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PloS One 2020The strains of inbred laboratory mice are isogenic and homogeneous for over 98.6% of their genomes. However, geometric morphometric studies have demonstrated clear...
The strains of inbred laboratory mice are isogenic and homogeneous for over 98.6% of their genomes. However, geometric morphometric studies have demonstrated clear differences among the skull shapes of various mice strains. The question now arises: why are skull shapes different among the mice strains? Epigenetic processes, such as morphological interaction between the muscles and bones, may cause differences in the skull shapes among various mice strains. To test these predictions, the objective of this study is to examine the morphological association between a specific part of the skull and its adjacent muscle. We examined C57BL6J, BALB/cA, and ICR mice on embryonic days (E) 12.5 and 16.5 as well as on postnatal days (P) 0, 10, and 90. As a result, we found morphological differences between C57BL6J and BALB/cA mice with respect to the inferior spine of the hypophyseal cartilage or basisphenoid (SP) and the tensor veli palatini muscle (TVP) during the prenatal and postnatal periods. There was a morphological correlation between the SP and the TVP in the C57BL6J, BALB/cA, and ICR mice during E15 and P0. However, there were not correlation between the TVP and the SP during P10. After discectomy, bone deformation was associated with a change in the shape of the adjacent muscle. Therefore, epigenetic modifications linked to the interaction between the muscles and bones might occur easily during the prenatal period, and inflammation seems to allow epigenetic modifications between the two to occur.
Topics: Anatomy, Comparative; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Female; Humans; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Palatal Muscles; Pregnancy; Sphenoid Bone
PubMed: 31923241
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227301 -
Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and... Dec 2022Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a gram positive bacteria. It has propensity to affect mainly...
Diphtheria is an acute infectious disease caused by the exotoxin produced by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a gram positive bacteria. It has propensity to affect mainly cardiac muscle and nervous system. To study the percentage, spectrum of patients with various neurological complications and the pattern of recovery in followed up confirmed cases of diphtheria. Single centre prospective analysis of neurological complications in diphtheria patients from June 2019 to September 2020 at SMS Medical College and hospital,Jaipur. In this study, 60 cases were included. Immunised cases were 60% (36 out of 60 cases) whereas unimmunised constituted the rest 40% (24 out of 60 cases). Neurological complications were observed in 15% of the cases (9 out of 60). Isolated palatal palsy was the most common complication (4 out of 9 cases, 44.44%), succeeded by lower limb LMN palsies (2 out of 9 cases, 22.22%) with unilateral facial nerve palsy, bilateral abductor palsy and paralytic ileus constituting the rest (1 out of 9 cases each, 11.11% each). Onset of complications ranged from 10 to 36 days whereas recovery was complete and without any residual sequelae between 60 to 240 days. Our study concluded that neurological complications form a sizeable portion of post diptheritic complications and carries good prognosis, hence timely diagnosis and differentiation from other neuropathies is a pre requisite for rational management and contact tracing.
PubMed: 36742785
DOI: 10.1007/s12070-021-02706-6 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Apr 2020Subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) from the palate has been considered as the "gold standard" for the treatment of deep gingival recessions. A single-incision...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES
Subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) from the palate has been considered as the "gold standard" for the treatment of deep gingival recessions. A single-incision technique was reported to allow primary wound healing. A palatal single incision was performed in a rat model. The present study assessed the histology and histomorphometry of palatal wound healing following surgical closure with primary intention.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Twenty-six 6-month-old male Wistar rats weighing 427-650 g. An incision was made on the maxillary palate. A full thickness flap was raised palatally, and then repositioned and sutured. Two experimental groups: S-Study group, I-Intact control group. Half of the animals were sacrificed 7 days and the remaining 14 days postoperatively. Outcome parameters included-epithelial gap; inflammatory infiltration; vascular fraction, expression of myofibroblasts and stem cell markers within the oral epithelium and stromal cells and physical properties of stromal collagen fibers. Investigations were performed at two time-points (7 and 14 days) during the wound healing process.
