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Virulence Dec 2023(GBS) is an important pathogenic bacteria that infected both aquatic animals and human beings, causing huge economic loss. The increasing cases of antibiotic-resistant...
(GBS) is an important pathogenic bacteria that infected both aquatic animals and human beings, causing huge economic loss. The increasing cases of antibiotic-resistant GBS impose challenges to treat such infection by antibiotics. Thus, it is highly demanded for the approach to tackle antibiotic resistance in GBS. In this study, we adopt a metabolomic approach to identify the metabolic signature of ampicillin-resistant GBS (AR-GBS) that ampicillin is the routine choice to treat infection by GBS. We find glycolysis is significantly repressed in AR-GBS, and fructose is the crucial biomarker. Exogenous fructose not only reverses ampicillin resistance in AR-GBS but also in clinic isolates including methicillin-resistant (MRSA) and NDM-1 expressing . The synergistic effect is confirmed in a zebrafish infection model. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the potentiation by fructose is dependent on glycolysis that enhances ampicillin uptake and the expression of penicillin-binding proteins, the ampicillin target. Our study demonstrates a novel approach to combat antibiotic resistance in GBS.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Streptococcus agalactiae; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Zebrafish; Streptococcal Infections; Ampicillin; Escherichia coli; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 36803528
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2180938 -
European Endodontic Journal May 2023This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and duration of antibiotic therapy with different regi- mens of antibiotics for patients presenting with primary and secondary...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and duration of antibiotic therapy with different regi- mens of antibiotics for patients presenting with primary and secondary endodontic infections.
METHODS
In a case series outcome study, all patients needing antibiotics due to endodontic infection were included. In patients with no history of hypersensitivity to penicillin, amoxicillin was used as the first-line antibiotic, followed by adding metronidazole if the symptoms did not show signs of recovery during the first 24 hours after prescribing the medication. If a patient did not respond to the combination of amoxicillin and metronidazole, amoxicillin was substituted with a parental penicillin G procaine. Patients who had sensitivity to penicillin received clindamycin. In cases where drainage was possible, the effect of the procedure on the success rate of antibiotic therapy was evaluated. All patients were asked to continue taking the antibiotic for up to two days following the relief of symptoms. Data were analysed by Chi-square, Fisher exact test, Indepen- dent t-test, and One-way ANOVA.
RESULTS
Over a period of 6 years, 97 patients were eligible to be included in this study. In patients with no history of sensitivity to penicillin (95.9% of the patients), 52.7% of patients on amoxicillin and 43% of patients on amoxicillin plus metronidazole overcame the endodontic infections. In addition, drainage significantly increased the success rate of antibiotic therapy when amoxicillin was prescribed (p=0.046). There were no significant differences between the gender, age, type of tooth, need for primary or secondary endodontic treatment, previous history of infection, need for drainage or duration of antibiotic consumption (p>0.05), and the success of antibiotic prescription. However, patients who received a single antibiotic (either amoxi- cillin or clindamycin) had significantly shorter average times for the recovery of symptoms (p<0.05).
CONCLUSION
Amoxicillin helped patients recover from endodontic infection symptoms in more than half of the cases. However, it is necessary to monitor the patients to understand if they should be needed further treatment, such as another antibiotic or drainage. (EEJ-2022-11-138).
Topics: Humans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clindamycin; Metronidazole; Amoxicillin; Penicillins
PubMed: 37257032
DOI: 10.14744/eej.2023.39306 -
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022This study aimed to compare the identification efficiency of metagenome next generation sequencing (mNGS) and traditional methods in detecting pathogens in patients with...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to compare the identification efficiency of metagenome next generation sequencing (mNGS) and traditional methods in detecting pathogens in patients with severe bacterial pneumonia (BP) and further analyze the drug resistance of common pathogens.
METHODS
A total of 180 patients with severe BP who were admitted to our hospital from June 2017 to July 2020 were selected as the research objects. Alveolar lavage fluid from the patients were collected, and pathogens were detected by the mNGS technology and traditional etiological detection technology. Common pathogens detected by mNGS were tested for the drug sensitivity test. The difference between mNGS and traditional detection method in the identification of pathogenic bacteria in severe BP patients was compared, and the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria were analyzed.
