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Frontiers in Immunology 2021Immunoglobin A (IgA) vasculitis (IgAV), formerly called the Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), is a small vessel vasculitis, characterized by IgA1-dominant immune... (Review)
Review
Immunoglobin A (IgA) vasculitis (IgAV), formerly called the Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP), is a small vessel vasculitis, characterized by IgA1-dominant immune deposition at diseased vessel walls. IgAV is the most common form of vasculitis in children; typical symptoms include palpable purpura, arthritis or arthralgia, abdominal pain, and hematuria or proteinuria. Galactose-deficient IgA1 is detected in the tissues of the kidney and skin in patients with IgAV; it forms immune complexes leading to subsequent immune reactions and injuries. This report provides the recent advances in the understanding of environmental factors, genetics, abnormal innate and acquired immunity, and the role of galactose-deficient IgA1 immunocomplexes in the pathogenesis of IgAV.
Topics: Animals; Environment; Humans; IgA Vasculitis
PubMed: 34858429
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.771619 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60% to 80% of all cases [...].
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia, accounting for 60% to 80% of all cases [...].
Topics: Humans; Alzheimer Disease
PubMed: 36613544
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010107 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous and extremely common disease with symptoms that vary with the age of the patient, typically characterized by... (Review)
Review
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous and extremely common disease with symptoms that vary with the age of the patient, typically characterized by hyperandrogenism, chronic oligo-anovulation, and/or several metabolic disorders. The syndrome includes various phenotypes, and the pathogenesis is multifactorial, often involving insulin resistance. This feature is closely related to ovarian dysfunction, inflammation, hyperandrogenism, and metabolic disorders, which characterize and complicate the syndrome. Therapy currently considers both lifestyle improvements and medications, and must be tailored on a case-by-case basis. To date, the published studies have not arrived at a definition of the most suitable therapy for each individual case and many of the drugs used are still off-label. In this review, we discuss some controversial diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of PCOS, such as the role of insulin resistance, inflammation, and hyperandrogenism. We also evaluated the advantages and disadvantages of contraceptive therapy and antiandrogens.
Topics: Female; Humans; Hyperandrogenism; Inflammation; Insulin Resistance; Male; Metabolic Diseases; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PubMed: 35456928
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084110 -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Oct 2020Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined by clinical symptoms and radiological signs. Cartilage is crucial in the development, but all tissue components in and around the joint... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is defined by clinical symptoms and radiological signs. Cartilage is crucial in the development, but all tissue components in and around the joint are affected by the disease. OA aetiopathogenesis is multifactorial and may be primary (idiopathic) or secondary, with an influence of heritable factors. Contributing to OA development are age, joint trauma, other joint diseases, and overweight/obesity. The latter is of special interest being modifiable, and weight loss has proven very effective on symptoms of OA. Over the course of OA, inflammatory flares may be experienced, some associated with crystal formation in the joint, which opens for possible treatments, as argued in this review.
Topics: Humans; Obesity; Osteoarthritis; Overweight; Radiography; Weight Loss
PubMed: 33046193
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Feb 2024Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and comprises a spectrum of several different disorders, including simple... (Review)
Review
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and comprises a spectrum of several different disorders, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Although tremendous progress has been made in the field of ALD over the last 20 years, the pathogenesis of ALD remains obscure, and there are currently no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of ALD. In this Review, we discuss new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of ALD, utilizing the study of multiomics and other cutting-edge approaches. The potential translation of these studies into clinical practice and therapy is deliberated. We also discuss preclinical models of ALD, interplay of ALD and metabolic dysfunction, alcohol-associated liver cancer, the heterogeneity of ALD, and some potential translational research prospects for ALD.
