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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2020Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic... (Review)
Review
Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic decreases in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts can increase the index of suspicion in affected cases and can be used to prognosticate morbidity and mortality. The standard of care for infected animals includes IV crystalloid and sometimes colloid fluids, antiemetics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition. Vaccination induces protective immunity in most dogs. Vaccination, along with limiting exposure in young puppies, is the most effective means of preventing parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Crystalloid Solutions; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enteritis; Fluid Therapy; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine
PubMed: 32891439
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.008 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2020Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered the main cause of reproductive disorders in pigs, which are summarized under the acronym SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification,...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered the main cause of reproductive disorders in pigs, which are summarized under the acronym SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility). In this review the biology of the virus and its structure, pathogenic potential and strain variation, as well as the disease induced by the virus, are described. Known aspects of pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention, particularly by vaccination, are summarized. Furthermore, in recent years 'new' parvoviruses (PPV2 to 7) have been described in pigs. They have been detected in pigs from various parts of the world and their association with clinical signs or disease will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Drug Development; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Phylogeny; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Tropism; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 31822635
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.037.033 -
Viruses Jul 2022Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination... (Review)
Review
Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination guidelines provided by industry and veterinary organizations, based on minimal duration of immunity (DOI). For certain diseases, particularly feline panleukopenia, antibody titres correlate with protection. For feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus, a similar correlation is absent, or less clear. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents current knowledge and expert opinion on the use of antibody testing in different situations. Antibody testing can be performed either in diagnostic laboratories, or in veterinary practice using point of care (POC) tests, and can be applied for several purposes, such as to provide evidence that a successful immune response was induced following vaccination. In adult cats, antibody test results can inform the appropriate re-vaccination interval. In shelters, antibody testing can support the control of FPV outbreaks by identifying potentially unprotected cats. Antibody testing has also been proposed to support decisions on optimal vaccination schedules for the individual kitten. However, such testing is still expensive and it is considered impractical to monitor the decline of maternally derived antibodies.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Calicivirus, Feline; Cat Diseases; Cats; Feline Panleukopenia; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Female; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35893667
DOI: 10.3390/v14081602 -
Veterinary Microbiology Aug 2020Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update... (Review)
Review
Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update on CPV vaccine types and vaccination protocols. The design of CPV prevention strategies and vaccination programs with a goal of herd immunity has been hampered by deficiencies of studies that model companion animal viral infections and inform an understanding of the basic reproduction number. However, the most important issue in eradication of CPV disease is represented by immunisation failures including: i) the presence of interfering titres of maternally-derived antibodies; ii) the presence of non-responders; and iii) possible reversion to virulence. In contrast, the role of the CPV variants in immunisation failures is widely debated. Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Eradication; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Genetic Variation; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32768213
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108760 -
Viruses Jun 2020The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting... (Review)
Review
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or papillomaviruses. We review the basic biology of AAV and its most-studied helper viruses, adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We further outline the direct and indirect interactions of AAV with those and additional helper viruses.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Coinfection; Dependovirus; Helper Viruses; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32575422
DOI: 10.3390/v12060662 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Nov 2019An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers is vital for the development of early-diagnostic point-of-care systems. The...
An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers is vital for the development of early-diagnostic point-of-care systems. The recent discovery of the trans-cleavage property of CRISPR type V effectors makes CRISPR a potential high-accuracy bio-recognition tool. Herein, a CRISPR-Cas12a (cpf1) based electrochemical biosensor (E-CRISPR) is reported, which is more cost-effective and portable than optical-transduction-based biosensors. Through optimizing the in vitro trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a, E-CRIPSR was used to detect viral nucleic acids, including human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) and parvovirus B19 (PB-19), with a picomolar sensitivity. An aptamer-based E-CRISPR cascade was further designed for the detection of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) protein in clinical samples. As demonstrated, E-CRISPR could enable the development of portable, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic systems.
Topics: Acidaminococcus; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biosensing Techniques; CRISPR-Cas Systems; DNA Cleavage; DNA, Viral; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Human papillomavirus 16; Humans; Immobilized Nucleic Acids; Limit of Detection; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Parvovirus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surface Properties; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
PubMed: 31568601
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910772 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens in dogs, and despite the continual development of vaccines against CPV-2, CPV-2 is still circulating in...
