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Immunology and Cell Biology May 2021The discovery of Langerhans and microscopic description of islets in the pancreas were crucial steps in the discovery of insulin. Over the past 150 years, many... (Review)
Review
The discovery of Langerhans and microscopic description of islets in the pancreas were crucial steps in the discovery of insulin. Over the past 150 years, many discoveries in islet biology and type 1 diabetes have been made using powerful microscopic techniques. In the past decade, combination of new probes, animal and tissue models, application of new biosensors and automation of light and electron microscopic methods and other (sub)cellular imaging modalities have proven their potential in understanding the beta cell under (patho)physiological conditions. The imaging evolution, from fluorescent jellyfish to real-time intravital functional imaging, the revolution in automation and data handling and the increased resolving power of analytical imaging techniques are now converging. Here, we review innovative approaches that address islet biology from new angles by studying cells and molecules at high spatiotemporal resolution and in live models. Broad implementation of these cellular imaging techniques will shed new light on cause/consequence of (mal)function in islets of Langerhans in the years to come.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Islets of Langerhans; Microscopy; Pancreas
PubMed: 33667022
DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12450 -
Diabetes Jul 2019Type 1 diabetes risk can reliably be predicted by markers of autoimmunity, but approaches to prevent or modify the underlying disease process are needed. We posit this... (Review)
Review
Type 1 diabetes risk can reliably be predicted by markers of autoimmunity, but approaches to prevent or modify the underlying disease process are needed. We posit this void fundamentally results from a limited understanding of immune-islet cell interactions within the pancreas and relevant immune organs, contributions of β-cells to their own demise, and epigenetic predispositions affecting both immune and islet cells. Because biopsy of the human pancreas and pancreatic lymph nodes carries risk and the pancreas begins to autodigest soon after death, detailed cellular and molecular phenotyping of the human type 1 diabetes pancreas is lacking, limiting our understanding of the mechanisms of β-cell loss. To address these challenges, the National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases established the Human Pancreas Analysis Program (HPAP) to procure human type 1 diabetes pancreata for an extensive array of tissue-based, cellular, and epigenetic assays aimed at critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the local immune attack and loss of β-cells. In this Methodology Review, we describe how HPAP is performing detailed islet and immune cell phenotyping and creating publicly available data sets with the goals of an improved understanding of type 1 diabetes and the development of more effective treatments to prevent or reverse the disease.
Topics: Autoimmunity; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Humans; Insulin; Insulin-Secreting Cells; National Institutes of Health (U.S.); Pancreas; United States
PubMed: 31127054
DOI: 10.2337/db19-0058 -
Pancreatology : Official Journal of the... Oct 2020Zinc is an essential trace element. Deficiencies are frequently seen with gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic pancreatitis, nutritional deficiency, and reduced... (Review)
Review
Zinc is an essential trace element. Deficiencies are frequently seen with gastrointestinal diseases, including chronic pancreatitis, nutritional deficiency, and reduced intestinal absorption. Additionally, reduced zinc levels have been linked to cellular changes associated with acute pancreatitis such as enhanced inflammation with increased macrophage activation and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, impaired autophagy, and modulation of calcium homeostasis. Preliminary data suggest that zinc deficiency may lead to pancreatic injury in animal models. The purpose of this review is to explore the biologic effects of zinc deficiency that could impact pancreatic disease. MESH KEYWORDS: Malnutrition, inflammation, trace element.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Inflammation; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Zinc
PubMed: 32917512
DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2020.08.016 -
The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology... Jun 2020Acute and chronic pancreatitis carry a significant disease burden and there is no definite treatment that exists for either. They are associated with local and systemic... (Review)
Review
Acute and chronic pancreatitis carry a significant disease burden and there is no definite treatment that exists for either. They are associated with local and systemic inflammation and lead to numerous complications. Stem cell therapy has been explored for other disease processes and is a topic of research that has gained momentum with regards to implications for acute and chronic pancreatitis. They not only carry the potential to aid in regeneration but also prevent pancreatic injury as well as injury of other organs and hence the resultant complications. Stem cells appear to have immunomodulatory properties and clinical potential as evidenced by numerous studies in animal models. This review article discusses the types of stem cells commonly used and the properties that show promise in the field of pancreatitis.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 32721912
DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2020.19143 -
Nutrients Dec 2020Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Although insulin resistance is assumed to be a main pathophysiological feature... (Review)
Review
Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction. Although insulin resistance is assumed to be a main pathophysiological feature of the development of T2DM, recent studies have revealed that a deficit of functional beta-cell mass is an essential factor for the pathophysiology of T2DM. Pancreatic fat contents increase with obesity and are suggested to cause beta-cell dysfunction. Since the beta-cell dysfunction induced by obesity or progressive decline with disease duration results in a worsening glycemic control, and treatment failure, preserving beta-cell mass is an important treatment strategy for T2DM. In this mini-review, we summarize the current knowledge on beta-cell mass, beta-cell function, and pancreas fat in obesity and T2DM, and we discuss treatment strategies for T2DM in relation to beta-cell preservation.
