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International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020Prosthesis-associated infections and aseptic loosening are major causes of implant failure. There is an urgent need to improve the antibacterial ability and... (Review)
Review
Prosthesis-associated infections and aseptic loosening are major causes of implant failure. There is an urgent need to improve the antibacterial ability and osseointegration of orthopedic implants. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) are a common type of zinc-containing metal oxide nanoparticles that have been widely studied in many fields, such as food packaging, pollution treatment, and biomedicine. The ZnO-NPs have low toxicity and good biological functions, as well as antibacterial, anticancer, and osteogenic capabilities. Furthermore, ZnO-NPs can be easily obtained through various methods. Among them, green preparation methods can improve the bioactivity of ZnO-NPs and strengthen their potential application in the biological field. This review discusses the antibacterial abilities of ZnO-NPs, including mechanisms and influencing factors. The toxicity and shortcomings of anticancer applications are summarized. Furthermore, osteogenic mechanisms and synergy with other materials are introduced. Green preparation methods are also briefly reviewed.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Chondrogenesis; Green Chemistry Technology; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Osteogenesis; Prostheses and Implants; Zinc Oxide
PubMed: 32903812
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S262876 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... Nov 2023Geometry and angles play crucial roles in cellular processes; however, its mechanisms of regulation remain unclear. In this study, a series of three dimensional...
Geometry and angles play crucial roles in cellular processes; however, its mechanisms of regulation remain unclear. In this study, a series of three dimensional (3D)-printed microfibers with different geometries is constructed using a near-field electrostatic printing technique to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of geometry on stem cell function and bone regeneration. The scaffolds precisely mimicked cell dimensions with high porosity and interoperability. Compared with other spatial topography angles, microfibers with a 90° topology can significantly promote the expression of osteogenic gene proteins in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The effects of different spatial structures on the expression profiles of BMSCs differentiation genes are correlated and validated using microRNA sequencing. Enrichment analysis shows that the 90° microfibers promoted osteogenesis in BMSCs by significantly upregulating miR-222-5p/cbfb/Runx2 expression. The ability of the geometric architecture to promote bone regeneration, as assessed using the cranial defect model, demonstrates that the 90° fiber scaffolds significantly promote new bone regeneration and neovascular neural network formation. This study is the first to elucidate the relationship between angular geometry and cellular gene expression, contributing significantly to the understanding of how geometric architecture can promote stem cell differentiation, proliferation, and function for structural bone regeneration.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Osteogenesis; Cell Differentiation; Stem Cells; Gene Expression
PubMed: 37775309
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304111 -
Journal of Dental Research Mar 2022The primary cilium is a nonmotile microtubule-based organelle in most vertebrate cell types. The primary cilium plays a critical role in tissue development and...
The primary cilium is a nonmotile microtubule-based organelle in most vertebrate cell types. The primary cilium plays a critical role in tissue development and homeostasis by sensing and transducing various signaling pathways. Ciliary proteins such as intraflagellar transport (IFT) proteins as well as ciliary motor proteins, kinesin and dynein, comprise a bidirectional intraflagellar transport system needed for cilia formation and function. Mutations in ciliary proteins that lead to loss or dysfunction of primary cilia cause ciliopathies such as Jeune syndrome and Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and cause abnormalities in tooth development. These diseases exhibit severe skeletal and craniofacial dysplasia, highlighting the significance of primary cilia in skeletal development. Cilia are necessary for the propagation of hedgehog, transforming growth factor β, platelet-derived growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor signaling during osteogenesis and chondrogenesis. Ablation of ciliary proteins such as IFT80 or IFT20 blocks cilia formation, which inhibits osteoblast differentiation, osteoblast polarity, and alignment and reduces bone formation. Similarly, cilia facilitate chondrocyte differentiation and production of a cartilage matrix. Cilia also play a key role in mechanosensing and are needed for increased bone formation in response to mechanical forces.
Topics: Bone and Bones; Cartilage; Cilia; Fibroblast Growth Factors; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 34743626
DOI: 10.1177/00220345211046606 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) May 2021Cranial synchondroses are cartilaginous joints between basicranial bones or between basicranial bones and septal cartilage, and have been implicated as having a...
