-
Public Health Nutrition Sep 2022Evaluating the association of water intake and hydration status with nephrolithiasis risk at the population level.
OBJECTIVE
Evaluating the association of water intake and hydration status with nephrolithiasis risk at the population level.
DESIGN
It is a cross-sectional study in which daily total plain water intake and total fluid intake were estimated together with blood osmolality, urine creatinine, urine osmolality, urine flow rate (UFR), free water clearance (FWC) and urine/blood osmolality ratio (U:B). The associations of fluid intake and hydration markers with nephrolithiasis were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression.
SETTING
General US population.
PARTICIPANTS
A total of 8195 adults aged 20 years or older from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2009-2012 cycles.
RESULTS
The population medians (interquartile ranges, IQR) for daily total plain water intake and total fluid intake were 807 (336-1481) and 2761 (2107-3577) ml/d, respectively. The adjusted OR (95 % CI) of nephrolithiasis for each IQR increase in total plain water intake and total fluid intake were 0·92 (95 % CI 0·79, 1·06) and 0·84 (95 % CI 0·72, 0·97), respectively. The corresponding OR of nephrolithiasis for UFR, blood osmolality, U:B and urine creatinine were 0·87 (95 % CI 0·76, 0·99), 1·18 (95 % CI 1·06, 1·32), 1·38 (95 % CI 1·17, 1·63) and 1·27 (95 % CI 1·11, 1·45), respectively. A linear protective relationship of fluid intake, UFR and FWC with nephrolithiasis risk was observed. Similarly, positive dose-response associations of nephrolithiasis risk with markers of insufficient hydration were identified. Encouraging a daily water intake of >2500 ml/d and maintaining a urine output of 2 l/d was associated with a lower prevalence of nephrolithiasis.
CONCLUSION
This study verified the beneficial role of general water intake recommendations in nephrolithiasis prevention in the general US population.
Topics: Adult; Biomarkers; Creatinine; Cross-Sectional Studies; Drinking; Humans; Kidney Calculi; Nutrition Surveys; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 35514256
DOI: 10.1017/S1368980022001033 -
Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis Jan 2021Automated flow cytometry-based urine analyzer is increasingly being used to identify and enumerate cells and particles in urine specimens. It measures electrical...
BACKGROUND
Automated flow cytometry-based urine analyzer is increasingly being used to identify and enumerate cells and particles in urine specimens. It measures electrical conductivity which could be transformed to osmolality. Using this machine, all urine specimens could be screened for osmolality without requiring a separate dedicated device. We evaluated the performance of the new instrument, the UF-5000 (Sysmex Corporation), in the measurement of urine osmolality.
METHODS
The precision of urine osmolality measurement by the UF-5000 was evaluated for 20 days and 4 times a day for 2 concentrations. The linearity and detection capability were evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. For comparison, 270 random urine specimens from patients were tested simultaneously using the UF5000 and the OsmoPro micro-osmometer (Advanced instruments).
RESULTS
The laboratory-based coefficient variations were less than 5%. Urine osmolality using the UF-5000 has a verified linear range (y = 1.097x + 16.91, R = .997). Within the comparison analysis, the mean difference was not large (-7.72%) but each differences were largely dispersed with 95% limits of agreement (LoA) from -70.5 to 55.06%, and the mean absolute difference -28.3 mOsm/kg with 95% LoA from -295.13 to 238.45 mOsm/kg. Cohen's kappa value was 0.54 (95% CI, 0.45-0.63).
CONCLUSIONS
The UF-5000 measured conductivity and generated an acceptable quantitative analysis of urine osmolality. When compared with the results of the freezing point depression method used by the OsmoPro, a percentage of the measured urine osmolality by the UF-5000 was outside the allowable limit.
Topics: Automation, Laboratory; Electric Conductivity; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Osmolar Concentration; Urinalysis; Urine
PubMed: 32969530
DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23586 -
Journal of Nippon Medical School =... 2021The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the ocular surface before and after phacoemulsification with small incisions and to examine the changes in tear...
BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study was to examine changes in the ocular surface before and after phacoemulsification with small incisions and to examine the changes in tear osmolarity.
METHODS
This was a prospective, observational study involving 55 eyes of 39 patients (19 male, 20 female patients; average age 72.0±7.3 years) who had cataract surgery at a Nippon Medical School Hospital between December 2013 and June 2018. Compromised tear dynamics were determined by the Schirmer test or the tear break-up time (BUT). An abnormal ocular surface was identified by positive vital staining with fluorescein or lissamine green. Moreover, tear osmolarity (Tosm) and corneal sensitivity were measured. All assessments were done preoperatively and 1 and 4 weeks (P1W and P4W) after the surgery.