Topics: Adipocytes; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Glucose Intolerance; Humans; Insulin Resistance; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Obesity; Pancreas
PubMed: 33339276
DOI: 10.3390/nu12123846 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Jul 2020Direct lineage reprogramming of abundant and accessible cells into therapeutically useful cell types holds tremendous potential in regenerative medicine. To date, a... (Review)
Review
Direct lineage reprogramming of abundant and accessible cells into therapeutically useful cell types holds tremendous potential in regenerative medicine. To date, a number of different cell types have been generated by lineage reprogramming methods, including cells from the neural, cardiac, hepatic, and pancreatic lineages. The success of this strategy relies on developmental biology and the knowledge of cell-fate-defining transcriptional networks. Hepatocytes represent a prime target for β cell conversion for numerous reasons, including close developmental origin, accessibility, and regenerative potential. We present here an overview of pancreatic and hepatic development, with a particular focus on the mechanisms underlying the divergence between the two cell lineages. Additionally, we discuss to what extent this lineage relationship can be exploited in efforts to reprogram one cell type into the other and whether such an approach may provide a suitable strategy for regenerative therapies of diabetes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Lineage; Cell Plasticity; Cellular Reprogramming; Diabetes Mellitus; Hepatocytes; Humans; Insulin-Secreting Cells; Ligands; Liver; Mice; Pancreas; Regeneration; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 31767653
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035626 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... May 2023Annular pancreas is a rare congenital anatomical abnormality of the pancreas. The diagnosis is mainly based on CT and MRI. The development of endoscopic technology...
Annular pancreas is a rare congenital anatomical abnormality of the pancreas. The diagnosis is mainly based on CT and MRI. The development of endoscopic technology provides a new basis for the diagnosis of annular pancreas. We report the images of the diagnosis and classification of annular pancreas under endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) in our center.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Endosonography; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Endoscopy; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 36148679
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2022.9103/2022 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2020Reduced pancreas volume, as measured by non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is observed in individuals with newly-diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D) and declines...
Reduced pancreas volume, as measured by non-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is observed in individuals with newly-diagnosed type 1 diabetes (T1D) and declines over the first year after diagnosis. In this study, we determined the repeatability and inter-reader reproducibility of pancreas volume measurements by MRI. Test-retest scans in individuals with or without T1D (n = 16) had an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 0.985 (95% CI 0.961 to 0.995) for pancreas volume. Independent pancreas outlines by two board-certified radiologists (n = 30) yielded an ICC of 0.945 (95% CI 0.889 to 0.973). The mean Dice coefficient, a measurement of the degree of overlap between pancreas regions of interest between the two readers, was 0.77. Prandial state did not influence pancreatic measurements, as stomach volume did not correlate with pancreas volume. These data demonstrate that MRI measurements of pancreas volume between two readers are repeatable and reproducible with ICCs that correspond to excellent clinical significance (ICC > 0.9), are not related to changes in stomach volume, and could be a useful tool for clinical investigation of diabetes and other pancreas pathologies.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Organ Size; Pancreas; Reproducibility of Results; Young Adult
PubMed: 32179809
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61759-9 -
Genes & Development Nov 2019A comprehensive understanding of mechanisms that underlie the development and function of human cells requires human cell models. For the pancreatic lineage, protocols... (Review)
Review
A comprehensive understanding of mechanisms that underlie the development and function of human cells requires human cell models. For the pancreatic lineage, protocols have been developed to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into pancreatic endocrine and exocrine cells through intermediates resembling in vivo development. In recent years, this differentiation system has been employed to decipher mechanisms of pancreatic development, congenital defects of the pancreas, as well as genetic forms of diabetes and exocrine diseases. In this review, we summarize recent insights gained from studies of pancreatic hPSC models. We discuss how genome-scale analyses of the differentiation system have helped elucidate roles of chromatin state, transcription factors, and noncoding RNAs in pancreatic development and how the analysis of cells with disease-relevant mutations has provided insight into the molecular underpinnings of genetically determined diseases of the pancreas.
Topics: Cell Differentiation; Genome-Wide Association Study; Humans; Models, Biological; Pancreas; Pancreatic Diseases; Pluripotent Stem Cells
PubMed: 31676735
DOI: 10.1101/gad.331397.119 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... May 2021Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic ingredient extracted from herbs, suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation. We performed a comprehensive review to find any... (Review)
Review
Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic ingredient extracted from herbs, suppresses oxidative stress and inflammation. We performed a comprehensive review to find any evidence about the effects of Resveratrol on acute pancreatitis (AP). Resveratrol has been found to directly impact cytokine generation. As these factors play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of AP, resveratrol might attenuate AP and its complications. Mechanistically, resveratrol exerts its pharmacological effects through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms via interaction with different signaling molecules and transcription factors. Indeed, resveratrol might prove to be an effective therapeutic component for AP treatment in the future. In this review, we shed light on potential most recent pathways through which resveratrol might impact the management and control of AP.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Oxidative Stress; Pancreas; Pancreatitis; Resveratrol; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33493966
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111268