Cranial synchondroses are cartilaginous joints between basicranial bones or between basicranial bones and septal cartilage, and have been implicated as having a potential active role in determining craniofacial form. However, few studies have examined them histologically. Using histological and immunohistochemical methods, we examined all basicranial joints in serial sagittal sections of newborn heads from nine genera of primates (five anthropoids, four strepsirrhines). Each synchondrosis was examined for characteristics of active growth centers, including a zonal distribution of proliferating and hypertrophic chondrocytes, as well as corresponding changes in matrix characteristics (i.e., density and organization of Type II collagen). Results reveal three midline and three bilateral synchondroses possess attributes of active growth centers in all species (sphenooccipital, intrasphenoidal, presphenoseptal). One midline synchondrosis (ethmoseptal) and one bilateral synchondrosis (alibasisphenoidal synchondrosis [ABS]) are active growth centers in some but not all newborn primates. ABS is oriented more anteriorly in monkeys compared to lemurs and bushbabies. The sphenoethmoidal synchondrosis (SES) varies at birth: in monkeys, it is a suture-like joint (i.e., fibrous tissue between the two bones); however, in strepsirrhines, the jugum sphenoidale is ossified while the mesethmoid remains cartilaginous. No species possesses an SES that has the organization of a growth plate. Overall, our findings demonstrate that only four midline synchondroses have the potential to actively affect basicranial angularity and facial orientation during the perinatal timeframe, while the SES of anthropoids essentially transitions toward a "suture-like" function, permitting passive growth postnatally. Loss of cartilaginous continuity at SES and reorientation of ABS distinguish monkeys from strepsirrhines.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Cartilage; Cranial Sutures; Osteogenesis; Skull; Strepsirhini
PubMed: 33015949
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24521 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy Jun 2023Age-associated bone diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) are common in the elderly due to skeletal ageing. The process of skeletal ageing can be accelerated by reduced... (Review)
Review
Age-associated bone diseases such as osteoporosis (OP) are common in the elderly due to skeletal ageing. The process of skeletal ageing can be accelerated by reduced proliferation and osteogenesis of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). Senescence of BM-MSCs is a main driver of age-associated bone diseases, and the fate of BM-MSCs is tightly regulated by histone modifications, such as methylation and acetylation. Dysregulation of histone modifications in BM-MSCs may activate the genes related to the pathogenesis of skeletal ageing and age-associated bone diseases. Here we summarize the histone methylation and acetylation marks and their regulatory enzymes that affect BM-MSC self-renewal, differentiation and senescence. This review not only describes the critical roles of histone marks in modulating BM-MSC functions, but also underlines the potential of epigenetic enzymes as targets for treating age-associated bone diseases. In the future, more effective therapeutic approaches based on these epigenetic targets will be developed and will benefit elderly individuals with bone diseases, such as OP.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Histone Code; Cell Differentiation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Aging; Osteogenesis; Bone Diseases; Bone Marrow Cells; Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 37357311
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03393-6 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2020
Topics: Child; Humans; Osteogenesis; Rickets; Treatment Outcome; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 33329409
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.621734 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Feb 2022Although autogenous bone implantation is considered to be the gold standard for the reconstruction of bone defects, this approach remains challenging when treating...
BACKGROUND
Although autogenous bone implantation is considered to be the gold standard for the reconstruction of bone defects, this approach remains challenging when treating extensive bone defects (EBDs). Therefore, artificial materials (AMs) such as artificial bone and scaffolds are often used for treating EBDs. Nevertheless, complications such as material failure, foreign body reaction, and infection are common. To overcome these issues, we aimed to develop a new treatment for an EBD using scaffold-free adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) to fabricate chondrogenic/osteogenic-induced constructs without AMs.
METHODS
ADSCs were obtained from the subcutaneous adipose tissue of 8-week-old female Wistar rats (n = 3) and assessed to determine their potential for multilineage differentiation into adipocytes (Oil Red O staining), chondrocytes (hematoxylin and eosin, Alcian blue, and Safranin O staining), and osteoblasts (Alizarin red and von Kossa staining). Spheroids (n = 320), each containing 3.0 × 104 ADSCs, were then used to fabricate scaffold-free cell constructs using a bio-3D printer with a needle array. The spheroids and constructs were stimulated with induction medium to induce chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation. The induced cartilage- and bone-like constructs were finally evaluated using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histological analysis.
RESULTS
The collected ADSCs were capable of trilineage differentiation, and were successfully used to produce scaffold-free constructs. The fabricated constructs (n = 3) exhibited equivalent strength (load, 195.3 ± 6.1 mN; strength, 39.1 ± 1.2 kPa; and stiffness, 0.09 ± 0.01 N/mm) to that of soft tissues such as the muscles in the uninduced condition. In chondrogenic induction experiments, Alcian blue and Safranin O staining confirmed the differentiation of the constructs into cartilage, and cartilage tissue-like structures were produced. In the osteogenic induction experiment, Alizarin Red and von Kossa staining showed calcium salt deposition, and μCT images confirmed the same calcification level as that of the cortical bone.
CONCLUSIONS
Scaffold-free constructs consisting of ADSCs without an AM were fabricated, and cartilage- and bone-like tissues were successfully generated, demonstrating their potential for bone reconstruction.
Topics: Adipose Tissue; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cells, Cultured; Female; Osteogenesis; Printing, Three-Dimensional; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Stromal Cells; Tissue Engineering; Tissue Scaffolds; X-Ray Microtomography
PubMed: 35226995
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2702052 -
Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics Sep 2023Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a ligand for low-density lipoprotein receptors, is strongly induced during osteogenesis and has a physiologic role in regulating osteoblast...