RESULTS
The epithelial gap closed completely after 14 days. The inflammatory reaction and vascular fraction were relatively low. Surgical trauma downregulated the expression of cytokeratin (CK) 14 and CK 15, which returned to normal after 14 days. Epithelial differentiation was mediated through upregulation of connective tissue sex- determining-region-Y-box2 (SOX2). Epithelial SOX2, CD34, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and physical properties of stromal collagen fibers were not influenced by the surgical trauma.
CONCLUSIONS
Surgical trauma followed by palatal wound healing with primary intention in a rat model heals within 14 days. It induces minimal inflammatory infiltration and vascular proliferation. Epithelization is exerted through promotion of epithelial differentiation from stem cells by connective tissue SOX2.
Topics: Animals; Gingival Recession; Humans; Male; Palate; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Surgical Flaps; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32344587
DOI: 10.3390/medicina56040200 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2023Perioral muscle function, which influences maxillofacial growth and tooth position, can be affected in patients with oral clefts due to their inherent anatomical...
BACKGROUND
Perioral muscle function, which influences maxillofacial growth and tooth position, can be affected in patients with oral clefts due to their inherent anatomical characteristics and the multiple surgical corrections performed. This research aims to (1) compare the maximum oral muscle pressure of subjects with and without isolated cleft palate (CP) or unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), (2) investigate its influence on their dentoalveolar characteristics, and (3) investigate the influence of functional habits on the maximum oral muscle pressure in patients with and without cleft.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Subjects with and without CP and UCLP seeking treatment at the Department of Orthodontics of University Hospitals Leuven between January 2021 and August 2022 were invited to participate. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) was used to measure their maximum tongue, lip, and cheek pressure. An imbalance score was calculated to express the relationship between tongue and lip pressure. Upper and lower intercanine (ICD) and intermolar distance (IMD) were measured on 3D digital dental casts, and the presence of functional habits was reported by the patients. The data were analyzed with multivariable linear models, correcting for age and gender.
RESULTS
44 subjects with CP or UCLP (mean age: 12.00 years) and 104 non-affected patients (mean age: 11.13 years) were included. No significant differences in maximum oral muscle pressure or imbalance score were detected between controls and clefts or between cleft types. Significantly smaller upper ICDs and larger upper and lower IMDs were found in patients with clefts. A significant difference between controls and clefts was found in the relationship between oral muscle pressure and transversal jaw width. In cleft patients, the higher the maximum tongue pressure, the wider the upper and lower IMD, the higher the lip pressure, the smaller the upper and lower ICD and IMD, and the higher the imbalance score, the larger the upper and lower IMD and lower ICD. An imbalance favoring the tongue was found in cleft patients. The influence of functional habits on the maximum oral muscle pressure was not statistically different between clefts and controls.
CONCLUSION
Patients with CP or UCLP did not present reduced maximum oral muscle pressure compared with patients without a cleft. In cleft patients, tongue pressure was consistently greater than lip pressure, and those who presented a larger maxillary width presented systematically higher imbalance scores (favoring the tongue) than those with narrow maxillae. Therefore, the influence of slow maxillary expansion on maximum oral muscle pressure in cleft patients should not be underestimated.
PubMed: 37510713
DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144598 -
Journal of Speech, Language, and... Nov 2022There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine...
PURPOSE
There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods used to quantify the morphology of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle can be applied to the PG. The secondary purpose is to provide preliminary data regarding the relationship between the LVP and PG muscles in children.
METHOD
Ten children between ages of 4 and 7 years participated in this study. Each participant was scanned using a nonsedated, child-friendly protocol with a T2-weighted, three-dimensional anatomical scan to obtain images of the oropharyngeal anatomy. Custom, oblique-coronal image planes were created to visualize and measure the LVP and PG muscles in their entirety from origin to insertion. Thermo Scientific Amira Software was used to obtain 2D measurements of PG muscle length, width, velar insertion distance, lingual insertion distance, and several angle measurements.
