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Viruses Aug 2021Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples...
Six foals with interstitial pneumonia of undetermined etiology from Southern California were analyzed by viral metagenomics. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples obtained during necropsy from each animal were pooled, and nucleic acids from virus-like particles enriched for deep sequencing. The recently described equine copiparvovirus named eqcopivirus, as well as three previously uncharacterized viruses, were identified. The complete ORFs genomes of two closely related protoparvoviruses, and of a bocaparvovirus, plus the partial genome of a picornavirus were assembled. The parvoviruses were classified as members of new ungulate protoparvovirus and bocaparvovirus species in the family. The picornavirus was classified as a new species in the genus of the family. Spleen, lung, and colon content samples from each foal were then tested for these viral genomes by nested PCR and RT-PCR. When present, parvoviruses were detected in both feces and spleen. The picornavirus, protoparvovirus, and eqcopivirus genomes were detected in the lungs of one animal each. Three foals were co-infected with the picornavirus and either a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, or eqcopivirus. Two other foals were infected with a protoparvovirus only. No viral infection was detected in one animal. The complete ORFs of the first equine protoparvoviruses and bocaparvovirus, the partial ORF of the third equine picornavirus, and their detection in tissues of foals with interstitial pneumonia are described here. Testing the involvement of these viruses in fatal interstitial pneumonia or other equine diseases will require larger epidemiological and/or inoculation studies.
Topics: Age Factors; Animals; Feces; Genome, Viral; Horse Diseases; Horses; Lung Diseases, Interstitial; Metagenomics; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34452477
DOI: 10.3390/v13081612 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Feb 2022Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a nonenveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and is a World...
Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is a nonenveloped, linear, single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the family Parvoviridae and is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)-notifiable crustacean pathogen. During screening of Penaeus vannamei shrimp from 3 commercial shrimp facilities in the United States for a panel of OIE-listed (n = 7) and nonlisted (n = 2) crustacean diseases, shrimp from these facilities tested positive for IHHNV. Nucleotide sequences of PCR amplicons showed 99%-100% similarity to IHHNV isolates from Latin America and Asia. The whole genome of the isolates also showed high similarity to type 2 infectious forms of IHHNV. Phylogenetic analysis using capsid gene and whole-genome sequences demonstrated that the isolates clustered with an IHHNV isolate from Ecuador. The detection of an OIE-listed crustacean pathogen in the United States highlights the need for biosecurity protocols in hatcheries and grow-out ponds to mitigate losses.
Topics: Animals; Densovirinae; Genome; Penaeidae; Phylogeny; Polymerase Chain Reaction; United States
PubMed: 35075996
DOI: 10.3201/eid2802.211874 -
Viruses Oct 2021Nested PCRs with circovirus/cyclovirus pan- (replicase gene) primers detected eukaryotic circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses in three (samples...
Nested PCRs with circovirus/cyclovirus pan- (replicase gene) primers detected eukaryotic circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (CRESS DNA) viruses in three (samples CN9E, CN16E and CN34) of 18 canine parvovirus-2-positive fecal samples from household dogs with hemorrhagic gastroenteritis on the Caribbean island of Nevis. The complete genomes of CRESS DNA virus CN9E, CN16E and CN34 were determined by inverse nested PCRs. Based on (i) genome organization, (ii) location of the putative origin of replication, (iii) pairwise genome-wide sequence identities, (iv) the presence of conserved motifs in the putative replication-associated protein (Rep) and the arginine-rich region in the amino terminus of the putative capsid protein (Cp) and (v) a phylogenetic analysis, CN9E, CN16E and CN34 were classified as cycloviruses. Canine-associated cycloviruses CN16E and CN34 were closely related to each other and shared low genome-wide nucleotide (59.642-59.704%), deduced Rep (35.018-35.379%) and Cp (26.601%) amino acid sequence identities with CN9E. All the three canine-associated cycloviruses shared < 80% genome-wide pairwise nucleotide sequence identities with cycloviruses from other animals/environmental samples, constituting two novel species (CN9E and CN16E/34) within the genus . Considering the feeding habits of dogs, we could not determine whether the cycloviruses were of dietary origin or infected the host. Interestingly, the CN9E putative Rep-encoding open reading frame was found to use the invertebrate mitochondrial genetic code with an alternative initiation codon (ATA) for translation, corroborating the hypothesis that cycloviruses are actually arthropod-infecting viruses. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection and complete genome analysis of cycloviruses from domestic dogs.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Capsid Proteins; Circoviridae; DNA Viruses; DNA, Viral; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feces; Gastroenteritis; Genome, Viral; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Open Reading Frames; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny; Saint Kitts and Nevis; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 34834961
DOI: 10.3390/v13112155 -
Equine Veterinary Journal Mar 2022Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) research is in its infancy. Information regarding prevalence, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, pathogenesis and risk...
