-
Molecular Biology Reports Mar 2023Meniere Disease (MD) is an idiopathic inner ear disease with complex etiology and pathogenesis, which is still unclear. With the development in gene analysis technology,... (Review)
Review
Meniere Disease (MD) is an idiopathic inner ear disease with complex etiology and pathogenesis, which is still unclear. With the development in gene analysis technology, the genetic research of MD has attracted extensive attention, resulting in a large number of studies on the research of the relationship between human genes and MD. This paper aims to review the studies on this topic in recent years. The studies mainly focused on the genetics of familial MD and the correlation between MD and potentially related functional genes. The results of these studies have demonstrated the complexity and diversity of the pathogenesis of MD with both genetic and epigenetic alterations, suggesting that MD might be related to inflammation, immunity, aqua and ion balance in the lymphatic fluid, virus infection, metabolism, and abnormal function of nerve conduction. The finding of rare mutations in TECTA, MYO7A and OTOG genes and other genes such as CDH23, PCDH15 and ADGRV1 in the same families suggest that the integrity of the stereocilia and their interaction with the tectorial and otolithic membranes could be involved in the pathophysiology of familial MD.
Topics: Humans; Meniere Disease; Alleles; Mutation
PubMed: 36565421
DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08149-8 -
ESC Heart Failure Dec 2022Atrial cardiomyopathy refers to structural and electrical remodelling of the atria, which can lead to impaired mechanical function. While historical studies have... (Review)
Review
Atrial cardiomyopathy refers to structural and electrical remodelling of the atria, which can lead to impaired mechanical function. While historical studies have implicated atrial fibrillation as the leading cause of cardioembolic stroke, atrial cardiomyopathy may be an important, underestimated contributor. To date, the relationship between atrial cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and cardioembolic stroke remains obscure. This review summarizes the pathogenesis of atrial cardiomyopathy, with a special focus on neurohormonal and inflammatory mechanisms, as well as the role of adipose tissue, especially epicardial fat in atrial remodelling. It reviews the current evidence implicating atrial cardiomyopathy as a cause of embolic stroke, with atrial fibrillation as a lagging marker of an increased thrombogenic atrial substrate. Finally, it discusses the potential of antithrombotic therapy in embolic stroke with undetermined source and appraises the available diagnostic techniques for atrial cardiomyopathy, including imaging techniques such as echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging as well as electroanatomic mapping, electrocardiogram, biomarkers, and genetic testing. More prospective studies are needed to define the relationship between atrial cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and embolic stroke and to establish a prompt diagnosis and specific treatment strategies in these patients with atrial cardiomyopathy for the secondary and even primary prevention of embolic stroke.
Topics: Humans; Atrial Fibrillation; Embolic Stroke; Stroke; Cardiomyopathies; Heart Atria
PubMed: 35920287
DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14089 -
Journal of Atherosclerosis and... Mar 2022Iron is an important element for life; however, intracellular labile iron overload can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and cellular damage. Although... (Review)
Review
Iron is an important element for life; however, intracellular labile iron overload can lead to the generation of reactive oxygen species and cellular damage. Although iron is mainly utilized for heme synthesis and is incorporated into hemoglobin, body iron status is often implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. In a cell, iron is used for basic processes such as cell growth, maintenance, and repair. Thus, iron is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. In fact, clinical and experimental studies have shown an association between iron and arteriosclerosis. These data suggest the crosstalk between iron and arteriosclerosis. However, iron metabolism in arteriosclerosis is often complicated, and the systemic and cellular mechanisms of iron homeostasis in arteriosclerosis remain completely unsolved. Thus, in this review, we aimed to examine the role of iron in arteriosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Arteriosclerosis; Homeostasis; Humans; Iron Overload; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 34421089
DOI: 10.5551/jat.RV17060 -
Irish Journal of Medical Science Aug 2022Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has claimed the lives of millions of people globally. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has claimed the lives of millions of people globally.
AIMS
This study aims to identify the pathological findings at autopsy of asymptomatic COVID-19 death, to compare the incidence of acute bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism (ABPTE) in asymptomatic COVID-19 deaths versus non-COVID-19 deaths and to explore the possible pathogenesis of thrombosis in COVID-19. We also consider the place of COVID-19 in the death certification of 4 cases who died from ABPTE.
METHODS
This study primarily reviewed post-mortem reports of 6 asymptomatic COVID-19 deaths. Post-mortem reports for the years 2019 and 2020 were also reviewed to establish the incidence of ABPTE. Each post-mortem report was reviewed for gross examination, histology and toxicology findings. A literature review on COVID-19 autopsy findings, COVID-19 pathogenesis, thrombosis in COVID-19 and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection was also conducted using PubMed.