RESULTS
The PG ranged from 17.95 to 26.96 mm in length across participants. Velar insertion distance ranged from 17.22 to 30.95 mm. Lingual insertion distance ranged from 26.91 to 36.02 mm. Width ranged from 2.32 to 3.08 mm. The angle formed by the PG and LVP muscle planes ranged from 7.3° to 52.7°. The LVP insertion angle ranged from 42.5° to 75.9°. The PG insertion angle ranged from 16.9° to 52.3°.
CONCLUSIONS
MRI was successful in visualizing the PG muscle. The PG was consistent in size and shape within an individual participant but varied across the participant cohort.
Topics: Humans; Child, Preschool; Child; Palatal Muscles; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Tongue; Software; Palate, Soft
PubMed: 36283682
DOI: 10.1044/2022_JSLHR-22-00303 -
The Cleft Palate-craniofacial Journal :... Mar 2020To investigate the dimensions of the tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle using high image resolution 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the soft palate...
PURPOSE
To investigate the dimensions of the tensor veli palatini (TVP) muscle using high image resolution 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the soft palate among children with normal velopharyngeal and craniofacial anatomy and to compare values to individuals with a diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). We also sought to determine whether there is a relationship between hypoplasia of the TVP and severity of middle ear dysfunction and hearing loss.
METHODS
Three-dimensional MRI were used to collect and analyze data obtained across 53 children between 4 and 12 years of age, including 40 children with normal velopharyngeal and craniofacial anatomy and 13 children with a diagnosis of 22q11.2 DS. Tensor veli palatini muscle length, thickness, and volume as well as bihamular distance were compared among participant groups.
RESULTS
A Welch's -test revealed that the TVP in participants with 22q11DS is significantly shorter ( = .005, 17.3 vs 19.0 mm), thinner ( < .001, 1.1 vs 1.8 mm), and less voluminous ( < .001, 457.5 vs 667.3 mm) than participants without 22q11DS. Participants with 22q11DS also had a greater ( = .006, 27.7 vs 24.7 mm) bihamular distance than participants without 22q11DS. There was an inverse relationship between TVP abnormalities noted above and the severity of audiologic and otologic histories.
CONCLUSION
The TVP muscle is substantially reduced in volume, length, and thickness in children with 22q11DS. These findings serve as preliminary support for the association of patient hearing and otologic severity and TVP dysmorphology.
Topics: Child; Craniosynostoses; DiGeorge Syndrome; Eustachian Tube; Humans; Marfan Syndrome; Palatal Muscles
PubMed: 31446782
DOI: 10.1177/1055665619869142 -
Biomolecules Oct 2021This study aimed to analyze the effects of fibrin constructs enhanced with laminin-nidogen, implanted in the wounded rat soft palate. Fibrin constructs with and without...
This study aimed to analyze the effects of fibrin constructs enhanced with laminin-nidogen, implanted in the wounded rat soft palate. Fibrin constructs with and without laminin-nidogen were implanted in 1 mm excisional wounds in the soft palate of 9-week-old rats and compared with the wounded soft palate without implantation. Collagen deposition and myofiber formation were analyzed at days 3, 7, 28 and 56 after wounding by histochemistry. In addition, immune staining was performed for a-smooth muscle actin (a-SMA), myosin heavy chain (MyHC) and paired homeobox protein 7 (Pax7). At day 56, collagen areas were smaller in both implant groups (31.25 ± 7.73% fibrin only and 21.11 ± 6.06% fibrin with laminin-nidogen)) compared to the empty wounds (38.25 ± 8.89%, < 0.05). Moreover, the collagen area in the fibrin with laminin-nidogen group was smaller than in the fibrin only group ( ˂ 0.05). The areas of myofiber formation in the fibrin only group (31.77 ± 10.81%) and fibrin with laminin-nidogen group (43.13 ± 10.39%) were larger than in the empty wounds (28.10 ± 11.68%, ˂ 0.05). Fibrin-based constructs with laminin-nidogen reduce fibrosis and improve muscle regeneration in the wounded soft palate. This is a promising strategy to enhance cleft soft palate repair and other severe muscle injuries.
