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Seminars in Immunopathology Aug 2020Preterm birth (PTB) complicates 5-18% of pregnancies globally and is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Most PTB is spontaneous and... (Review)
Review
Preterm birth (PTB) complicates 5-18% of pregnancies globally and is a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Most PTB is spontaneous and idiopathic, with largely undefined causes. To increase understanding of PTB, much research in recent years has focused on using animal models to recapitulate the pathophysiology of PTB. Dysfunctions of maternal immune adaptations have been implicated in a range of pregnancy pathologies, including PTB. A wealth of evidence arising from mouse models as well as human studies is now available to support that PTB results from a breakdown in fetal-maternal tolerance, along with excessive, premature inflammation. In this review, we examine the current knowledge of the bidirectional communication between fetal and maternal systems and its role in the immunopathogenesis of PTB. These recent insights significantly advance our understanding of the pathogenesis of PTB, which is essential to ultimately designing more effective strategies for early prediction and subsequent prevention of PTB.
Topics: Animals; Female; Fetus; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Inflammation; Models, Animal; Mothers; Pregnancy; Premature Birth
PubMed: 32894326
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00807-y -
Science China. Life Sciences Jul 2023With the exception of an extremely small number of cases caused by single gene mutations, most autoimmune diseases result from the complex interplay between... (Review)
Review
With the exception of an extremely small number of cases caused by single gene mutations, most autoimmune diseases result from the complex interplay between environmental and genetic factors. In a nutshell, etiology of the common autoimmune disorders is unknown in spite of progress elucidating certain effector cells and molecules responsible for pathologies associated with inflammatory and tissue damage. In recent years, population genetics approaches have greatly enriched our knowledge regarding genetic susceptibility of autoimmunity, providing us with a window of opportunities to comprehensively re-examine autoimmunity-associated genes and possible pathways. In this review, we aim to discuss etiology and pathogenesis of common autoimmune disorders from the perspective of human genetics. An overview of the genetic basis of autoimmunity is followed by 3 chapters detailing susceptibility genes involved in innate immunity, adaptive immunity and inflammatory cell death processes respectively. With such attempts, we hope to expand the scope of thinking and bring attention to lesser appreciated molecules and pathways as important contributors of autoimmunity beyond the 'usual suspects' of a limited subset of validated therapeutic targets.
Topics: Humans; Autoimmune Diseases; Immunity, Innate; Autoimmunity; Adaptive Immunity; Genetic Predisposition to Disease
PubMed: 36738430
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-2187-3 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening disease that predominantly affects very low birth weight preterm infants. Development of NEC in preterm infants is... (Review)
Review
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a life-threatening disease that predominantly affects very low birth weight preterm infants. Development of NEC in preterm infants is accompanied by high mortality. Surgical treatment of NEC can be complicated by short bowel syndrome, intestinal failure, parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease, and neurodevelopmental delay. Issues surrounding pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of NEC remain unclear. This review summarizes data on prenatal risk factors for NEC, the role of pre-eclampsia, and intrauterine growth retardation in the pathogenesis of NEC. The role of hypoxia in NEC is discussed. Recent data on the role of the intestinal microbiome in the development of NEC, and features of the metabolome that can serve as potential biomarkers, are presented. The phylum is known to be associated with NEC in preterm neonates, and the role of other bacteria and their metabolites in NEC pathogenesis is also discussed. The most promising approaches for preventing and treating NEC are summarized.
Topics: Infant; Pregnancy; Female; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Infant, Premature; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Enterocolitis, Necrotizing; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Fetal Growth Retardation; Hypoxia
PubMed: 36768793
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032471 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022Recently, the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus has made it a major chronic illness which poses a substantial threat to human health. The prevalence of... (Review)
Review
Recently, the increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus has made it a major chronic illness which poses a substantial threat to human health. The prevalence of osteoporosis among patients with diabetes mellitus has grown considerably. Diabetic bone disease is a secondary osteoporosis induced by diabetes mellitus. Patients with diabetic bone disease exhibit variable degrees of bone loss, low bone mineral density, bone microarchitecture degradation, and increased bone fragility with continued diabetes mellitus, increasing their risk of fracture and impairing their ability to heal after fractures. At present, there is extensive research interest in diabetic bone disease and many significant outcomes have been reported. However, there are no comprehensive review is reported. This review elaborates on diabetic bone disease in the aspects of characteristics, pathogenesis, and treatment.
