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Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Nov 2022Survey of transcortical channels across mammalian phylogeny exposes a previously unrecognized phenomena, localized to the most caudal third of a Sus scrofa parietal. The...
Survey of transcortical channels across mammalian phylogeny exposes a previously unrecognized phenomena, localized to the most caudal third of a Sus scrofa parietal. The current study is performed to assess the nature, ontogeny and phylogenetic distribution of this phenomenon. Dissection of a fresh S. scrofa is performed to characterize the nature of these structures and assess the relationship of the phenomenon to overlying tissues. The external surface of the parietal region of the skulls of recent Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Lagomorpha, and Rodentia and Pleistocene Platygonus compressus are systematically examined by surface microscopy. Dissection of the parietal region of a S. scrofa head revealed a structure localized to the most caudal third of the parietal bone. It is composed of anastomosing blood vessels interposed between the dermis and bone. The phenomenon is present among Artiodactyla in all examined Suidae and Tayassuidae, but limited among Cervidae to Odocoileus and apparently limited among Perissodactyla to Tapiridae, both extant and extinct and independent of sex and age. A previously undescribed anatomic structure is observed during survey of transcortical parietal circulation. There is connection between the structure and parietal diploic vessels. Interpreted as a vascular plexus, the possibility of a countercurrent system for brain thermoregulation is considered.
Topics: Animals; Artiodactyla; Deer; Lagomorpha; Perissodactyla; Phylogeny; Rodentia
PubMed: 35119789
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24885 -
Bioactive Materials Mar 2023Cell source is the key to decellularized matrix (DM) strategy. This study compared 3 cell types, osteocytes with/without dominant active Wnt/β-catenin signaling (daCO...
A novel decellularized matrix of Wnt signaling-activated osteocytes accelerates the repair of critical-sized parietal bone defects with osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis.
Cell source is the key to decellularized matrix (DM) strategy. This study compared 3 cell types, osteocytes with/without dominant active Wnt/β-catenin signaling (daCO and WTO) and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) for their DMs in bone repair. Decellularization removes all organelles and >95% DNA, and retained >74% collagen and >71% GAG, maintains the integrity of cell basement membrane with dense boundaries showing oval and honeycomb structure in osteocytic DM and smooth but irregular shape in the BMSC-DM. DM produced higher cell survival rate (90%) and higher proliferative activity. In vitro, daCO-DM induces more and longer stress fibers in BMSCs, conducive to cell adhesion, spreading, and osteogenic differentiation. 8-wk after implantation of the critical-sized parietal bone defect model, daCO-DM formed tight structures, composed of a large number of densely-arranged type-I collagen under polarized light microscope, which is similar to and integrated with host bone. BV/TV (>54%) was 1.5, 2.9, and 3.5 times of WTO-DM, BMSC-DM, and none-DM groups, and N.Ob/T.Ar (3.2 × 10/mm) was 1.7, 2.9, and 3.3 times. At 4-wk, daCO-DM induced osteoclastogenesis, 2.3 times higher than WTO-DM; but BMSC-DM or none-DM didn't. daCO-DM increased the expression of and and , and in BMSCs, which contributes to osteoclastogenesis, angiogenesis, and neurogenesis, respectively. daCO-DM promoted H-type vessel formation and nerve markers β3-tubulin and NeuN expression. Conclusion: daCO-DM produces metabolic and neurovascularized organoid bone to accelerate the repair of bone defects. These features are expected to achieve the effect of autologous bone transplantation, suitable for transformation application.
PubMed: 36093329
DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.07.017 -
Revista Brasileira de Ortopedia Jun 2022To evaluate the systemic effect of latex on bone neoformation and mineralization in rats. For that, the latex was first collected, and its composition was...
To evaluate the systemic effect of latex on bone neoformation and mineralization in rats. For that, the latex was first collected, and its composition was analyzed. A total of 30 male Wistar rats were used, which were simultaneously submitted to two surgical procedures: extraction of an incisor and creation of a defect with 2 mm in diameter in the parietal bone. The rats were divided into two groups: systemic control (SC) systemic latex (SX) which were administered, orally and daily, 1.5 mL of water or a solution containing 50% of water and 50% of latex by gavage, respectively. After 15 days of the treatment, the animals were euthanized and their samples were collected. The results were statistically analyzed, and the level of significance was set at 0.05. We showed that latex contained calcium. The oral and daily administration of the latex for 15 days increased the contents of calcium and phosphorus in the basal bone and newly-formed bone in the mandibular alveolus of rats. The present was a pioneer study demonstrating the potential of latex in increasing bone mineralization. Our results may aid in the conception and development of a natural drug.
PubMed: 35785126
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1741020 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Sep 2022Examination of parietal surface anatomy has been limited because standard techniques have insufficient resolution to identify and characterize the structures of...
BACKGROUND
Examination of parietal surface anatomy has been limited because standard techniques have insufficient resolution to identify and characterize the structures of interest. Perspectives derived thereof have not clarified their nature. Surface microscopy is pursued as a nondestructive technique to assess the character and implications of porotic pores (referred to as porotic hyperostosis), which have been subject of much speculation.
