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Scientific Reports Sep 2022Soil organic matter (SOM) is of vital importance to soil health, and also plays a crucial role in the quality of the crops such as tobacco. However, the link between...
Soil organic matter (SOM) is of vital importance to soil health, and also plays a crucial role in the quality of the crops such as tobacco. However, the link between tobacco quality and SOM chemical compositions is still not well understood. To fill the information gap, we analyzed the quality of tobacco leaves and the corresponding SOM molecular compositions by electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS), that were collected from six different sites in Bijie, Guizhou Province, China. The tobacco quality variedin six sites based on their chemical compositions. SOM compounds had a remarked impact on the quality of tobacco leaves and a distinct difference in SOM composition between low-quality and high-quality tobacco leaves was observed as well. Specifically, 105 common molecular formulas were detected in three SOM compounds of high-quality tobacco, which were more than those in low-quality samples. Although amino sugar, proteins, lipids, tannins, and carbohydrates had a collective influence on the chemical composition of tobacco leaves, the effect contributed by amino sugar and tannins was more prominent. In summary, fully understanding the association between tobacco chemical composition and SOM compounds can provide new insight into the regulation of tobacco quality and the sustainable development of agriculture.
Topics: Agriculture; Amino Sugars; Organic Chemicals; Soil; Tannins; Nicotiana
PubMed: 36097148
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19428-6 -
Environmental Science & Technology Aug 2022Over the last 30 years, the optical property community has shifted from conducting dissolved organic matter (DOM) measurements on new complex mixtures in natural and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Over the last 30 years, the optical property community has shifted from conducting dissolved organic matter (DOM) measurements on new complex mixtures in natural and engineered systems to furthering ecosystem understanding in the context of past, present, and future carbon (C) cycling regimes. However, the appropriate use of optical properties to understand DOM behavior in complex biogeochemical systems is of recent debate. This critical review provides an extensive survey of DOM optical property literature across atmospheric, marine, and terrestrial biospheres using a categorical approach that probes each biosphere and its subdivisions. Using this approach, a rubric of ecosystem variables, such as productive nature, C cycling rate, C inputs, and water quality, sets the foundation for interpreting commonly used optical property DOM metrics such as fluorescence index (FI), humification index (HIX), and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA). Case studies and a meta-analysis of each biosphere and subdivision found substantial overlap and characteristic distributions corresponding to ecosystem context for FI, HIX, and SUVA, signifying chromophores and fluorophores from different ecosystems may be more similar than originally thought. This review challenges researchers to consider ecosystem connectivity when applying optical property results rather than making traditional "if this, then that" results-style conclusions.
Topics: Carbon; Dissolved Organic Matter; Ecosystem; Organic Chemicals; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Water Quality
PubMed: 35917372
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04240 -
Environment International Mar 2022This paper reports the non-targeted analysis of unknown volatile chemicals in medical masks through headspace gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass...
This paper reports the non-targeted analysis of unknown volatile chemicals in medical masks through headspace gas chromatography-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. In view of the difficulties that may be encountered in the qualitative analysis of unknown substances, several typical cases and the corresponding reliable solutions are given from the perspective of comprehensive score and retention index, chemical ionization identification molecular formula, fragment ion detail comparison for distinguishing isomers, and identification of alkanes. With this method, 69 volatile substances were identified in 60 masks. The identified substances were divided into nine categories. Alkanes, esters, benzenes, and alcohols were the top four groups of substances identified in masks and accounted for 34.8%, 15.9%, 10.1%, and 7.2% of the total substances, respectively. In addition, ketones, ethers, phenolics, amides, and other substances were identified. Ethanol, 1,4-dichlorobenzene, toluene, m-xylene, dimethyl glutarate, and N,N-dimethylacetamide had high detection rates. The identified substances were further filtered and screened according to their detection rate, toxicity, and response intensity. Finally, 12 high-risk volatile chemicals in medical masks were listed. This study could serve as a reference for identifying unknown substances and a guide for monitoring volatile chemicals in masks and promoting chemical safety improvements in products.
Topics: Alcohols; Esters; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Masks; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 35121498
DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107122 -
Waste Management (New York, N.Y.) Mar 2023In this study, hydrochar (HC), a carbon-rich product originated from hydrothermal conversion treatment (HTC), was obtained from wastes of the wine and dairy industries....
