Did you mean: pan troglodytes
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Genome Research May 2020Identification of gene expression traits unique to the human brain sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying human evolution. Here, we searched for uniquely...
Identification of gene expression traits unique to the human brain sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underlying human evolution. Here, we searched for uniquely human gene expression traits by analyzing 422 brain samples from humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, and macaques representing 33 anatomical regions, as well as 88,047 cell nuclei composing three of these regions. Among 33 regions, cerebral cortex areas, hypothalamus, and cerebellar gray and white matter evolved rapidly in humans. At the cellular level, astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitors displayed more differences in the human evolutionary lineage than the neurons. Comparison of the bulk tissue and single-nuclei sequencing revealed that conventional RNA sequencing did not detect up to two-thirds of cell-type-specific evolutionary differences.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Macaca; Neurons; Pan paniscus; Pan troglodytes; RNA-Seq; Single-Cell Analysis; Transcriptome
PubMed: 32424074
DOI: 10.1101/gr.256958.119 -
Cell Jul 2023Comparative studies of great apes provide a window into our evolutionary past, but the extent and identity of cellular differences that emerged during hominin evolution... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Comparative studies of great apes provide a window into our evolutionary past, but the extent and identity of cellular differences that emerged during hominin evolution remain largely unexplored. We established a comparative loss-of-function approach to evaluate whether human cells exhibit distinct genetic dependencies. By performing genome-wide CRISPR interference screens in human and chimpanzee pluripotent stem cells, we identified 75 genes with species-specific effects on cellular proliferation. These genes comprised coherent processes, including cell-cycle progression and lysosomal signaling, which we determined to be human-derived by comparison with orangutan cells. Human-specific robustness to CDK2 and CCNE1 depletion persisted in neural progenitor cells and cerebral organoids, supporting the G1-phase length hypothesis as a potential evolutionary mechanism in human brain expansion. Our findings demonstrate that evolutionary changes in human cells reshaped the landscape of essential genes and establish a platform for systematically uncovering latent cellular and molecular differences between species.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Hominidae; Neural Stem Cells; Pan troglodytes; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Stem Cells
PubMed: 37343560
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.05.043 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Apr 2023Human accelerated regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that evolved at an accelerated rate in the human lineage and may underlie human-specific traits. We generated...
Human accelerated regions (HARs) are conserved genomic loci that evolved at an accelerated rate in the human lineage and may underlie human-specific traits. We generated HARs and chimpanzee accelerated regions with an automated pipeline and an alignment of 241 mammalian genomes. Combining deep learning with chromatin capture experiments in human and chimpanzee neural progenitor cells, we discovered a significant enrichment of HARs in topologically associating domains containing human-specific genomic variants that change three-dimensional (3D) genome organization. Differential gene expression between humans and chimpanzees at these loci suggests rewiring of regulatory interactions between HARs and neurodevelopmental genes. Thus, comparative genomics together with models of 3D genome folding revealed enhancer hijacking as an explanation for the rapid evolution of HARs.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Chromatin; Genome, Human; Genomics; Pan troglodytes; Genetic Loci; Neurogenesis; Deep Learning
PubMed: 37104607
DOI: 10.1126/science.abm1696 -
American Journal of Primatology Jun 2021I have spent over 40 years studying the behavior of our closest living relatives, the apes. In this paper, I review my research on the spacing, mating, and vocal... (Review)
Review
I have spent over 40 years studying the behavior of our closest living relatives, the apes. In this paper, I review my research on the spacing, mating, and vocal behavior of gibbons and orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) and the vocal and social behavior of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). I devote special attention to results derived from a 25-year-long study of a remarkable and extraordinarily large group of chimpanzees that has recently fissioned at Ngogo in Kibale National Park, Uganda. I conclude with some advice for the next generation of field primatologists.
Topics: Animals; Hominidae; Pan troglodytes; Parks, Recreational; Pongo pygmaeus; Social Behavior
PubMed: 32096269
DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23107 -
Primates; Journal of Primatology Nov 2022In this paper I recall some of the significant moments of my career as a primatologist, including some of the intellectual conflicts I encountered between anthropology,... (Review)
Review
In this paper I recall some of the significant moments of my career as a primatologist, including some of the intellectual conflicts I encountered between anthropology, sociology and zoology. From an initial interest in ethics and evolution, I undertook research on rhesus monkeys in captivity and then on chimpanzees in the wild. Influenced by Japanese primatology as well as Western approaches, this led to my work on the problems of describing primate behaviour, but this more theoretical approach was superseded by empirical work embodied in the founding of the Budongo Conservation Field Station. I describe the initial creation of the field station in 1990 and some of the research directions we have followed since that time. The paper ends with a focus on conservation, this being of increasing importance as the Budongo Forest faces ever increasing threats from industry.