METHODS
The external surface of the skulls, selected on the basis of age and gender, from the Hamann-Todd human collection are examined by epi-illumination microscopy for surface pores and to assess correlation with age, ethnicity, gender, anemia, infection, cancer, hypertrophic bone disorders, renal disease, and fractures.
RESULTS
Pore-like surface defects are present in 2.7%-5% of individuals in the third-fifth decades of life; 7%, in the sixth-eighth; and 25%, in the ninth-11th, but absent in the second decade of life. They are gender and birthdate independent, but slightly more common in African Americans. Fractures are more common among individuals with parietal pores, while tuberculosis, cancer, and hypertrophic bone diseases and anemia are less common.
DISCUSSION
This is the first study to actually examine the prevalence of parietal pores as a function of known age, race, and sex and provides a baseline for comparison with populations in which those variables are not clearly identifiable. While some porotic pores may be related to marrow hyperplasia, transcortical circulation may explain the majority.
Topics: Anemia; Ethnicity; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Hyperostosis; Microscopy; Paleopathology
PubMed: 35122474
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24881 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Jul 2023The present investigation endeavours to discern dental and non-dental pathologies affecting cranial structures of raccoon dogs, while focusing on cases of periodontitis....
The present investigation endeavours to discern dental and non-dental pathologies affecting cranial structures of raccoon dogs, while focusing on cases of periodontitis. Furthermore, the study aims to conduct a comparative analysis based on sex and the nature of the pathologies encountered. The number of investigated skulls amounted to 126, including 76 males and 50 females. The predominant pathology identified was hypodontia, which accounted for 26.7% of males and 20% of females. Notably, the majority of hypodontia cases involved the absence of the mandibular third molar. Another noteworthy pathology was various stages of periodontitis, with rates ranging from 21.3% in males to 8% in females. Other pathologies, like tooth fractures and abrasion, were significantly less encountered. Excessive bone formation was relatively abundant and localized in specific areas-the parietal bone and the occipital regions. This tendency was observed in 8% of male cases and 6% of females. We found that the total number of dental and skull-bone pathologies is significantly more common in males than in females ( = 0.003). Additionally, the total number of various cases of periodontitis is more common in males too ( = 0.04).
PubMed: 37570246
DOI: 10.3390/ani13152437 -
Folia Morphologica 2022This study aimed to investigate the incidence, number, diameter, and relative location of the parietal foramen (PF) as well as communication of intracranial and...
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to investigate the incidence, number, diameter, and relative location of the parietal foramen (PF) as well as communication of intracranial and extracranial orifices and their direction, and sagittal suture morphology and length.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A total of 280 dry Chinese adult skull specimens from the Department of Anatomy, Southern Medical University, were observed and measured. The occurrence rate and quantity of the PF near the sagittal suture were recorded. The aperture of the PF, the vertical distance between PF and sagittal suture, and the linear distance between PF and lambda were measured using a Vernier calliper. The length of the sagittal suture was measured by a flexible ruler; the direction and communication of intracranial and extracranial orifices were detected using a probe.
RESULTS
The total incidence of the PF was 82.86%, slightly higher on the right side than on the left side. The single-foramen type was the most prevalent. The mean diameter of the PF on the left and right sides were 1.02 ± 0.72 mm and 1.07 ± 0.67 mm, respectively, and the diameter of the PF on the sagittal suture was 1.77 ± 0.44 mm. The mean vertical distance between the PF and the sagittal suture was 5.90 ± 2.78 mm and 5.85 ± 2.75 mm on the left and right sides, respectively. The shape of the sagittal suture in the PF area was primarily dentate shaped, with an average arc length of χ = 124.36 ± 7.76 mm, of which the majority were completely healed type. The intracranial and extracranial communication was 39.97%, and the majority of the PF were anteromedial direction.
CONCLUSIONS
The current study provided an anatomical basis for imaging diagnosis and neurosurgery by investigating the incidence, diameter, and relative location of the PF and intracranial and extracranial communication and direction.
Topics: Adult; Humans; East Asian People; Sphenoid Bone; Cranial Sutures
PubMed: 34699055
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0106 -
Cirugia Y Cirujanos 2022Depressed skull fractures are the result of trauma injuries. They are present in approximately 3% of patients who arrive to an emergency room with skull trauma. The main...
OBJECTIVE
Depressed skull fractures are the result of trauma injuries. They are present in approximately 3% of patients who arrive to an emergency room with skull trauma. The main objective of surgical repair in depressed fractures is correction of cosmetic deformity and the prevention of infections.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
A retrospective and transversal study was performed by our department between April 2016 and May 2017. Sixteen patients that underwent a craniotomy for skull trauma with depressed fracture were included in the study. The diagnosis was made by simple cranial CT scan alongside a three-dimensional reconstruction.