In this study, hydrochar (HC), a carbon-rich product originated from hydrothermal conversion treatment (HTC), was obtained from wastes of the wine and dairy industries. The effect of mixing secondary char and compost was tested, before and after the aerobic mixing of compost (COM) and HC at increasing doses (from 15 to 75 Mg ha DM), in an effort to lower the HC phytotoxicity due to potential phytotoxic compounds of secondary char. The results indicated that, after the aerobic stabilization, the mix HC/COM was able to double the plant growth in comparison to COM alone. The presence of easily degradable organic compounds probably led to poor stability of HC, increased microbial activity and, consequently, root anoxia when used at high doses. Chemical, spectroscopic and thermal investigation confirmed this hypothesis. In particular, HC shows a high content of dissolved organic matter, characterized by the presence of small molecules, which is negatively correlated with the growth index of lettuce. Furthermore, thermal characterization suggests a higher proportion of less complex and thermally stable molecular compounds in HC in comparison to COM. Therefore, co-composting of HC allows obtaining a useful amendment to support soil organic matter and fertility.
Topics: Soil; Carbon; Composting; Organic Chemicals; Dissolved Organic Matter
PubMed: 36738588
DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.024 -
The Science of the Total Environment Mar 2022We investigated speciation and levels of organosulfates, organosulfonates as well as carboxylic acids in aerosol samples collected during summer (2014) and winter...
We investigated speciation and levels of organosulfates, organosulfonates as well as carboxylic acids in aerosol samples collected during summer (2014) and winter (2014/15) in Xi'an, Northwest China, to improve understanding of composition and sources of organic aerosols in this region heavily affected by air pollution. Organosulfates are formed from reactive gas-phase organic compounds and acidic sulfate aerosols, contributing to secondary organic aerosols, SOA. The aerosol samples show a large diversity in organosulfur species in line with other regions of China, reflecting the high levels and complexity of SOA precursors. In summer samples, organosulfates from isoprene are prevalent due to transport of air masses from southern regions with isoprene-emitting mountain forests. During winter, air masses are local or from areas north of the city with low population density and very low temperatures. The estimated levels of organosulfates and organosulfonates in summer (768 ± 346 ng m) and winter samples (938 ± 374 ng m) are more similar than expected given the high levels of sulfate and organic carbon in winter, indicating the complexity of organosulfur formation processes. We observed an organosulfonate with molecular weight 214 (CHOS) at high estimated levels (254 ± 232 ng m) in winter, but much lower concentrations (12 ± 13 ng m) in summer. High levels of organosulfur compounds were mainly observed at aerosol pH below about 2.5. Concentrations of carboxylic acids from oxidation of monoterpenes were low (5.2 ± 2.7 ng m in summer). Phthalic acid was as high as 90 ± 29 ng m during winter and correlated highly with organic carbon, chloride and potassium, indicating a common origin, most likely burning of biomass and plastic-containing waste. Further research is needed to elucidate formation and sources of organosulfates and organosulfonates, as well as the impact on aerosol properties affecting e.g. health effects.
Topics: Aerosols; Air Pollutants; Air Pollution; Carboxylic Acids; China; Environmental Monitoring; Organic Chemicals; Particulate Matter; Seasons
PubMed: 34756911
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151187 -
Poultry Science Dec 2020Bedding material or litter is an important requirement of meat chicken production which can influence bird welfare, health, and food safety. A substantial increase in... (Review)
Review
Bedding material or litter is an important requirement of meat chicken production which can influence bird welfare, health, and food safety. A substantial increase in demand and cost of chicken bedding has stimulated interest in alternative bedding sources worldwide. However, risks arising from the use of alternative bedding materials for raising meat chickens are currently unknown. Organic chemicals, elemental, and biological contaminants, as well as physical and management hazards need to be managed in litter to protect the health of chickens and consequently that of human consumers. This requires access to information on the transfer of contaminants from litter to food to inform risk profiles and assessments to guide litter risk management. In this review, contaminants and hazards of known and potential concern in alternative bedding are described and compared with existing standards for feed. The contaminants considered in this review include organic chemical contaminants (e.g., pesticides), elemental contaminants (e.g., arsenic, cadmium, and lead), biological contaminants (phytotoxins, mycotoxins, and microorganisms), physical hazards, and management hazards. Reference is made to scientific literature for acceptable levels of the above contaminants in chicken feed that can be used for guidance by those involved in selecting and using bedding materials.