Topics: Humans; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Bone Density; Osteoporosis; Bone Diseases; Fractures, Bone
PubMed: 36589835
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1052592 -
International Journal of Molecular... Oct 2021Endometriosis is a female reproductive disorder characterized by growth of uterine cells and tissue in distant sites. Around 2-10% of women experience this condition... (Review)
Review
Endometriosis is a female reproductive disorder characterized by growth of uterine cells and tissue in distant sites. Around 2-10% of women experience this condition during reproductive age, 35-50% of whom encounter fertility issues or pain. To date, there are no established methods for its early diagnosis and treatment, other than surgical procedures and scans. It is difficult to identify the disease at its onset, unless symptoms such as infertility and/or pain are present. Determining the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis is vital, not only to pave the way for early identification, but also for disease management and development of less invasive but successful treatment strategies. Endometriosis is characterized by cell proliferation, propagation, evasion of immunosurveillance, and invasive metastasis. This review reports the underlying mechanisms that are individually or collectively responsible for disease establishment and evolution. Treatment of endometriosis mainly involves hormone therapies, which may be undesirable or have their own repercussions. It is therefore important to devise alternative strategies that are both effective and cause fewer side effects. Use of phytochemicals may be one of them. This review focuses on pharmacological inhibitors that can be therapeutically investigated in terms of their effects on signaling pathways and/or mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Autophagy; Cytokines; Endometriosis; Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition; Female; Humans; Inflammation; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Receptors, Estrogen
PubMed: 34769130
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111700 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a severe adverse event and a leading cause of transfusion-associated death. Its poor associated prognosis is due, in... (Review)
Review
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a severe adverse event and a leading cause of transfusion-associated death. Its poor associated prognosis is due, in large part, to the current dearth of effective therapeutic strategies. Hence, an urgent need exists for effective management strategies for the prevention and treatment of associated lung edema. Recently, various preclinical and clinical studies have advanced the current knowledge regarding TRALI pathogenesis. In fact, the application of this knowledge to patient management has successfully decreased TRALI-associated morbidity. This article reviews the most relevant data and recent progress related to TRALI pathogenesis. Based on the existing two-hit theory, a novel three-step pathogenesis model composed of a priming step, pulmonary reaction, and effector phase is postulated to explain the process of TRALI. TRALI pathogenesis stage-specific management strategies based on clinical studies and preclinical models are summarized with an explication of their models of prevention and experimental drugs. The primary aim of this review is to provide useful insights regarding the underlying pathogenesis of TRALI to inform the development of preventive or therapeutic alternatives.
Topics: Humans; Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury; Transfusion Reaction; Blood Transfusion; Lung; Pulmonary Edema
PubMed: 37251400
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175387 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), often considered the prototype of autoimmune diseases, is characterized by over-activation of the autoimmune system with abnormal... (Review)
Review
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), often considered the prototype of autoimmune diseases, is characterized by over-activation of the autoimmune system with abnormal functions of innate and adaptive immune cells and the production of a large number of autoantibodies against nuclear components. Given the highly complex and heterogeneous nature of SLE, the pathogenesis of this disease remains incompletely understood and is presumed to involve both genetic and environmental factors. Currently, disturbance of the gut microbiota has emerged as a novel player involved in the pathogenesis of SLE. With in-depth research, the understanding of the intestinal bacteria-host interaction in SLE is much more comprehensive. Recent years have also seen an increase in metabolomics studies in SLE with the attempt to identify potential biomarkers for diagnosis or disease activity monitoring. An intricate relationship between gut microbiome changes and metabolic alterations could help explain the mechanisms by which gut bacteria play roles in the pathogenesis of SLE. Here, we review the role of microbiota dysbiosis in the aetiology of SLE and how intestinal microbiota interact with the host metabolism axis. A proposed treatment strategy for SLE based on gut microbiome (GM) regulation is also discussed in this review. Increasing our understanding of gut microbiota and their function in lupus will provide us with novel opportunities to develop effective and precise diagnostic strategies and to explore potential microbiota-based treatments for patients with lupus.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Disease Models, Animal; Dysbiosis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