RESULTS
None of the operations had any complications. Operating time was 17.8±9.3 minutes. BUT was significantly decreased at P1W, and it recovered at P4W. The Schirmer test did not change significantly. The fluorescein staining score (FSS) increased significantly at P1W and recovered at P4W. The Lissamine green score (LSS) did not change significantly. Tear osmolarity increased significantly at P1W and did not recover at P4W. Corneal sensitivity decreased significantly at P1W and recovered at P4W.
CONCLUSION
In the present study, there were temporary changes in dry eye-related examinations including tear osmolarity after cataract surgery. In particular, tear osmolarity increased significantly 4 weeks after surgery compared to before surgery, and it showed long-term changes, unlike other factors. After cataract surgery, tear osmolarity, BUT, and FSS increase, resulting in dry eye symptoms. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to discomfortable eye symptoms of patients after cataract surgery.
Topics: Aged; Cataract Extraction; Dry Eye Syndromes; Female; Humans; Male; Osmolar Concentration; Phacoemulsification; Postoperative Complications; Tears; Time Factors
PubMed: 34193743
DOI: 10.1272/jnms.JNMS.2021_88-405 -
Open Biology Aug 2021Egg activation is a series of highly coordinated processes that prepare the mature oocyte for embryogenesis. Typically associated with fertilization, egg activation...
Egg activation is a series of highly coordinated processes that prepare the mature oocyte for embryogenesis. Typically associated with fertilization, egg activation results in many downstream outcomes, including the resumption of the meiotic cell cycle, translation of maternal mRNAs and cross-linking of the vitelline membrane. While some aspects of egg activation, such as initiation factors in mammals and environmental cues in sea animals, have been well-documented, the mechanics of egg activation in insects are less well-understood. For many insects, egg activation can be triggered independently of fertilization. In , egg activation occurs in the oviduct resulting in a single calcium wave propagating from the posterior pole of the oocyte. Here we use physical manipulations, genetics and live imaging to demonstrate the requirement of a volume increase for calcium entry at egg activation in mature oocytes. The addition of water, modified with sucrose to a specific osmolarity, is sufficient to trigger the calcium wave in the mature oocyte and the downstream events associated with egg activation. We show that the swelling process is regulated by the conserved osmoregulatory channels, aquaporins and DEGenerin/Epithelial Na channels. Furthermore, through pharmacological and genetic disruption, we reveal a concentration-dependent requirement of transient receptor potential M channels to transport calcium, most probably from the perivitelline space, across the plasma membrane into the mature oocyte. Our data establish osmotic pressure as a mechanism that initiates egg activation in and are consistent with previous work from evolutionarily distant insects, including dragonflies and mosquitos, and show remarkable similarities to the mechanism of egg activation in some plants.
Topics: Animals; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Drosophila Proteins; Drosophila melanogaster; Embryonic Development; Female; Fertilization; Oocytes; Osmolar Concentration
PubMed: 34343463
DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210067 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Jul 2022In order to adapt to different environmental stresses including heat stress, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure stress and ultraviolet stress in the process of growing... (Review)
Review
In order to adapt to different environmental stresses including heat stress, oxidative stress, osmotic pressure stress and ultraviolet stress in the process of growing and infecting agricultural products, fungi have developed a set of high osmolarity glycerol mitogen-activated protein kinase (HOG-MAPK) pathway to alleviate the environmental stresses. This pathway plays an important role in the growth, development, mycotoxin production and pathogenicity of fungi. There are two branches in the HOG-MAPK pathway, among which the SLN1 branch is more sensitive to osmotic stress than another branch (SHO1 branch), and is able to respond to high osmotic pressure and high salt concentration. The SHO1 branch is involved in a variety of signal transduction in response to oxidative stress and thermal stress. This paper reviews the functions of key genes , , , , and in the HOG-MAPK pathway of phytopathogenic fungi in responses to different environmental stresses such as osmotic stress and oxidative stress. We show that the HOG-MAPK pathway can respond to a variety of environmental signals and is involved in regulating the growth of phytopathogenic fungi such as and , and the production of mycotoxins such as aflatoxins and ochratoxins. Understanding the mechanism of how HOG-MAPK pathway regulates mycotoxins' formation under different environmental stresses that provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the prevention and control of mycotoxins in agricultural products such as food and feed.