RESULTS
The positive rate of mNGS detection was 92.22%, which was significantly higher than that of the traditional culture method (58.33%, < 0.05). 347 strains of pathogenic bacteria were detected by mNGS, including 256 strains of Gram-negative bacteria (G), 89 strains of Gram-positive bacteria (G), and 2 strains of fungi. Among G bacteria, had higher resistance to piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, imipenem, levofloxacin, amikacin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and the lowest resistance to tigecycline. The resistance of to piperacillin/tazobactam and ceftazidime was higher. had low resistance to all the drugs. Escherichia coli had high drug resistance to most drugs, and the drug resistant rates to cefoperazone/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, ceftazidime, imipenem, and gentamicin were all more than 50.00%. G bacteria had high resistance to penicillin, azithromycin, amoxicillin and levofloxacin, and amoxicillin and levofloxacin had high resistance, up to 100.00%.
CONCLUSION
mNGS has high sensitivity for the identification of pathogenic bacteria in patients with BP. G bacteria were the main pathogens of BP, but both G and G bacteria had high resistance to a variety of antibacterial drugs.
Topics: Humans; Cefoperazone; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Sulbactam; Ceftazidime; Levofloxacin; Tigecycline; Amikacin; Azithromycin; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Imipenem; Intensive Care Units; Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Amoxicillin; Gentamicins; Ciprofloxacin
PubMed: 36262997
DOI: 10.1155/2022/6980091 -
Pharmacology Research & Perspectives Jun 2023We examined the patterns of antibiotic prescribing by medical and non-medical prescribers (dentists, nurse practitioners, and midwives) in Australia. We explored trends...
We examined the patterns of antibiotic prescribing by medical and non-medical prescribers (dentists, nurse practitioners, and midwives) in Australia. We explored trends in the dispensed use of antibiotics (scripts and defined daily dose [DDD] per 1000 population/day) by Australian prescribers over the 12-year period, 2005-2016. We obtained data on dispensed prescriptions of antibiotics from registered health professionals subsidized on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). There were 216.2 million medical and 7.1 million non-medical dispensed prescriptions for antibiotics over 12 years. The top four antibiotics for medical prescribers were doxycycline; amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, and cefalexin, constituting 80% of top 10 use in 2005 and 2016; the top three for non-medical were amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid and metronidazole (84% of top 10 use in 2016). The proportional increase in antibiotic use was higher for non-medical than medical prescribers. While medical prescribers preferentially prescribed broad-spectrum and non-medical prescribers moderate-spectrum antibiotics, there was a large increase in the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics over time by all prescribers. One in four medical prescriptions were repeats. Overprescribing of broad-spectrum antibiotics conflicts with national antimicrobial stewardship initiatives and guidelines. The proportional higher increase in antibiotic use by non-medical prescribers is a concern. To reduce inappropriate use of antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance, educational strategies targeted at all medical and non-medical prescribers are needed to align prescribing with current best practice within the scope of practice of respective prescribers.
Topics: Antimicrobial Stewardship; Australia; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Amoxicillin; Clavulanic Acid; Health Occupations; Primary Health Care
PubMed: 37282986
DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1106 -
Australian Dental Journal Dec 2019
Topics: Amoxicillin; Azithromycin; Chronic Periodontitis; Humans; Metronidazole; Root Planing
PubMed: 31721224
DOI: 10.1111/adj.12735 -
BMC Microbiology Oct 2022Compared to the clinical sector, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the food sector is relatively low. However, their presence in...