PubMed: 34335588
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686501 -
The Indian Journal of Medical Research Oct 2019Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations are diverse including... (Review)
Review
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder predominantly affecting women of reproductive age. Clinical manifestations are diverse including hyperandrogenism, anovulation, infertility and increased risk of metabolic diseases besides psychosocial dysfunction. This review provides information on the problem of PCOS in India, its pathophysiology, genetics and an overview of current management options to instigate further research in this field. Prevalence of PCOS in India ranges from 3.7 to 22.5 per cent depending on the population studied and the criteria used for diagnosis. Abnormalities in leptin-adiponectin (adipocyte biology), oxidative stress and autoimmunity are among the mechanisms studied regarding pathogenesis of PCOS. Many candidate gene studies have shown associations with PCOS in various studies. Studies have consistently demonstrated the relationship between the well-known manifestation of hyperandrogenism among Indian PCOS women and the metabolic morbidities including insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and cardiovascular risk. Management of individual components of PCOS can be achieved by medications or surgical methods, though further clarification regarding pathogenesis of PCOS is needed to sharpen our therapeutic armamentarium.
Topics: Female; Humans; India; Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
PubMed: 31823915
DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1937_17 -
Renal Failure Dec 2023Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes and has become the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. The pathogenesis of DKD is complicated,... (Review)
Review
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a common complication of diabetes and has become the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. The pathogenesis of DKD is complicated, and oxidative stress is considered as a core of DKD onset. High glucose can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) the polyol, PKC, AGE/RAGE and hexosamine pathways, resulting in enhanced oxidative stress response. In this way, pathways such as PI3K/Akt, TGF-β1/p38-MAPK and NF-κB are activated, inducing endothelial cell apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy and fibrosis that cause histologic and functional abnormalities of the kidney and finally result in kidney injury. Presently, the treatment for DKD remains an unresolved issue. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages for DKD prevention and treatment attributed to its multi-target, multi-component, and multi-pathway characteristics. Numerous studies have proved that Chinese herbs (e.g., Golden Thread, Kudzuvine Root, Tripterygium glycosides, and Ginseng) and patent medicines (e.g., Shenshuaining Tablet, Compound Rhizoma Coptidis Capsule, and Zishen Tongluo Granule) are effective for DKD treatment. The present review described the role of oxidative stress in DKD pathogenesis and the effect of TCM intervention for DKD prevention and treatment, in an attempt to provide evidence for clinical practice.
Topics: Humans; Diabetic Nephropathies; Medicine, Chinese Traditional; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Oxidative Stress; Kidney; Diabetes Mellitus
PubMed: 36762989
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2022.2146512 -
Environmental Health and Preventive... Oct 2020Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is the most prevalent occupational disease in the world. The goal of this study was to review the epidemiology,... (Review)
Review
Occupational noise-induced hearing loss (ONIHL) is the most prevalent occupational disease in the world. The goal of this study was to review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and preventive measures of ONIHL among workers and provide evidence for the implementation of control measures. Literature studies were identified from the MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using the search terms "noise-induced hearing loss" "prevalence", "pathogenesis", and "preventive measures". The articles reviewed in this report were limited from 2000 to 2020. Articles that were not published in the English language, manuscripts without an abstract, and opinion articles were excluded. After a preliminary screening, all of the articles were reviewed and synthesized to provide an overview of the current status of ONIHL among workers. The mechanism of ONIHL among workers is a complex interaction between environmental and host factors (both genetic and acquired factors). The outcomes of noise exposure are different among individual subjects. Clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate the treatment effect of antioxidants on ONIHL. Noise exposure may contribute to temporary or permanent threshold shifts; however, even temporary threshold shifts may predispose an individual to eventual permanent hearing loss. Noise prevention programs are an important preventive measure in reducing the morbidity of ONIHL among workers.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Female; Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Noise; Occupational Diseases; Prevalence; Young Adult
PubMed: 33129267
DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00906-0