BACKGROUND
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) research is in its infancy. Information regarding prevalence, geographical distribution, genetic diversity, pathogenesis and risk factors enhances understanding of this potentially fatal infection.
OBJECTIVES
Determining the prevalence of EqPV-H in Austrian equids. Investigating factors increasing probability of infection, liver-associated biochemistry parameters, concurrent equine hepacivirus (EqHV) infection and phylogenetic analysis of Austrian EqPV-H variants.
STUDY DESIGN
Cross-sectional study.
METHODS
Sera from 259 horses and 13 donkeys in Austria were analysed for anti-EqPV-H VP1-specific antibodies by luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) and EqPV-H DNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Associations between infection status, sex and age were described. Glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), bile acids and albumin concentrations were compared between horses with active infection and PCR-negative horses. PCR targeting partial EqPV-H NS1 was performed and phylogenetic analysis of Austrian EqPV-H variants was conducted. Complete coding sequences (CDS) of four Austrian variants were determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and compared with published sequences.
RESULTS
Horses' EqPV-H seroprevalence was 30.1% and DNA prevalence was 8.9%. One horse was co-infected with EqHV. Significantly, higher probability of active EqPV-H infection was identified in 16- to 31-year-old horses, compared with 1- to 8-year-old horses (P = 0.002; OR = 8.19; 95% CI = 1.79 to 37.50) and 9- to 15-year-old horses (P = 0.03; OR = 2.96; 95% CI = 1.08 to 8.17). Liver-associated plasma parameters were not significantly different between horses with active infection and controls. Austrian EqPV-H variants revealed high similarity to sequences worldwide. No evidence of EqPV-H was detected in donkeys.
MAIN LIMITATIONS
Equids' inclusion depended upon owner consent. There was only one sampling point per animal and the sample of donkeys was small.
CONCLUSIONS
EqPV-H antibodies and DNA are frequently detected in Austrian horses, without associated hepatitis in horses with active infection. The risk of active EqPV-H infection increases with increasing age. Phylogenetic evidence supports close relation of EqPV-H variants globally, including Austrian variants.
Topics: Animals; Austria; Cross-Sectional Studies; Equidae; Hepatitis; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 33704819
DOI: 10.1111/evj.13444 -
BMJ Case Reports Apr 2021We present a HIV-infected patient who developed severe anaemia due to chronic parvovirus B19 infection and subsequently had an unplanned pregnancy. This is in the... (Review)
Review
We present a HIV-infected patient who developed severe anaemia due to chronic parvovirus B19 infection and subsequently had an unplanned pregnancy. This is in the context of poor adherence to antiretroviral therapy and significant immunosuppression; there was a delay in diagnosis of chronic parvovirus infection due to attribution of anaemia to HIV. She received immunoglobulin therapy and effective antiretroviral therapy, with reduction in parvovirus load and improvement in anaemia. She was counselled regarding the need for monitoring in pregnancy due to risk of intrauterine infection. We review the literature of management of chronic parvovirus infection in the immunosuppressed and the consequences of intrauterine infection.
Topics: Erythema Infectiosum; Female; Humans; Hydrops Fetalis; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus B19, Human; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious
PubMed: 33879461
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2020-239153 -
Veterinaria Italiana Dec 2022Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most important pathogens causing enteritis in dogs. Although there have been a few reports of CPV in Vietnam, recent information on...