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens in dogs, and despite the continual development of vaccines against CPV-2, CPV-2 is still circulating in the canine population. The CPV-2a/2b/2c variant has replaced the original CPV-2 virus and seems to exhibit accelerated transmission. Although CPV-2 infection has been frequently reported, no studies have summarized information of CPV-2 variants currently circulating worldwide. To track the evolution of CPV-2, we downloaded and analyzed all VP2 sequences from the NCBI database (from 1978 to 2022). We found that CPV-2c shows a tendency to replace CPV-2a as the new dominant variant in Asia, South America, North America and Africa. Additionally, CPV-2c, which is prevalent in most regions of Asia, carries two special mutations in VP2, A5G and Q370R, and has become a dominant mutation with spillover already occurring. In conclusion, this summary of the types of global epidemic variants provides new insight into the evolution of CPV-2 and raises awareness for blocking the spread of this virus. The spread of Asian-derived CPV-2c urgently needs to be further under surveillance.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36232841
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911540 -
Nature Communications Sep 2023The small size of the Cas nuclease fused with various effector domains enables a broad range of function. Although there are several ways of reducing the size of the Cas...
The small size of the Cas nuclease fused with various effector domains enables a broad range of function. Although there are several ways of reducing the size of the Cas nuclease complex, no efficient or generalizable method has been demonstrated to achieve protein miniaturization. In this study, we establish an Interaction, Dynamics and Conservation (IDC) strategy for protein miniaturization and generate five compact variants of Cas13 with full RNA binding and cleavage activity comparable the wild-type enzymes based on a combination of IDC strategy and AlphaFold2. In addition, we construct an RNA base editor, mini-Vx, and a single AAV (adeno-associated virus) carrying a mini-RfxCas13d and crRNA expression cassette, which individually shows efficient conversion rate and RNA-knockdown activity. In summary, these findings highlight a feasible strategy for generating downsized CRISPR/Cas13 systems based on structure predicted by AlphaFold2, enabling targeted degradation of RNAs and RNA editing for basic research and therapeutic applications.
Topics: Dependovirus; Endonucleases; Miniaturization; RNA; RNA Editing
PubMed: 37684268
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41320-8 -
Cell Reports Jun 2019Genetically engineered mouse models harboring large sequence insertions or modifications are critical for a wide range of applications including endogenous gene tagging,...
Genetically engineered mouse models harboring large sequence insertions or modifications are critical for a wide range of applications including endogenous gene tagging, conditional knockout, site-specific transgene insertion, and gene replacement; however, existing methods to generate such animals remain laborious and costly. To address this, we developed an approach called CRISPR-READI (CRISPR RNP electroporation and AAV donor infection), combining adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated HDR donor delivery with Cas9/sgRNA RNP electroporation to engineer large site-specific modifications in the mouse genome with high efficiency and throughput. We successfully targeted a 774 bp fluorescent reporter, a 2.1 kb CreERT2 driver, and a 3.3 kb expression cassette into endogenous loci in both embryos and live mice. CRISPR-READI is applicable to most widely used knockin schemes requiring donor lengths within the 4.9 kb AAV packaging capacity. Altogether, CRISPR-READI is an efficient, high-throughput, microinjection-free approach for sophisticated mouse genome engineering with potential applications in other mammalian species.
Topics: Animals; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Dependovirus; Electroporation; Female; Gene Knock-In Techniques; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Parvoviridae Infections; Ribonucleoproteins
PubMed: 31242412
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.103 -
Equine Veterinary Journal Sep 2021Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) was first described in 2018 in a fatal case of Theiler's disease which followed the administration of an equine-origin biological... (Review)
Review
Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) was first described in 2018 in a fatal case of Theiler's disease which followed the administration of an equine-origin biological product. The virus has since been frequently identified in serum and liver tissue of horses affected by Theiler's disease-an acute, severe hepatitis characterised by fulminant hepatic necrosis with a fatal outcome in most cases. EqPV-H is hepatotropic, appears to be associated with subclinical to severe hepatitis in horses, and is a likely cause of Theiler's disease. Although this disease is most frequently reported following the administration of equine-origin biological products, it can also occur among in-contact horses. Horizontal transmission may be iatrogenic, via contaminated equine-origin biological products such as equine serum, botulism or tetanus antitoxin, and mesenchymal stem cells or by means of the oral route of infection. Other horizontal transmission routes, for example, arthropod vectors, warrant further investigation. A worldwide prevalence of EqPV-H antibodies and DNA has been reported in asymptomatic horses. EqPV-H-positive horses suffering from acute, severe hepatitis have reportedly developed clinical signs including icterus, lethargy, inappetence, and neurological abnormalities and have had increased liver-associated biochemistry parameters recorded. The most common histopathological abnormalities of the liver have been hepatocellular necrosis, collapse of the lobular architecture, and lymphocytic infiltration. Most horses infected experimentally with EqPV-H have developed subclinical hepatitis, and close temporal associations between peak viraemia, seroconversion, and the onset of hepatitis have been observed. Based on strong evidence indicating that EqPV-H causes hepatitis in horses, veterinarians should consider this virus an important differential diagnosis in such cases. Potential risks associated with the administration of equine-origin biological products must be emphasised.
Topics: Animals; Hepatitis; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus
PubMed: 34101906
DOI: 10.1111/evj.13477