Compared to the clinical sector, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the food sector is relatively low. However, their presence in seafood is a significant public health concern. In India, fish and fishery products are maximally manually handled compared to other food products. In this study, 498 fish samples were collected under various conditions (fresh, chilled or dressed) and representatives from their surroundings. These samples were screened for the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, determining its antimicrobial resistance, MRSA and genetic profile. It is observed that 15.0% and 3.0% of the total samples were screened positive for S. aureus and MRSA, respectively. The S. aureus strain MRSARF-10 showed higher resistance to linezolid, co-trimoxazole, cefoxitin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, rifampicin, ampicillin/sulbactam and Piperacillin-tazobactam. This MRSA, spa type t021 and SCCmec type V strain isolated from dried ribbon fish (Family Trachipteridae) carried virulence factors for exoenzymes such as aureolysin, serine, toxin genes and a novel MLST ST 243, as revealed from its draft-genome sequence. This highly pathogenic, multidrug-resistant and virulent S. aureus novel strain is circulating in the environment with chances of spreading among the seafood workers and the environment. It is further suggested that Good Hygienic Practices recommended by World Health Organization need to be followed during the different stages of seafood processing to provide pathogen-free fish and fishery products to the consumers.
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Cefoxitin; Gentamicins; Linezolid; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Ofloxacin; Piperacillin; Prevalence; Rifampin; Seafood; Serine; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Sulbactam; Tazobactam; Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 36183083
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02640-9 -
Scientific Reports May 2021Thienamycin, the first representative of carbapenem antibiotics was discovered in the mid-1970s from soil microorganism, Streptomyces cattleya, during the race to...
Thienamycin, the first representative of carbapenem antibiotics was discovered in the mid-1970s from soil microorganism, Streptomyces cattleya, during the race to discover inhibitors of bacterial peptidoglycan synthesis. Chemically modified into imipenem (N-formimidoyl thienamycin), now one of the most clinically important antibiotics, thienamycin is encoded by a thienamycin gene cluster composed of 22 genes (thnA to thnV) from S. cattleya NRRL 8057 genome. Interestingly, the role of all thn-genes has been experimentally demonstrated in the thienamycin biosynthesis, except thnS, despite its annotation as putative β-lactamase. Here, we expressed thnS gene and investigated its activities against various substrates. Our analyses revealed that ThnS belonged to the superfamily of metallo-β-lactamase fold proteins. Compared to known β-lactamases such as OXA-48 and NDM-1, ThnS exhibited a lower affinity and less efficiency toward penicillin G and cefotaxime, while imipenem is more actively hydrolysed. Moreover, like most MBL fold enzymes, additional enzymatic activities of ThnS were detected such as hydrolysis of ascorbic acid, single strand DNA, and ribosomal RNA. ThnS appears as a MBL enzyme with multiple activities including a specialised β-lactamase activity toward imipenem. Thus, like toxin/antitoxin systems, the role of thnS gene within the thienamycin gene cluster appears as an antidote against the produced thienamycin.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cefotaxime; Cephamycins; Penicillin G; Streptomyces; Thienamycins; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 33980996
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89600-x -
Archives of Razi Institute Apr 2022Medicinal herbs have been used as traditional treatments for many pathogens and extracted bioactive compounds from medicinal plants with a suitable therapeutic index for...
Medicinal herbs have been used as traditional treatments for many pathogens and extracted bioactive compounds from medicinal plants with a suitable therapeutic index for the production of new drugs. Moreover, they are utilized to evaluate different concentrations of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of leaves and antibiotics against bacteria isolated from the oral cavity. This study was conducted simultaneously at the Departments of Botany and Biology, Shatrah Hospital, Thi-Qar, Iraq, during March and August 2021. leaf extracts were utilized in the plant component examination and the assessment of the antibacterial activity. The bacterial strain of and was isolated from the oral cavity. To test the antibacterial impact of the extracts on bacteria, the agar well diffusion method was used. The phytochemical screening indicated the presence of Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Sapiens, Steroids, Tannins, Glycosides, and Carbohydrates, followed by the absence of Tannins in aqueous extract. Due to the leaf aqueous and methanol extract against , areas of inhibition were found (0.20 cm and 0.19 cm) at the concentration of 100 mg/ml, respectively. However, there were no regions of inhibition of the trend for both extracts. The sensitivity of bacterial isolates of and to antibiotics was also tested through Gentamicin, Amoxycillin, Azithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Penicillin, and Polymyxin B, and the regions of inhibition appeared against (0.5cm, 0 cm, 0.34 cm, 0.45 cm, 0 cm, and 0.12 cm, respectively). Furthermore, the regions of inhibition appeared against K. pneumoniae (3 cm, 0.3 cm, 0.4 cm, 0.55 cm, 0 cm, 0.66 cm, respectively). The antibiotics showed a higher inhibition zone, compared to the aqueous and alcoholic extracts; however, further studies are required to be conducted to validate its reliability.