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is one of the most important pathogens causing enteritis in dogs. Although there have been a few reports of CPV in Vietnam, recent information on CPV infection in domestic dogs in Vietnam is limited. Faecal samples collected from 30 diarrheic and 50 healthy dogs were examined by PCR for detection of CPV DNA. The prevalence of CPV in diarrheic dogs (43.3%, 13/30) was significantly higher than in healthy dogs (4.0%, 2/50), indicating that CPV was a major cause of diarrhoea in domestic dogs. Genotyping of 15 CPV strains showed that both CPV‑2a and CPV‑2c were circulating and that CPV‑2c was a dominant CPV variant in Vietnam. Virus isolation was performed from faecal samples using A72/cSLAM cells, and nine CPV strains were successfully isolated. The dominant genotype spreading among Vietnamese dogs has changed from CPV‑2b to CPV‑2c.
Topics: Animals; Dogs; Humans; Dog Diseases; Enteritis; Genotype; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny; Vietnam
PubMed: 36586117
DOI: 10.12834/VetIt.2237.13437.2 -
Viruses Feb 2021Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) has gained attention as a gene delivery vector with its ability to infect polarized human airway epithelia and 5.5 kb genome packaging...
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) has gained attention as a gene delivery vector with its ability to infect polarized human airway epithelia and 5.5 kb genome packaging capacity. Gorilla bocavirus 1 (GBoV1) VP3 shares 86% amino acid sequence identity with HBoV1 but has better transduction efficiency in several human cell types. Here, we report the capsid structure of GBoV1 determined to 2.76 Å resolution using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and its interaction with mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and human sera. GBoV1 shares capsid surface morphologies with other parvoviruses, with a channel at the 5-fold symmetry axis, protrusions surrounding the 3-fold axis and a depression at the 2-fold axis. A 2/5-fold wall separates the 2-fold and 5-fold axes. Compared to HBoV1, differences are localized to the 3-fold protrusions. Consistently, native dot immunoblots and cryo-EM showed cross-reactivity and binding, respectively, by a 5-fold targeted HBoV1 mAb, 15C6. Surprisingly, recognition was observed for one out of three 3-fold targeted mAbs, 12C1, indicating some structural similarity at this region. In addition, GBoV1, tested against 40 human sera, showed the similar rates of seropositivity as HBoV1. Immunogenic reactivity against parvoviral vectors is a significant barrier to efficient gene delivery. This study is a step towards optimizing bocaparvovirus vectors with antibody escape properties.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Viral; Bocavirus; Capsid; Cross Reactions; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Gorilla gorilla; Human bocavirus; Humans
PubMed: 33672786
DOI: 10.3390/v13020330 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Nov 2023Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is an important pathogen causing reproductive disorders in sows, with clinical symptoms including stillbirth, mummified fetuses, embryonic...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is an important pathogen causing reproductive disorders in sows, with clinical symptoms including stillbirth, mummified fetuses, embryonic dysplasia and death, and sow infertility. Porcine parvovirus 7 (PPV7) is a recently discovered type of PPV and its widespread distribution and rapid evolution has caused huge economic losses in the pig industry. To investigate the molecular epidemiology of PPV7 in Fujian Province, China, we collected 491 blood samples and 72 tissue samples from diseased pigs in large-scale pig farms across selected areas of Fujian Province from 2019 to 2022. PPV7 infection was determined using real-time quantitative PCR, and positive samples underwent whole-genome amplification, sequencing, and subsequent homology, phylogenetic, and recombination analyses. The PPV7 positive detection rate was 25.73% (145/563) in Fujian Province, among which the positive rate of blood and tissue samples was 26.47% (130/491) and 20.83% (15/72), respectively. The nucleotide sequence homology among the 29 PPV7 whole-genome sequences obtained in this study was 90.0%-97.2%, whereas that with 128 reference strains from China and other countries was 88.9%-98.1%. Six strains had partial nucleotide deletions or insertions. Phylogenetic analysis based on the whole-genome sequences classified the 29 PPV7 strains and 128 reference strains into eight subtypes (PPV7a-PPV7h), and PPV7h was the predominant subtype in Fujian Province. Recombination analysis revealed evidence of inferred recombination events in the genomes of four strains. This study provides significant insights into the molecular characteristics of PPV7 in Fujian Province and serves as a crucial foundation for further advancements in PPV7 prevention and control strategies.
