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The Veterinary Clinics of North... Nov 2020Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic... (Review)
Review
Canine parvoviral enteritis is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in dogs worldwide. Tests can detect viral antigen in feces, and characteristic decreases in total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts can increase the index of suspicion in affected cases and can be used to prognosticate morbidity and mortality. The standard of care for infected animals includes IV crystalloid and sometimes colloid fluids, antiemetics, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and early enteral nutrition. Vaccination induces protective immunity in most dogs. Vaccination, along with limiting exposure in young puppies, is the most effective means of preventing parvoviral enteritis in dogs.
Topics: Animals; Crystalloid Solutions; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Enteritis; Fluid Therapy; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine
PubMed: 32891439
DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2020.07.008 -
Current Issues in Molecular Biology 2020Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered the main cause of reproductive disorders in pigs, which are summarized under the acronym SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification,...
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is considered the main cause of reproductive disorders in pigs, which are summarized under the acronym SMEDI (stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility). In this review the biology of the virus and its structure, pathogenic potential and strain variation, as well as the disease induced by the virus, are described. Known aspects of pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention, particularly by vaccination, are summarized. Furthermore, in recent years 'new' parvoviruses (PPV2 to 7) have been described in pigs. They have been detected in pigs from various parts of the world and their association with clinical signs or disease will be discussed.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Drug Development; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Host Specificity; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Phylogeny; Swine; Swine Diseases; Viral Tropism; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 31822635
DOI: 10.21775/cimb.037.033 -
Veterinary Microbiology Aug 2020Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update... (Review)
Review
Despite extensive vaccination, canine parvovirus (CPV) remains a leading infectious cause of canine mortality, especially among juveniles. This review provides an update on CPV vaccine types and vaccination protocols. The design of CPV prevention strategies and vaccination programs with a goal of herd immunity has been hampered by deficiencies of studies that model companion animal viral infections and inform an understanding of the basic reproduction number. However, the most important issue in eradication of CPV disease is represented by immunisation failures including: i) the presence of interfering titres of maternally-derived antibodies; ii) the presence of non-responders; and iii) possible reversion to virulence. In contrast, the role of the CPV variants in immunisation failures is widely debated. Taking into account the reduced circulation of canine distemper virus and canine adenovirus type 1 in countries where extensive vaccination is carried out, more effort should be made to aim for CPV eradication, including antibody testing to determine the optimal time for vaccinations of pups and adults and homogeneous vaccine coverage of dog population.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Disease Eradication; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Genetic Variation; Humans; Immunity, Maternally-Acquired; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 32768213
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108760 -
Viruses Jul 2022Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination... (Review)
Review
Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination guidelines provided by industry and veterinary organizations, based on minimal duration of immunity (DOI). For certain diseases, particularly feline panleukopenia, antibody titres correlate with protection. For feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus, a similar correlation is absent, or less clear. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents current knowledge and expert opinion on the use of antibody testing in different situations. Antibody testing can be performed either in diagnostic laboratories, or in veterinary practice using point of care (POC) tests, and can be applied for several purposes, such as to provide evidence that a successful immune response was induced following vaccination. In adult cats, antibody test results can inform the appropriate re-vaccination interval. In shelters, antibody testing can support the control of FPV outbreaks by identifying potentially unprotected cats. Antibody testing has also been proposed to support decisions on optimal vaccination schedules for the individual kitten. However, such testing is still expensive and it is considered impractical to monitor the decline of maternally derived antibodies.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Calicivirus, Feline; Cat Diseases; Cats; Feline Panleukopenia; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Female; Vaccination; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 35893667
DOI: 10.3390/v14081602 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2020Canine viral diarrhea is a severe disease in dogs worldwide. The role of canine parvovirus (CPV) in canine viral diarrhea is a common health problem in dogs, attracting... (Review)
Review
Canine viral diarrhea is a severe disease in dogs worldwide. The role of canine parvovirus (CPV) in canine viral diarrhea is a common health problem in dogs, attracting major concern from veterinarians and dog owners across China. In this mini-review, we summarize the CPV epidemiology in China, including its origin, prevalence, coinfection, and the genetic evolution of the virus. The review reveals the correlation between CPV-2 infection and seasonality, a dog's age/gender/breed/vaccination; that CPV-2 is the main causative agent of canine diarrhea in Northeast China and that coinfection with other pathogens is a common occurrence; the predominant CPV epidemic strains were the new CPV-2a, and CPV-2c has shown significant growth trends since 2010. This mini-review will provide valuable information for CPV infections across China and other countries.