Topics: Actins; Animals; Collagen; Fibrin; Fibrosis; Humans; Laminin; Membrane Glycoproteins; Muscle, Skeletal; Myofibrils; Myosin Heavy Chains; Paired Box Transcription Factors; Palate, Soft; Rats; Regeneration; Wound Healing
PubMed: 34680180
DOI: 10.3390/biom11101547 -
Journal of Speech, Language, and... May 2020Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in velopharyngeal dimensions as well as levator veli palatini (levator) muscle morphology, positioning,...
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the differences in velopharyngeal dimensions as well as levator veli palatini (levator) muscle morphology, positioning, and symmetry of children with repaired cleft palate with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI), children with repaired cleft palate with complete velopharyngeal closure, and children with noncleft anatomy. Method Fifteen children ranging in age from 4 to 8 years were recruited for this study. Ten of the participants had a history of repaired cleft palate, half with documented VPI and the other half with velopharyngeal closure. Five participants with noncleft anatomy were matched for age from a normative database. The magnetic resonance imaging protocol, processing methods, and analysis are consistent with that used in previous literature. Results Regarding velopharyngeal dimensions, median values were statistically significantly different between groups for sagittal angle ( = .031) and effective velopharyngeal ratio ( = .013). With respect to the levator muscle, median values were statistically significant for average extravelar length ( = .018), thickness at midline ( = .021), and thickness between the left and right muscle bundles at the point of insertion into the velum ( = .037). Remaining measures were not statistically significant. Conclusions The levator muscle is significantly different among these three groups with respect to thickness at midline, extravelar length, and symmetry at the point of insertion into the velum. Sagittal angle and effective velopharyngeal ratio are also significantly different. Participants with repaired cleft palate and VPI displayed the greatest degree of asymmetry. Future research should control for surgical procedure type to determine the impact of surgery on the levator muscle and surrounding velopharyngeal anatomy.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Cleft Palate; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Palatal Muscles; Palate, Soft; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
PubMed: 32402223
DOI: 10.1044/2020_JSLHR-19-00240 -
ELife Dec 2022The communication between myogenic cells and their surrounding connective tissues is indispensable for muscle morphogenesis. During late embryonic development in mice,...
The communication between myogenic cells and their surrounding connective tissues is indispensable for muscle morphogenesis. During late embryonic development in mice, myogenic progenitors migrate to discrete sites to form individual muscles. The detailed mechanism of this process remains unclear. Using mouse levator veli palatini (LVP) development as a model, we systematically investigated how a distinct connective tissue subpopulation, perimysial fibroblasts, communicates with myogenic cells to regulate mouse pharyngeal myogenesis. Using single-cell RNAseq data analysis, we identified that TGF-β signaling is a key regulator for the perimysial fibroblasts. Loss of TGF-β signaling in the neural crest-derived palatal mesenchyme leads to defects in perimysial fibroblasts and muscle malformation in the soft palate in mice. In particular, Creb5, a transcription factor expressed in the perimysial fibroblasts, cooperates with TGF-β signaling to activate expression of . Moreover, Fgf18 supports pharyngeal muscle development and exogenous Fgf18 can partially rescue myogenic cell numbers in samples, illustrating that TGF-β-regulated Fgf18 signaling is required for LVP development. Collectively, our findings reveal the mechanism by which TGF-β signaling achieves its functional specificity in defining the perimysial-to-myogenic signals for pharyngeal myogenesis.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I; Palate, Soft; Muscles; Transforming Growth Factor beta; Muscle Development
PubMed: 36542062
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.80405