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Arsenic; Bedding and Linens; Chickens; Food Safety; Organic Chemicals
PubMed: 33248583
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.047 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2020Several different definitions were in the past proposed to describe the term chemical speciation, and some of them were accepted from the scientific community [...].
Special Issue "Chemical Speciation of Organic and Inorganic Components of Environmental and Biological Interest in Natural Fluids: Behaviour, Interaction and Sequestration".
Several different definitions were in the past proposed to describe the term chemical speciation, and some of them were accepted from the scientific community [...].
Topics: Environmental Monitoring; Organic Chemicals; Water Pollutants
PubMed: 32070045
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040826 -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Oct 2021Ultrasound is an essential technique to improve organic synthesis from the point of view of green chemistry, as it can promote better yields and selectivities, in... (Review)
Review
Ultrasound is an essential technique to improve organic synthesis from the point of view of green chemistry, as it can promote better yields and selectivities, in addition to shorter reaction times when compared to the conventional methods. Heterogeneous catalysis is another pillar of sustainable chemistry being the recycling and reuse of the catalysts one of its great advantage. In the other hand, multicomponent reactions provide the synthesis of structurally diverse compounds, in a one-pot fashion, without isolation and purification of intermediates. Thus, the combination of these protocols has proved to be a powerful tool to obtain biologically active organic compounds with lower costs, time and energy consumption. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of advances on methods of organic synthesis that have been reported over the past ten years with focus on ultrasound-assisted multicomponent reactions under heterogeneous catalysis. In particular, we present pharmacologically important N- and O-heterocyclic compounds, considering their synthetic methods using green solvents, and catalyst recycling.
Topics: Catalysis; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Organic Chemicals; Solvents
PubMed: 34454180
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105704 -
Journal of Environmental Management Dec 2023This study investigated methods for predicting the duration and impact on groundwater quality from persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs) at a drinking water...
This study investigated methods for predicting the duration and impact on groundwater quality from persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs) at a drinking water well field affected by multiple contaminant sources. The fungicide metabolite N,N-dimethylsulfamide (DMS), which frequently occurs above the Danish groundwater quality criterion (0.1 μg/L), was used as an example. By combining contaminant mass discharge (CMD) estimations, modeling, and groundwater dating, a number of important discoveries were made. The current center of contaminant mass was located near the source area. The CMD at the well field was predicted to peak in 2040, and an effect from the investigated sources on groundwater quality could be expected until the end of the 21 century. A discrepancy in the current CMD at the well field and the estimated arrival time from the studied source area suggested an additional pesticide source, which has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The presence of the unknown source was supported by model simulations, producing an improved mass balance after inclusion of a contaminant source closer to the well field. The approach applied here was capable of predicting the duration and impact of DMS contamination at a well field at catchment scale. It furthermore shows potential for identification and quantification of the contribution from individual sources, and is also applicable for other PMOCs. Predicting the duration of the release and impact of contaminant sources on abstraction wells is highly valuable for water resources management and authorities responsible for contaminant risk assessment, remediation, and long-term planning at water utilities.
Topics: Water Pollutants, Chemical; Groundwater; Organic Chemicals; Water Resources; Environmental Monitoring
PubMed: 37844396
DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119199 -
Journal of Medicinal Chemistry Mar 2021Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins bind acetylated lysine residues in histones and nonhistone proteins via tandem bromodomains and regulate chromatin dynamics,... (Review)
Review
Bromodomain and extraterminal (BET) proteins bind acetylated lysine residues in histones and nonhistone proteins via tandem bromodomains and regulate chromatin dynamics, cellular processes, and disease procession. Thus targeting BET proteins is a promising strategy for treating various diseases, especially malignant tumors and chronic inflammation. Many pan-BET small-molecule inhibitors have been described, and some of them are in clinical evaluation. Nevertheless, the limited clinical efficacy of the current BET inhibitors is also evident and has inspired the development of new technologies to improve their clinical outcomes and minimize unwanted side effects. In this Review, we summarize the latest protein characteristics and biological functions of BRD4 as an example of BET proteins, analyze the clinical development status and preclinical resistance mechanisms, and discuss recent advances in BRD4-selective inhibitors, dual-target BET inhibitors, proteolysis targeting chimera degraders, and protein-protein interaction inhibitors.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Discovery; Humans; Organic Chemicals; Protein Binding; Protein Domains; Protein Multimerization; Proteolysis; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 33616410
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01487