RESULTS
Of the sixteen patients included, 5 were females (31.2%) and 11 males (68.8%). Twelve of the cases were an exposed fracture. In 7 cases, the fracture was located at parietal bone; 5 were located at frontal bone and 4 at the temporal bone. The average Glasgow coma score in the sample was 13. There were no complications nor deaths.
CONCLUSIONS
The remodeling and repositioning of the autologous bone graft allow an adequate cosmetic result and it also avoids the placement of implants without increasing the costs and additional risks.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Skull Fracture, Depressed; Retrospective Studies; Craniotomy; Frontal Bone; Craniocerebral Trauma; Fractures, Bone; Schools
PubMed: 36327480
DOI: 10.24875/CIRU.21000016 -
Development (Cambridge, England) Jan 2022A major feature of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is coronal craniosynostosis, the fusion of the frontal and parietal bones at the coronal suture. It is caused by heterozygous...
A major feature of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is coronal craniosynostosis, the fusion of the frontal and parietal bones at the coronal suture. It is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in either of the bHLH transcription factors TWIST1 and TCF12. Although compound heterozygous Tcf12; Twist1 mice display severe coronal synostosis, the individual role of Tcf12 had remained unexplored. Here, we show that Tcf12 controls several key processes in calvarial development, including the rate of frontal and parietal bone growth, and the boundary between sutural and osteogenic cells. Genetic analysis supports an embryonic requirement for Tcf12 in suture formation, as combined deletion of Tcf12 in embryonic neural crest and mesoderm, but not in postnatal suture mesenchyme, disrupts the coronal suture. We also detected asymmetric distribution of mesenchymal cells on opposing sides of the wild-type frontal and parietal bones, which prefigures later bone overlap at the sutures. In Tcf12 mutants, reduced asymmetry is associated with bones meeting end-on-end, possibly contributing to synostosis. Our results support embryonic requirements of Tcf12 in proper formation of the overlapping coronal suture.
Topics: Animals; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors; Craniosynostoses; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mesoderm; Mice; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Neural Crest; Osteogenesis; Skull
PubMed: 34878091
DOI: 10.1242/dev.199575 -
Insights Into Imaging Feb 2020The skull vault, formed by the flat bones of the skull, has a limited spectrum of disease that lies between the fields of neuro- and musculoskeletal radiology. Its...
The skull vault, formed by the flat bones of the skull, has a limited spectrum of disease that lies between the fields of neuro- and musculoskeletal radiology. Its unique abnormalities, as well as other ubiquitous ones, present particular features in this location. Moreover, some benign entities in this region may mimic malignancy if analyzed using classical bone-tumor criteria, and proper patient management requires being familiar with these presentations. This article is structured as a practical review offering a systematic diagnostic approach to focal calvarial lesions, broadly organized into four categories: (1) pseudolesions: arachnoid granulations, meningo-/encephaloceles, vascular canals, frontal hyperostosis, parietal thinning, parietal foramina, and sinus pericrani; (2) lytic: fibrous dysplasia, epidermal inclusion and dermoid cysts, eosinophilic granuloma, hemangioma, aneurysmal bone cyst, giant cell tumor, metastasis, and myeloma; (3) sclerotic: osteomas, osteosarcoma, and metastasis; (4) transdiploic: meningioma, hemangiopericytoma, lymphoma, and metastasis, along with other less common entities. Tips on the potential usefulness of functional imaging techniques such as MR dynamic susceptibility (T2*) perfusion, MR spectroscopy, diffusion-weighted imaging, and PET imaging are provided.
PubMed: 32056014
DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0820-9 -
Turkish Neurosurgery 2023To understand the characterization of the ossification process both in the synostotic suture, and the adjacent parietal bone.
AIM
To understand the characterization of the ossification process both in the synostotic suture, and the adjacent parietal bone.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The surgical procedure for the 28 patients diagnosed with sagittal synostosis consisted of removing the synostotic bone as a whole, if possible, "Barrel-Stave" relaxation osteotomies, and strip osteotomies to the parietal and temporal bones perpendicular to the synostotic suture. The synostotic (group I) and parietal (group II) bone segments are obtained during osteotomies. Atomic absorption spectrometry was used to determine the amount of calcium in both groups, which is an indicator of ossification. Scanning electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry were employed to assess trabecular bone formation, osteoblastic density, and osteopontin, which is one of the in vivo indicators of new bone formation.
RESULTS
Histopathologically, trabecular bone formation scores did not indicate any significant difference between the groups. However, the osteoblastic density and calcium accumulation in group I were higher than those in group II, and the difference was significant. Osteopontin staining scores in cells showing membranous and cytoplasmic staining with osteopontin antibodies significantly increased in group II.
CONCLUSION
In this study, we found reduced differentiation of osteoblasts despite their increase in number. Moreover, the osteoblastic maturation rate was low in synostotic sutures, bone resorption becomes slower than new bone formation, and the remodeling rate is low in sagittal synostosis.
Topics: Humans; Child; Infant; Osteopontin; Cranial Sutures; Parietal Bone; Calcium; Craniosynostoses; Sutures
PubMed: 36951024
DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.41370-22.2