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE), a ligand for low-density lipoprotein receptors, is strongly induced during osteogenesis and has a physiologic role in regulating osteoblast function, but the mechanisms of its action are still unclear. The study aims to elucidate the influence and molecular mechanisms of ApoE on bone formation. An ovariectomy-induced osteoporotic model were conducted in ApoE knockout (ApoE) mice to study the effect of ApoE on the bone system. Bone quality were assessed through bone mineral density and histomorphometric analysis. To investigate the underlying role and mechanisms of ApoE during osteogenesis, primary osteoblasts from the calvariums of newborn ApoE or wild-type (WT) mice were cultured in the osteoblastic differentiation medium in vitro for further research. Our animal experiment data showed that ApoE mice exhibited bone loss, exacerbated by estrogen deprivation after ovariectomy. ApoE deficiency attenuated osteoblast activity and inhibited osteoblast osteogenesis, accompanied by decreased osterix expression. ApoE deficiency did not affect primary osteoblast viability and collagen-1 expression. Moreover, osteoprotegerin expression in ApoE osteoblasts was reduced compared to WT controls. Our study demonstrated that ApoE gene deficiency contributed to bone loss and attenuated osteogenesis by down-regulating osterix expression.
Topics: Female; Humans; Animals; Mice; Osteogenesis; Apolipoproteins E; Bone Density; Bone Diseases, Metabolic; Ovariectomy
PubMed: 37587051
DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01026 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2023Tissue engineering scaffolds are porous and can be loaded with growth factors to promote osteogenesis and bone repair, which can solve the problem of clinical bone...
BACKGROUND
Tissue engineering scaffolds are porous and can be loaded with growth factors to promote osteogenesis and bone repair, which can solve the problem of clinical bone defects. The direct loading of growth factors on scaffolds is hindered by the disadvantages of low loading capacities, and uncontrollable burst release. Zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) has osteoinductive activity and drug-loading potential and can be loaded with growth factors to achieve sustained release. In this study, we aimed to establish a sustained release system of composite scaffolds loaded with growth factors to achieve the goal of slow controlled release and effective bone repair.
METHODS
ZIF‑8 nanoparticles loaded with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) were incorporated into poly-(lactide-co-glycolide)/mesoporous bioactive glass (PLGA/MBG) porous scaffolds by a 3D-printing method. The surface morphology, chemical properties and BMP-2 release of the prepared scaffold were investigated. The osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation in vitro and the bone repair ability in vivo of the PLGA/MBG/ZIF-8/BMP-2 (PMZB) scaffold were evaluated, and compared with those of PLGA/MBG (PM) and PLGA/MBG/ZIF-8 (PMZ) scaffolds.
RESULTS
The results showed that the PMZB scaffold exhibited a slow and continuous BMP-2 release pattern, enhanced osteoblast adhesion, proliferation, spreading and osteogenic differentiation in vitro, and promoted new bone formation and bone repair in vivo.
CONCLUSION
The PLGA/MBG/ZIF-8/BMP-2 porous scaffold could continuously and slowly release BMP-2, enhance osteogenic activity, and promote new bone formation and bone repair at bone defects. The PMZB scaffold can be used as a bone graft material to repair bone defect at non-weight-bearing sites.
Topics: Delayed-Action Preparations; Osteogenesis; Nanoparticles; Osteoblasts; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 37701821
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S423985 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Dec 2023Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), as an autologous blood preparation, has been receiving increasing attention in recent years and has been successfully applied in various... (Review)
Review
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), as an autologous blood preparation, has been receiving increasing attention in recent years and has been successfully applied in various clinical treatments for alveolar bone regeneration in the oral field. This review focuses on analyzing and summarizing the role and mechanism of PRF in alveolar bone regeneration. We first provide a brief introduction to PRF, then summarize the mechanisms by which PRF promotes alveolar bone regeneration from three aspects: osteogenesis mechanism, bone induction mechanism, and bone conduction mechanism, involving multiple signaling pathways such as Smad, ERK1/2, PI3K/Akt, and Wnt/β-catenin. We also explore the various roles of PRF as a scaffold, filler, and in combination with bone graft materials, detailing how PRF promotes alveolar bone regeneration and provides a wealth of experimental evidence. Finally, we summarize the current applications of PRF in various oral fields. The role of PRF in alveolar bone regeneration is becoming increasingly important, and its role and mechanism are receiving more and more research and understanding. This article will provide a reference of significant value for research in related fields. The exploration of the role and mechanism of PRF in alveolar bone regeneration may lead to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and the development of more effective and efficient treatment strategies.
Topics: Platelet-Rich Fibrin; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Bone Regeneration; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 37918253
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115795