Topics: Animals; Primates; Zoology; Pan troglodytes; Forests; Macaca mulatta
PubMed: 36241937
DOI: 10.1007/s10329-022-01025-w -
Primates; Journal of Primatology Sep 2020
Topics: Animals; Hominidae; Pan troglodytes
PubMed: 32844335
DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00856-9 -
Annual Review of Microbiology Sep 2020African apes harbor at least twelve species, some of which have been a source of human infection. It is now well established that emerged following the transmission of... (Review)
Review
African apes harbor at least twelve species, some of which have been a source of human infection. It is now well established that emerged following the transmission of a gorilla parasite, perhaps within the last 10,000 years, while emerged earlier from a parasite lineage that infected humans and apes in Africa before the Duffy-negative mutation eliminated the parasite from humans there. Compared to their ape relatives, both human parasites have greatly reduced genetic diversity and an excess of nonsynonymous mutations, consistent with severe genetic bottlenecks followed by rapid population expansion. A putative new species widespread in chimpanzees, gorillas, and bonobos places the origin of in Africa. Here, we review what is known about the origins and evolutionary history of all human-infective species, the time and circumstances of their emergence, and the diversity, host specificity, and zoonotic potential of their ape counterparts.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Protozoan; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Gorilla gorilla; Hominidae; Humans; Malaria; Pan troglodytes; Phylogeny; Plasmodium; Plasmodium falciparum; Zoonoses
PubMed: 32905751
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-020518-115628 -
Molecular Psychiatry Jan 2022The genetic basis for the emergence of creativity in modern humans remains a mystery despite sequencing the genomes of chimpanzees and Neanderthals, our closest hominid... (Review)
Review
The genetic basis for the emergence of creativity in modern humans remains a mystery despite sequencing the genomes of chimpanzees and Neanderthals, our closest hominid relatives. Data-driven methods allowed us to uncover networks of genes distinguishing the three major systems of modern human personality and adaptability: emotional reactivity, self-control, and self-awareness. Now we have identified which of these genes are present in chimpanzees and Neanderthals. We replicated our findings in separate analyses of three high-coverage genomes of Neanderthals. We found that Neanderthals had nearly the same genes for emotional reactivity as chimpanzees, and they were intermediate between modern humans and chimpanzees in their numbers of genes for both self-control and self-awareness. 95% of the 267 genes we found only in modern humans were not protein-coding, including many long-non-coding RNAs in the self-awareness network. These genes may have arisen by positive selection for the characteristics of human well-being and behavioral modernity, including creativity, prosocial behavior, and healthy longevity. The genes that cluster in association with those found only in modern humans are over-expressed in brain regions involved in human self-awareness and creativity, including late-myelinating and phylogenetically recent regions of neocortex for autobiographical memory in frontal, parietal, and temporal regions, as well as related components of cortico-thalamo-ponto-cerebellar-cortical and cortico-striato-cortical loops. We conclude that modern humans have more than 200 unique non-protein-coding genes regulating co-expression of many more protein-coding genes in coordinated networks that underlie their capacities for self-awareness, creativity, prosocial behavior, and healthy longevity, which are not found in chimpanzees or Neanderthals.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Creativity; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Neanderthals; Pan troglodytes; RNA, Long Noncoding
PubMed: 33879864
DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01097-y -
American Journal of Biological... Dec 2022This study investigates patterns of bone functional adaptations in extant apes through comparing hindlimb to forelimb bone rigidity ratios in groups with varying levels...
OBJECTIVES
This study investigates patterns of bone functional adaptations in extant apes through comparing hindlimb to forelimb bone rigidity ratios in groups with varying levels of arboreality.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Using CT scans, bone rigidity (J) was calculated at three regions of interest (ROI) along femoral and humeral diaphyses in Homo, Pongo, Pan, and Gorilla with further comparisons made between species and subspecies divisions within Pan and Gorilla.
RESULTS
Consistent with previous work on extant hominoids, species exhibited differences in midshaft femoral to humeral (F/H) rigidity ratios. Results of the present study confirm that these midshaft differences extend to 35% and 65% diaphyseal ROIs. Modern humans, exhibiting larger ratios, and orangutans, exhibiting smaller ratios, bracketed the intermediate African apes in comparisons. Within some African apes, limb rigidity ratios varied significantly between taxonomic groups. Eastern gorillas exhibited the highest mean ratios and chimpanzees the lowest at all three ROIs. In posthoc comparisons, chimpanzees and bonobos did not differ in relative limb rigidity ratios at any of the three ROIs. However, western gorillas were more similar to bonobos than eastern gorillas at 50% and 35% ROIs, but not at the 65% ROI.
CONCLUSION
Species, and to a lesser extent subspecies, can be distinguished by F/H limb rigidity ratios according to broad positional behavior patterns at multiple regions of interest along the diaphyses. Similarity of bonobos and western gorillas is in line with behavioral data of bonobos being the most terrestrial of Pan species, and western gorillas the most arboreal of the Gorilla groups.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Hominidae; Gorilla gorilla; Pan troglodytes; Pan paniscus; Trees; Locomotion; Pongo; Humerus; Pongo pygmaeus
PubMed: 36790629
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24632 -
Nature Communications Apr 2023Cancers occur across species. Understanding what is consistent and varies across species can provide new insights into cancer initiation and evolution, with significant...
Cancers occur across species. Understanding what is consistent and varies across species can provide new insights into cancer initiation and evolution, with significant implications for animal welfare and wildlife conservation. We build a pan-species cancer digital pathology atlas (panspecies.ai) and conduct a pan-species study of computational comparative pathology using a supervised convolutional neural network algorithm trained on human samples. The artificial intelligence algorithm achieves high accuracy in measuring immune response through single-cell classification for two transmissible cancers (canine transmissible venereal tumour, 0.94; Tasmanian devil facial tumour disease, 0.88). In 18 other vertebrate species (mammalia = 11, reptilia = 4, aves = 2, and amphibia = 1), accuracy (range 0.57-0.94) is influenced by cell morphological similarity preserved across different taxonomic groups, tumour sites, and variations in the immune compartment. Furthermore, a spatial immune score based on artificial intelligence and spatial statistics is associated with prognosis in canine melanoma and prostate tumours. A metric, named morphospace overlap, is developed to guide veterinary pathologists towards rational deployment of this technology on new samples. This study provides the foundation and guidelines for transferring artificial intelligence technologies to veterinary pathology based on understanding of morphological conservation, which could vastly accelerate developments in veterinary medicine and comparative oncology.
Topics: Male; Animals; Humans; Dogs; Animals, Wild; Artificial Intelligence; Prostatic Neoplasms; Neural Networks, Computer; Pan troglodytes
PubMed: 37100774
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37879-x