Topics: Glycerol; MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases; Membrane Proteins; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases; Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases; Mycotoxins; Osmolar Concentration; Osmotic Pressure; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
PubMed: 35871615
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.220060 -
Clinical Nutrition ESPEN Jun 2024Patients with an ileostomy often have impaired quality of life, sodium depletion, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and other organ-specific pathologies. The osmolality of... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Patients with an ileostomy often have impaired quality of life, sodium depletion, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and other organ-specific pathologies. The osmolality of oral supplements influences ileostomy output and increases sodium loss. We hypothesized the existence of an osmolality range in which fluid absorption and secondary natriuresis are optimal.
METHODS
This was a single-center, quasi-randomized crossover intervention study, including patients with an ileostomy and no home parenteral support. After an 8-h fasting period, each patient ingested 500 mL of 3-18 different oral supplements and a standardized meal during the various intervention periods, followed by a 6-h collection of ileostomy and urine outputs. The primary outcome was 6-h ileostomy output.
RESULTS
A total of 14 ileostomy patients with a median age of 65 years (interquartile range 38-70 years) were included. The association between osmolalities (range 5-1352 mOsm/kg) and ileostomy output forecasted an S-curve. A linear association between osmolality of oral supplements (range 290-600 mOsm/kg) and ileostomy output was identified and assessed with a mixed-effects model. Ileostomy output increased by 57 g/6 h (95% confidence interval (CI) 21-94) when the oral supplement osmolality increased by 100 mOsm/kg (p = 0.005).
CONCLUSION
Osmolality in oral supplements correlated with ileostomy output. Our results indicate that patients with an ileostomy may benefit from increased ingestion of oral supplements with osmolalities between 100 and 290 mOsm/kg. We define this range as the Goldilocks zone, equivalent to optimal fluid and electrolyte absorption.
Topics: Humans; Ileostomy; Middle Aged; Aged; Male; Female; Dietary Supplements; Adult; Osmolar Concentration; Cross-Over Studies; Administration, Oral; Sodium
PubMed: 38777478
DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2024.03.003 -
Comparative Biochemistry and... Sep 2021Decapod crustaceans show variable degrees of euryhalinity and osmoregulatory capacity, by responding to salinity changes through anisosmotic extracellular regulation...
Decapod crustaceans show variable degrees of euryhalinity and osmoregulatory capacity, by responding to salinity changes through anisosmotic extracellular regulation and/or cell volume regulation. Cell volume regulatory mechanisms involve exchange of inorganic ions between extra- and intra-cellular (tissue) compartments. Here, this interplay of inorganic ions between both compartments has been evaluated in four decapod species with distinct habitats and osmoregulatory strategies. The marine/estuarine species Litopenaeus vannamei (Lv) and Callinectes danae (Cd) were submitted to reduced salinity (15‰), after acclimation to 25 and 30‰, respectively. The freshwater Macrobrachium acanthurus (Ma) and Aegla schmitti (As) were submitted to increased salinity (25‰). The four species were salinity-challenged for both 5 and 10 days. Hemolymph osmolality, sodium, chloride, potassium, and magnesium were assayed. The same inorganic ions were quantified in muscle samples. Muscle hydration (MH) and ninhydrin-positive substances (NPS) were also determined. Lv showed slight hemolymph dilution, increased MH and no osmotically-relevant decreases in muscle osmolytes; Cd displayed hemolymph dilution, decreased muscular NaCl and stable MH; Ma showed hypo-regulation and steady MH, with no change in muscle ions; As conformed hemolymph sodium but hypo-regulated chloride, had stable MH and increased muscle NPS and ion levels. Hemolymph and muscle ions (especially chloride) of As were highly correlated (Pearson, +0.83). Significant exchanges between hemolymph and muscle ionic pools were more evident in the two species with comparatively less AER regulatory power, C. danae and A. schmitti. Our findings endorse that the interplay between extracellular and tissue ionic pools is especially detectable in euryhaline species with relatively lower osmoregulatory strength.
Topics: Animals; Cadmium; Decapoda; Hemolymph; Ions; Magnesium; Osmolar Concentration; Osmoregulation; Palaemonidae; Penaeidae; Potassium; Salinity; Sodium Chloride; Species Specificity; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 34098129
DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111001 -
BMC Nephrology Sep 2021Decreased kidney function is commonly caused by hypovolemia. When hypovolemic, the kidney reabsorbs water resulting in concentrated urine. Osmolality is a measure of...
BACKGROUND
Decreased kidney function is commonly caused by hypovolemia. When hypovolemic, the kidney reabsorbs water resulting in concentrated urine. Osmolality is a measure of urine concentration which is more objective than self-reported fluid intake. It has a positive association with hypovolemia. However, it remains controversial whether osmolality is associated with decreased kidney function and/or albuminuria.
METHODS
We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2009-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a standardized survey in the U.S.
