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Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Endometriosis is a complex and heterogeneous disease affecting approximately 10% of reproductive age women. The hypothesis that alterations in the microbiota are... (Review)
Review
Endometriosis is a complex and heterogeneous disease affecting approximately 10% of reproductive age women. The hypothesis that alterations in the microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis has been postulated. Possible explanations for the implications of dysbiosis in endometriosis include the Bacterial Contamination hypothesis and immune activation, cytokine-impaired gut function, altered estrogen metabolism and signaling. Thus, dysbiosis, disrupt normal immune function, leading to the elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, compromised immunosurveillance and altered immune cell profiles, all of which may contribute to the pathogenesis of endometriosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the available literature data about the relationship between microbiota and endometriosis.
Topics: Female; Humans; Endometriosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Dysbiosis; Microbiota; Reproduction
PubMed: 36891056
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1140774 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Various theories for the hormonal basis of diabetes have been proposed and debated over the past few decades. Insulin insufficiency was previously regarded as the only... (Review)
Review
Various theories for the hormonal basis of diabetes have been proposed and debated over the past few decades. Insulin insufficiency was previously regarded as the only hormone deficiency directly leading to metabolic disorders associated with diabetes. Although glucagon and its receptor are ignored in this framework, an increasing number of studies have shown that they play essential roles in the development and progression of diabetes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of glucagon are still not clear. In this review, recent research on the mechanisms by which glucagon and its receptor contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as correlations between mutation rates in populations and the occurrence of diabetes are summarized. Furthermore, we summarize how recent research clearly establishes glucagon as a potential therapeutic target for diabetes.
Topics: Diabetes Mellitus; Glucagon; Humans; Insulin; Receptors, Glucagon
PubMed: 35784565
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.928016 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are known as extracellular fibers networks consisting of antimicrobial proteins and decondensated chromatin DNA released by... (Review)
Review
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are known as extracellular fibers networks consisting of antimicrobial proteins and decondensated chromatin DNA released by activated neutrophils. NETosis is a NETs-induced neutrophilic cell death which is unique from necrosis or apoptosis. Besides its neutralizing pathogen, NETosis plays a crucial role in diabetes and diabetes-related complications. In patients with diabetes, NETs-releasing products are significantly elevated in blood, and these findings confirm the association of NETosis and diabetic complications, including diabetic wound healing, diabetic retinopathy, and atherosclerosis. This article briefly summarizes the mechanisms of NETosis and discusses its contribution to the pathogenesis of diabetes-related complications and suggests new therapeutic targets by some small molecule compounds.
Topics: Humans; Neutrophils; Diabetic Retinopathy; Extracellular Traps; Apoptosis; Atherosclerosis; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 37600700
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1202463 -
Molecular Vision 2021Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the face skin. It is clinically classified into the following four subgroups depending on its location and... (Review)
Review
Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the face skin. It is clinically classified into the following four subgroups depending on its location and severity: erythematotelangiectatic, papulopustular, phymatous, and ocular. Rosacea is a multifactorial disease triggered by favoring factors, the pathogenesis of which remains imperfectly understood. Recognized mechanisms include the innate immune system, with the implication of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and cathelicidins; neurovascular deregulation involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, and neuropeptides; and dysfunction of skin sebaceous glands and ocular meibomian glands. Microorganisms, genetic predisposition, corticosteroid treatment, and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation are favoring factors. In this paper, we review the common and specific molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of cutaneous and ocular rosacea and discuss laboratory and clinical studies, as well as experimental models.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Eye Diseases; Humans; Models, Biological; Rosacea; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 34035646
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Microbiology, Immunology,... Apr 2021COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic... (Review)
Review
COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have many similarities, but also have differences in their genomic and phenotypic structure that can influence their pathogenesis. COVID-19 is containing single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA associated with a nucleoprotein within a capsid comprised of matrix protein. A typical CoV contains at least six ORFs in its genome. All the structural and accessory proteins are translated from the sgRNAs of CoVs. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 3'-terminus. The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important. This article highlights the most important of these features compared to other Betacoronaviruses.
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Pandemics; Phenotype; Phylogeny; SARS-CoV-2; Virulence; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32265180
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.03.022 -
Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) 2022Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is characterized by acute necrotizing inflammation with no calculi and is diagnosed based on imaging, intraoperative, and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is characterized by acute necrotizing inflammation with no calculi and is diagnosed based on imaging, intraoperative, and pathological examinations.
KEY MESSAGE
Although AAC has been studied clinically for a long time, it remains difficult to diagnose and treat. The pathogenesis of AAC is still not fully understood, and it is often regarded as a relatively independent clinical disease that is different from acute calculous cholecystitis (ACC). Pathological studies suggest that AAC is the manifestation of a critical systemic disease, while ACC is a local disease of the gallbladder.
SUMMARY
Concerning the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of AAC, we reviewed the research progress of AAC, which will enhance the understanding of the early diagnosis and treatment of AAC.