PubMed: 32154272
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00005 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens in dogs, and despite the continual development of vaccines against CPV-2, CPV-2 is still circulating in...
Canine parvovirus (CPV-2) is one of the most important pathogens in dogs, and despite the continual development of vaccines against CPV-2, CPV-2 is still circulating in the canine population. The CPV-2a/2b/2c variant has replaced the original CPV-2 virus and seems to exhibit accelerated transmission. Although CPV-2 infection has been frequently reported, no studies have summarized information of CPV-2 variants currently circulating worldwide. To track the evolution of CPV-2, we downloaded and analyzed all VP2 sequences from the NCBI database (from 1978 to 2022). We found that CPV-2c shows a tendency to replace CPV-2a as the new dominant variant in Asia, South America, North America and Africa. Additionally, CPV-2c, which is prevalent in most regions of Asia, carries two special mutations in VP2, A5G and Q370R, and has become a dominant mutation with spillover already occurring. In conclusion, this summary of the types of global epidemic variants provides new insight into the evolution of CPV-2 and raises awareness for blocking the spread of this virus. The spread of Asian-derived CPV-2c urgently needs to be further under surveillance.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36232841
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911540 -
Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in... Nov 2019An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers is vital for the development of early-diagnostic point-of-care systems. The...
An accurate, rapid, and cost-effective biosensor for the quantification of disease biomarkers is vital for the development of early-diagnostic point-of-care systems. The recent discovery of the trans-cleavage property of CRISPR type V effectors makes CRISPR a potential high-accuracy bio-recognition tool. Herein, a CRISPR-Cas12a (cpf1) based electrochemical biosensor (E-CRISPR) is reported, which is more cost-effective and portable than optical-transduction-based biosensors. Through optimizing the in vitro trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a, E-CRIPSR was used to detect viral nucleic acids, including human papillomavirus 16 (HPV-16) and parvovirus B19 (PB-19), with a picomolar sensitivity. An aptamer-based E-CRISPR cascade was further designed for the detection of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) protein in clinical samples. As demonstrated, E-CRISPR could enable the development of portable, accurate, and cost-effective point-of-care diagnostic systems.
Topics: Acidaminococcus; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biosensing Techniques; CRISPR-Cas Systems; DNA Cleavage; DNA, Viral; Electrochemical Techniques; Electrodes; Human papillomavirus 16; Humans; Immobilized Nucleic Acids; Limit of Detection; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Parvovirus; Sensitivity and Specificity; Surface Properties; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
PubMed: 31568601
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910772 -
Viral Immunology May 2020When an individual is exposed to a viral pathogen for the first time, the adaptive immune system is naive and cannot prevent virus replication. The consequence may be... (Review)
Review
When an individual is exposed to a viral pathogen for the first time, the adaptive immune system is naive and cannot prevent virus replication. The consequence may be severe disease. At the same time, the host may rapidly generate a pathogen-specific immune response that will prevent disease if the virus is encountered again. Parvovirus B19 provides one such example. Children with sickle cell disease can experience life-threatening transient aplastic crisis when first exposed to parvovirus B19, but an effective immune response confers lifelong protection. We briefly examine the induction and benefits of virus-induced immunity. We focus on three human viruses for which there are no licensed vaccines (respiratory syncytial virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 1, and parvovirus B19) and consider how virus-induced immunity may inform successful vaccine design.
Topics: AIDS Vaccines; HIV Infections; HIV-1; Humans; Immunity; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus B19, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses
PubMed: 32366204
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0138 -
Viruses Jul 2021Parvoviruses are small single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses, which replicate in the nucleoplasm and affect both the structure and function of the nucleus. The nuclear stage... (Review)
Review
Parvoviruses are small single-stranded (ss) DNA viruses, which replicate in the nucleoplasm and affect both the structure and function of the nucleus. The nuclear stage of the parvovirus life cycle starts at the nuclear entry of incoming capsids and culminates in the successful passage of progeny capsids out of the nucleus. In this review, we will present past, current, and future microscopy and biochemical techniques and demonstrate their potential in revealing the dynamics and molecular interactions in the intranuclear processes of parvovirus infection. In particular, a number of advanced techniques will be presented for the detection of infection-induced changes, such as DNA modification and damage, as well as protein-chromatin interactions.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Cell Nucleus; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Mice; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34372512
DOI: 10.3390/v13071306