POPULATION
Participants aged 18-70 years old with random urine osmolality were included. Osmolality was categorized as quartiles. Decreased kidney function was defined by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73m and albuminuria was defined by albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/gm. We performed multivariable regression via four sequential models.
RESULTS
Our study sample included 7,373 participants. The mean age was 42.9 ± 0.4 years. Overall, 51.4% were male and 67.3% were white. The mean osmolality was 603.8 mOsm/kg and 629.1 mOsm/kg in those with and without decreased eGFR and/or albuminuria, respectively. The number of cases was 610 (6.7%). The prevalence from the lowest to highest quartiles of osmolality was 116 (6.2%), 213 (8.6%), 179 (7.5%), and 102 (4.3%), respectively (p-value for trend = 0.02). The relationship between osmolality and eGFR appeared nonlinear. After adjustment for demographic, social, cardiovascular, and dietary risk factors, there was no significant association of osmolality quartiles with decreased eGFR and/or albuminuria (odds ratio [OR] 0.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56, 1.07). In sensitivity analyses, osmolality ≥ 500 mOsm/kg was associated with lower eGFR (adjusted ß -1.13, 95% CI -1.98, -0.28). In pre-specified subgroup analyses, osmolality had a statistically significant negative correlation with eGFR among individuals with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m, but a positive correlation among those with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m (adjusted ß -0.19, 95% CI -0.36, -0.01 versus adjusted ß 0.50, 95% CI 0.05, 0.96; p-value for interaction = 0.016).
CONCLUSIONS
Higher osmolality was significantly associated with lower eGFR among adults with eGFR ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73m Future research should examine the relationship between osmolality and change in kidney function over time among adults with normal eGFR.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Albuminuria; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Glomerular Filtration Rate; Humans; Kidney; Male; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Osmolar Concentration; Prevalence; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; United States; Urine
PubMed: 34507548
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-021-02478-9 -
Nutrients Mar 2023Maintenance of hydration status requires a tight balance between fluid input and output. An increase in water loss or a decrease in fluid intake is responsible for... (Review)
Review
Maintenance of hydration status requires a tight balance between fluid input and output. An increase in water loss or a decrease in fluid intake is responsible for dehydration status, leading to kidney water reabsorption. Thus, urine volume decreases and concentration of the different solutes increases. Urine dilution is the main recommendation to prevent kidney stone recurrence. Monitoring hydration status and urine dilution is key to preventing stone recurrence. This monitoring could either be performed via spot urine or 24 h urine collection with corresponding interpretation criteria. In laboratory conditions, urine osmolality measurement is the best tool to evaluate urine dilution, with less interference than urine-specific gravity measurement. However, this evaluation is only available during time lab examination. To improve urine dilution in nephrolithiasis patients in daily life, such monitoring should also be available at home. Urine color is of poor interest, but reagent strips with urine-specific gravity estimation are currently the only available tool, even with well-known interferences. Finally, at home, fluid intake monitoring could be an alternative to urine dilution monitoring. Eventually, the use of a connected device seems to be the most promising solution.
Topics: Humans; Drinking; Urinalysis; Kidney Calculi; Water; Dehydration; Osmolar Concentration; Water-Electrolyte Balance
PubMed: 37049482
DOI: 10.3390/nu15071642 -
Nutrients Aug 2019With the collection of water-intake data, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is becoming an increasingly popular resource for large-scale...
With the collection of water-intake data, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is becoming an increasingly popular resource for large-scale inquiry into human hydration. However, are we leveraging this resource properly? We sought to identify the opportunities and limitations inherent in hydration-related inquiry within a commonly studied database of hydration and nutrition. We also sought to critically review models published from this dataset. We reproduced two models published from the NHANES dataset, assessing the goodness of fit through conventional means (proportion of variance, R). We also assessed model sensitivity to parameter configuration. Models published from the NHANES dataset typically yielded a very low goodness of fit R < 0.15. A reconfiguration of variables did not substantially improve model fit, and the goodness of fit of models published from the NHANES dataset may be low. Database-driven inquiry into human hydration requires the complete reporting of model diagnostics in order to fully contextualize findings. There are several emergent opportunities to potentially increase the proportion of explained variance in the NHANES dataset, including novel biomarkers, capturing situational variables (meteorology, for example), and consensus practices for adjustment of co-variates.
Topics: Body Mass Index; Body Water; Databases, Factual; Drinking; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Nutrition Surveys; Nutritional Status; Organism Hydration Status; Osmolar Concentration; Reproducibility of Results; Urine
PubMed: 31394869
DOI: 10.3390/nu11081828