RESULTS
Of the 6 asymptomatic COVID-19 deaths, 4 died as a result of ABPTE, 1 died of ischaemic and hypertensive cardiac disease caused by coronary artery disease and ventricular hypertrophy and the remaining case died of heart failure due to dilated cardiomyopathy caused by subendocardial fibrosis. There were 2 cases of bilateral pulmonary thromboembolism (BPTE) in 2019 out of 140 post-mortems. Excluding the 4 cases of ABPTE described already, there was 1 case of ABPTE in 2020 out of 156 post-mortems. A literature review on the pathogenesis of thrombosis in COVID-19 highlighted the significant role that the endothelium plays.
CONCLUSIONS
Massive pulmonary thromboembolism may be a significant cause of death in asymptomatic COVID-19 infection.
Topics: Autopsy; COVID-19; Humans; Pulmonary Embolism; SARS-CoV-2; Thrombosis
PubMed: 34482482
DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02735-8 -
Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao.... Jun 2022Pruritus is a common symptom of most primary skin diseases and some systemic diseases. Despite the high incidence of pruritus in patients with psoriasis,the specific... (Review)
Review
Pruritus is a common symptom of most primary skin diseases and some systemic diseases. Despite the high incidence of pruritus in patients with psoriasis,the specific pathogenesis is complex and unclear. The occurrence and development of skin pruritus in psoriasis patients involve the joint participation of nervous,immune,endocrine,and vascular systems.This article reviews the mediators related to the pathogenesis of pruritus in psoriasis,aiming to improve the understanding of itching symptoms and the treatment of pruritus.
Topics: Anxiety; Humans; Pruritus; Psoriasis; Skin
PubMed: 35791955
DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000.503X.13448 -
Mechanism-based target therapy in primary biliary cholangitis: opportunities before liver cirrhosis?Frontiers in Immunology 2023Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated liver disease characterized by cholestasis, biliary injuries, liver fibrosis, and chronic non-suppurative... (Review)
Review
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an immune-mediated liver disease characterized by cholestasis, biliary injuries, liver fibrosis, and chronic non-suppurative cholangitis. The pathogenesis of PBC is multifactorial and involves immune dysregulation, abnormal bile metabolism, and progressive fibrosis, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and liver failure. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) and obeticholic acid (OCA) are currently used as first- and second-line treatments, respectively. However, many patients do not respond adequately to UDCA, and the long-term effects of these drugs are limited. Recent research has advanced our understanding the mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC and greatly facilitated development of novel drugs to target mechanistic checkpoints. Animal studies and clinical trials of pipeline drugs have yielded promising results in slowing disease progression. Targeting immune mediated pathogenesis and anti-inflammatory therapies are focused on the early stage, while anti-cholestatic and anti-fibrotic therapies are emphasized in the late stage of disease, which is characterized by fibrosis and cirrhosis development. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that currently, there exists a dearth of therapeutic options that can effectively impede the progression of the disease to its terminal stages. Hence, there is an urgent need for further research aimed at investigating the underlying pathophysiology mechanisms with potential therapeutic effects. This review highlights our current knowledge of the underlying immunological and cellular mechanisms of pathogenesis in PBC. Further, we also address current mechanism-based target therapies for PBC and potential therapeutic strategies to improve the efficacy of existing treatments.
Topics: Animals; Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary; Ursodeoxycholic Acid; Cholangitis; Cholestasis; Fibrosis
PubMed: 37325634
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1184252 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023
Topics: Animals; Humans; Poultry; Livestock; Communicable Diseases
PubMed: 37496807
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1249034 -
Seminars in Immunopathology Aug 2020
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Premature Birth
PubMed: 32960305
DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00809-w -
International Journal of Ophthalmology 2022Neovascular glaucoma is defined as iris and/or anterior chamber angle neovascularization associated with increased intraocular pressure. It is a secondary glaucoma that... (Review)
Review
Neovascular glaucoma is defined as iris and/or anterior chamber angle neovascularization associated with increased intraocular pressure. It is a secondary glaucoma that is most frequently caused by severe retinal ischemia. The most common diseases responsible for the development of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, ischemic central retinal vein occlusion, and ocular ischemic syndrome. Uncommon causes include ocular radiation, ocular tumors, uveitis and other miscellaneous conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important and likely predominant agent involved in the pathogenesis of intraocular neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma. The evolution of clinical and histopathological changes from predisposing conditions to the occurrence of rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma is divided into four stages: prerubeosis, preglaucoma, open angle glaucoma, and angle-closure glaucoma.
PubMed: 35814894
DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2022.06.20 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2024The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive... (Review)
Review
The development of lymphoma is a complex multistep process that integrates numerous experimental findings and clinical data that have not yet yielded a definitive explanation. Studies of oncogenic viruses can help to deepen insight into the pathogenesis of lymphoma, and identifying associations between lymphoma and viruses that are established and unidentified should lead to cellular and pharmacologically targeted antiviral strategies for treating malignant lymphoma. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of lymphomas associated with hepatitis B and C, Epstein-Barr, and human immunodeficiency viruses as well as Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus clarify the current status of basic information and recent advances in the development of virus-associated lymphomas.
Topics: Humans; Lymphoma; Oncogenic Viruses; Herpesvirus 8, Human
PubMed: 38482011
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361009