Topics: Swine; Animals; Female; Swine Diseases; Parvovirus, Porcine; Phylogeny; Parvoviridae Infections; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; China
PubMed: 37866684
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2023.105515 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Sep 2021Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a severe disease characterized by systemic inflammation and immunosuppression. The function of circulating phagocytes (neutrophils...
Canine parvoviral enteritis (CPE) is a severe disease characterized by systemic inflammation and immunosuppression. The function of circulating phagocytes (neutrophils and monocytes) in affected dogs has not been fully investigated. We characterized the functional capacity of canine phagocytes in CPE by determining their oxidative burst and phagocytic activities using flow cytometry. Blood was collected from 28 dogs with CPE and 11 healthy, age-matched, control dogs. Oxidative burst activity was assessed by stimulating phagocytes with opsonized or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and measuring the percentage of phagocytes producing reactive oxygen species and the magnitude of this production. Phagocytosis was measured by incubating phagocytes with opsonized and measuring the percentage of phagocytes containing and the number of bacteria per cell. Complete blood counts and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations were also determined. Serum CRP concentration was negatively and positively correlated with segmented and band neutrophil concentrations, respectively. Overall, no differences in phagocyte function were found between dogs with CPE and healthy control dogs. However, infected dogs with neutropenia or circulating band neutrophils had decreased PMA-stimulated oxidative burst activity compared to healthy controls. Additionally, CPE dogs with neutropenia or circulating band neutrophils had decreased PMA- and -stimulated oxidative burst activity and decreased phagocytosis of compared to CPE dogs without neutropenia or band neutrophils. We conclude that phagocytes have decreased oxidative burst and phagocytic activity in neutropenic CPE dogs and in CPE dogs with circulating band neutrophils.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enteritis; Escherichia coli; Neutrophils; Parvovirus, Canine; Phagocytes; Respiratory Burst
PubMed: 34148453
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211025513 -
The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2023Cyclic peptide nanotubes (cPNTs) formed from the spontaneous beta-sheet stacking of peptide rings may serve as a safe and effective oral delivery vehicle/adjuvant for...
BACKGROUND
Cyclic peptide nanotubes (cPNTs) formed from the spontaneous beta-sheet stacking of peptide rings may serve as a safe and effective oral delivery vehicle/adjuvant for DNA vaccines.
AIM
In this study, we sought to determine if a DNA vaccine expressing the VP2 protein of goose parvovirus, adjuvanted with cPNTs, may elicit virus-specific antibody response through oral vaccination.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Forty 20-day-old Muscovy ducks were randomly assigned to two groups of 20 ducks each and vaccinated. Ducks were orally vaccinated (Day 0) and boosted (Day 1 and Day 2) or were mock-vaccinated with saline as the negative control. For immunohistochemical staining, the primary antibody used comprised a rabbit anti-GPV antibody, and the secondary antibody was a goat anti-rabbit antibody. Goat-anti-mouse-IgG was used as a tertiary antibody. IgG and IgA antibody titers in serum were analyzed by the GPV virus-coated ELISA. For IgA antibody analysis, intestine lavage was harvested too.
RESULTS
A DNA vaccine, coated with cPNTs, can induce a significant antibody response in ducklings. Immunohistochemical staining of tissues from vaccinated ducklings showed that VP2 proteins can be detected in the intestines and livers for up to six weeks, confirming the antigen expression by the DNA vaccine. Antibody analysis found that this vaccine formulation was very efficient at inducing IgA antibodies in the serum and the intestinal tract.
CONCLUSION
A DNA vaccine adjuvanted with cPNTs can effectively express the antigen and can significantly induce an antibody response against goose parvovirus through oral vaccination.
Topics: Animals; Rabbits; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Ducks; Vaccines, DNA; Nanotubes, Peptide; Peptides, Cyclic; Antibody Formation; Poultry Diseases; Immunoglobulin A; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 37074390
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2205480