARS or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), but anecdotal reports suggest that infected, asymptomatic women may develop respiratory symptoms postpartum. Coronavirus Disease 2019 infections in pregnancy are associated with preterm delivery. Postpartum neonatal transmission from mother to child has been reported.
CONCLUSION(S)
Coronavirus Disease 2019 infection may affect adversely some pregnant women and their offspring. Additional studies are needed to assess effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on male and female fertility.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Female; Fertility; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Infertility, Female; Infertility, Male; Male; Orchitis; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome; Reproduction; Risk Assessment; Risk Factors; SARS-CoV-2; Sperm Count; Sperm Motility
PubMed: 32482250
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.025 -
Cureus Apr 2023Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis is a rare and potentially fatal infection marked by the presence of gas in the epididymis and testicular tissue. Here, we describe the...
Emphysematous epididymo-orchitis is a rare and potentially fatal infection marked by the presence of gas in the epididymis and testicular tissue. Here, we describe the case of a 49-year-old male with a known past medical history of diabetes and hypertension who presented with right inguinoscrotal swelling and severe tenderness. An urgent scrotal ultrasound was obtained and revealed a fluid-filled avascular mass. Moreover, the non-contrast CT scan showed a mixture of air and fluid density in the right epididymis, perineum, and spermatic cord course. The medical team confirmed the diagnosis of emphysematous epididymo-orchitis. The patient refused the management plan at first, but later came back and accepted the procedure. A right orchidectomy with spermatic cord removal was performed without complications.
PubMed: 37266058
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.38358 -
Cureus Jun 2022Segmental testicular infarction is an uncommon condition; it is idiopathic in most cases and the pathophysiology behind it is unclear. Patients usually present with a...
Segmental testicular infarction is an uncommon condition; it is idiopathic in most cases and the pathophysiology behind it is unclear. Patients usually present with a sudden onset of testicular pain, which mimics conditions such as testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis in clinical presentation and can sometimes be mistaken for a testicular tumor on ultrasound, which can mislead some urologists to opt for an unnecessary surgical treatment. However, with proper assessment and reassuring tests, surgical treatment can be avoided, and successful conservative management can be achieved.
PubMed: 35865444
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26063 -
Update on novel validly published taxa of bacteria isolated from domestic animals described in 2022.Journal of Clinical Microbiology Dec 2023Expansion of our knowledge of the microbial world continues to progress at a rapid rate and carries with it an associated need for recognizing and understanding the... (Review)
Review
Expansion of our knowledge of the microbial world continues to progress at a rapid rate and carries with it an associated need for recognizing and understanding the implications of those changes. Here, we describe additions of novel taxa from domestic animals published in 2022 that are validly published per the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. These included new members of , sp. nov. in sheep with respiratory disease, three additions to (including one from chickens with spotty liver disease), and multiple additions of organisms from the microbiota of dogs, pigs, and especially honeybees and other important pollinators. Noteworthy additions were associated with diseases of cattle, including mastitis, endocarditis, orchitis, and endometritis. Also described in 2022 was sp. nov., a member of the family, isolated from the mammary lymph nodes of cows.
Topics: Male; Animals; Cattle; Dogs; Sheep; Swine; Animals, Domestic; Phylogeny; Chickens; Bacteria
PubMed: 37889054
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00839-23