Topics: Humans; Liver Diseases, Alcoholic; Ethanol; Fatty Liver; Liver Cirrhosis; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular; Liver Neoplasms; Liver
PubMed: 38299591
DOI: 10.1172/JCI176345 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2022Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease associated with synovial tissue proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage destruction, and systemic... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease associated with synovial tissue proliferation, pannus formation, cartilage destruction, and systemic complications. Currently, advanced understandings of the pathologic mechanisms of autoreactive CD4+ T cells, B cells, macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and autoantibodies that cause RA have been achieved, despite the fact that much remains to be elucidated. This review provides an updated pathogenesis of RA which will unveil novel therapeutic targets.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Biomarkers; Clinical Studies as Topic; Combined Modality Therapy; Disease Management; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Immune System; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Prognosis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35055087
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020905 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021Melanoma develops from malignant transformations of the pigment-producing melanocytes. If located in the basal layer of the skin epidermis, melanoma is referred to as... (Review)
Review
Melanoma develops from malignant transformations of the pigment-producing melanocytes. If located in the basal layer of the skin epidermis, melanoma is referred to as cutaneous, which is more frequent. However, as melanocytes are be found in the eyes, ears, gastrointestinal tract, genitalia, urinary system, and meninges, cases of mucosal melanoma or other types (e.g., ocular) may occur. The incidence and morbidity of cutaneous melanoma (cM) are constantly increasing worldwide. Australia and New Zealand are world leaders in this regard with a morbidity rate of 54/100,000 and a mortality rate of 5.6/100,000 for 2015. The aim of this review is to consolidate and present the data related to the aetiology and pathogenesis of cutaneous melanoma, thus rendering them easier to understand. In this article we will discuss these problems and the possible impacts on treatment for this disease.
Topics: Animals; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Melanoma; Risk Factors; Signal Transduction; Skin; Skin Neoplasms; Melanoma, Cutaneous Malignant
PubMed: 34203771
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126395 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath structure. The loss of... (Review)
Review
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by destruction of the myelin sheath structure. The loss of myelin leads to damage of a neuron's axon and cell body, which is identified as brain lesions on magnetic resonance image (MRI). The pathogenesis of MS remains largely unknown. However, immune mechanisms, especially those linked to the aberrant lymphocyte activity, are mainly responsible for neuronal damage. Th1 and Th17 populations of lymphocytes were primarily associated with MS pathogenesis. These lymphocytes are essential for differentiation of encephalitogenic CD8 T cell and Th17 lymphocyte crossing the blood brain barrier and targeting myelin sheath in the CNS. B-lymphocytes could also contribute to MS pathogenesis by producing anti-myelin basic protein antibodies. In later studies, aberrant function of Treg and Th9 cells was identified as contributing to MS. This review summarizes the aberrant function and count of lymphocyte, and the contributions of these cell to the mechanisms of MS. Additionally, we have outlined the novel MS therapeutics aimed to amend the aberrant function or counts of these lymphocytes.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental; Multiple Sclerosis; Myelin Sheath; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 36211343
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.996469 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2020Psoriasis is an immune cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease. The interleukin (IL)23/IL17 axis plays an important role in the development of psoriasis. The... (Review)
Review
Psoriasis is an immune cell-mediated inflammatory skin disease. The interleukin (IL)23/IL17 axis plays an important role in the development of psoriasis. The effectiveness of biologic treatments such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α inhibitors (infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol), IL23 inhibitors (ustekinumab, guselkumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab), and IL17 inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab, brodalumab) have verified these findings. Immune-related cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, in addition to Toll-like receptors and cytokines such as interferon (IFN)α, TNFα, IFNɤ, IL12, IL22, IL23, and IL17, are related to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Here, we first review new insights regarding the pathogenesis of psoriasis, as it relates to DCs, Langerhans cells, macrophages, the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor in cutaneous vascular endothelial cells. Based on these findings, we summarize currently available oral treatments and biologics. Furthermore, we describe a new treatment option including Janus kinase inhibitor, tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor, modulator of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1, and Rho-associated kinase 2 inhibitor.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Dendritic Cells; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Psoriasis; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33050592
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207488 -
International Journal of Oral and... Nov 2022The treatment of odontogenic keratocysts is reviewed in light of the aetiology and pathogenesis of these lesions. The role of the dental lamina and submucosal hamartias,... (Review)
Review
The treatment of odontogenic keratocysts is reviewed in light of the aetiology and pathogenesis of these lesions. The role of the dental lamina and submucosal hamartias, as frequently seen in nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, is discussed, and the implications for treatment are emphasized.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Odontogenic Cysts; Odontogenic Tumors; Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome
PubMed: 35277291
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.02.005