Topics: Acalculous Cholecystitis; Acute Disease; Cholecystitis, Acute; Humans
PubMed: 34657038
DOI: 10.1159/000520025 -
Kidney & Blood Pressure Research 2021Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP), also known as uraemic pruritus, is a disabling symptom for patients and a challenging condition for clinicians.... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Chronic kidney disease-associated pruritus (CKD-aP), also known as uraemic pruritus, is a disabling symptom for patients and a challenging condition for clinicians. Despite being common amongst end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients, it remains underestimated and underdiagnosed. The exact pathogenesis remains largely elusive, which hampers the synthesis of a definite treatment approach.
SUMMARY
Chronic pruritus (lasting 6 weeks or more in duration) is a common and potentially disabling symptom in patients with advanced CKD. A unified hypothesis of pathogenesis has not yet been concluded. Studies have shown changes in the immunochemical milieu of the skin in patients with CKD-aP with several inciting stimuli identified. However, other unrecognized factors are likely to be involved. This article will review the current observations and understanding of the postulated pathogenesis of CKD-aP, as well as the evidence for current management strategies. Key Messages: CKD-aP is a common and troubling symptom amongst ESKD patients that is associated with decreased quality of life and poor prognosis. Its exact pathogenesis, at the time of writing, is not well-understood. A stepwise approach is recommended for management. Systematic reviews show the largest body of evidence was found for the effectiveness of gabapentin. Comparison is needed between newly emerging pharmacological agents such as kappa-opioid receptor agonists and more established agents, such as the gabapentinoids. Finally, renal transplantation should be considered in severe and refractory cases who are suitable transplant candidates as it has shown an excellent outcome in most cases.
Topics: Disease Management; Disease Progression; Humans; Kidney Failure, Chronic; Pruritus; Quality of Life; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 34515143
DOI: 10.1159/000518391 -
Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2020Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common chronic oral mucosal lesion affecting up to 25% of the population. The diagnosis is based on well-defined clinical... (Review)
Review
Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common chronic oral mucosal lesion affecting up to 25% of the population. The diagnosis is based on well-defined clinical characteristics, but the precise aetiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. The treatment of RAS should be based on the identification and control of possible predisposing factors. A wide range of topical medicaments is available as antiseptics, anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. The systemic treatment is indicated in patients with continuous and aggressive manifestation, which is extremely rare in children. The present article provides a review of the current concept and knowledge of the aetiology, pathogenesis, and management of RAS in the paediatric population.
Topics: Child; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Recurrence; Stomatitis, Aphthous
PubMed: 33355074
DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2020.56 -
The mechanism and therapeutic strategies for neovascular glaucoma secondary to diabetic retinopathy.Frontiers in Endocrinology 2023Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a devastating secondary glaucoma characterized by the appearance of neovascular over the iris and the proliferation of fibrovascular tissue... (Review)
Review
Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a devastating secondary glaucoma characterized by the appearance of neovascular over the iris and the proliferation of fibrovascular tissue in the anterior chamber angle. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is one of the leading causes of NVG. Currently increasing diabetes population drive the prevalence rate of NVG into a fast-rising lane. The pathogenesis underlying NVG makes it refractory to routine management for other types of glaucoma in clinical practice. The combination of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, anti-glaucoma drugs, surgical intervention as well as blood glucose control is needed. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment in time are crucial in halting the neovascularization process and preserving vision. This review provides an overview of NVG secondary to diabetic retinopathy (DR), including the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management, so as to provide a better understanding as well as potential therapeutic strategies for future treatment.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Retinopathy; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A; Glaucoma, Neovascular; Laser Coagulation; Retina; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 36755912
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1102361 -
Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism Feb 2022Behçet's disease (BD) is an auto-inflammatory disease, primarily characterized by recurrent painful mucocutaneous ulcerations. (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Behçet's disease (BD) is an auto-inflammatory disease, primarily characterized by recurrent painful mucocutaneous ulcerations.
METHODS
A literature search was performed to write a narrative review into the pathogenesis and current treatment options of BD.
RESULTS
The pathogenesis of BD remains to be elucidated, but is considered a genetically primed disease in which an external trigger causes immune activation resulting in inflammatory symptoms. GWAS data show an association between multiple genetic polymorphisms (HLA-B51, ERAP1, IL10 and IL23R-IL12RB2) and increased susceptibility to BD. Bacteria as streptococci, an unbalanced microbiome or molecular mimicry trigger the inflammation in BD. Increased production or responsiveness of pro-inflammatory components of the innate immune response (TLR, neutrophils, NK-cells or γδ T-cells) to these triggers may be a crucial step in the pathogenesis of BD. Additionally to an increased autoinflammatory response there is evidence of a dysregulated adaptive immune system, with a disturbed Th1/Th2 balance, expansion of Th17 cells and possibly a decrease in regulatory T cells, resulting in a surplus in pro-inflammatory cytokines. The inflammation causes a typical clinical phenotype including orogenital ulcerations, uveitis and skin lesions. Treatment is aimed at the aberrations found in the innate (neutrophils and γδ-T cells) and adaptive immune system (TNF-α, INF-γ, IL-1), directed at organ involvement and individualized based on patient characteristics.
CONCLUSION
We presented an extensive review into the pathogenesis and treatment options of BD.
Topics: Aminopeptidases; Behcet Syndrome; HLA-B51 Antigen; Humans; Inflammation; Minor Histocompatibility Antigens; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Uveitis
PubMed: 35038644
DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.151956