Topics: Agar; Alkaloids; Amoxicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Averrhoa; Azithromycin; Bacteria; Ciprofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Flavonoids; Gentamicins; Glycosides; Methanol; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Mouth; Penicillins; Phytochemicals; Plant Extracts; Polymyxin B; Reproducibility of Results; Tannins; Humans
PubMed: 36284968
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.357207.1996 -
Pediatrics and Neonatology May 2023Peripheral intravenous catheters (PICs) are necessary for medication, nutrient, and fluid administration in pediatric patients. However, PICs are uneasy to access and...
BACKGROUND
Peripheral intravenous catheters (PICs) are necessary for medication, nutrient, and fluid administration in pediatric patients. However, PICs are uneasy to access and maintain in young infants. This study identified risk factors affecting the complications and patency of PICs.
METHODS
This retrospective cohort study included neonates and infants aged <4 months. All PICs inserted in the neonatal intensive care unit and intermediate care nursery were analyzed more than 5 months. The variables included gestational age, age and body weight at PIC insertion, insertion site, methods to maintain PIC patency (continuous intravenous drip [CIVD] versus intermittent flushing), fluid infusion rate and osmolarity, and ampicillin and cefotaxime concentrations. The effects of these variables on PIC complications and lifespan were assessed using binary logistic regression analysis and a general linear model, respectively.
RESULTS
In total, 315 PICs were analyzed. The mean indwelling time was 33.8 ± 21.5 h and complication rate was 82.2%. The most frequent complications were infiltration (55.9%) and leakage (22.2%). The infusion rate and method to maintain PICs significantly impacted PIC patency. A negative correlation was noted between the infusion rate and PIC patency, with the patency decreasing by 0.9 h (p = 0.047) on increasing the infusion rate by 1 mL/h. Notably, compared with intermittent flushing, CIVD using a hypertonic solution significantly decreased PIC patency by 14 h (p = 0.006). As the patients' age increased by a month, the complication risk decreased by 35% (p = 0.027). However, as the infusion rate increased by 1 mL/h, the complication risk increased by 17% (p = 0.018).
CONCLUSIONS
Intermittent flushing may be preferred over CIVD to preserve PIC patency. An increased infusion rate is correlated with decreased PIC patency and increased complications. For the peripheral administration of ampicillin, we recommended preparing final concentrations below 50 mg/dL to prevent PIC complications.
Topics: Infant; Infant, Newborn; Humans; Child; Infusions, Intravenous; Retrospective Studies; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal; Ampicillin; Catheters
PubMed: 36396543
DOI: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2022.07.011 -
Scientific Reports Jul 2023The dysbiotic biofilm of periodontitis may function as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogens of clinical relevance. This study explored the virulence and...
The dysbiotic biofilm of periodontitis may function as a reservoir for opportunistic human pathogens of clinical relevance. This study explored the virulence and antimicrobial susceptibility of staphylococci isolated from the subgingival biofilm of individuals with different periodontal conditions. Subgingival biofilm was obtained from 142 individuals with periodontal health, 101 with gingivitis and 302 with periodontitis, and cultivated on selective media. Isolated strains were identified by mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion. The mecA and virulence genes were surveyed by PCR. Differences among groups regarding species, virulence and antimicrobial resistance were examined by Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney tests. The overall prevalence of subgingival staphylococci was 46%, especially in severe periodontitis (> 60%; p < 0.01). S. epidermidis (59%) and S. aureus (22%) were the predominant species across groups. S. condimenti, S. hominis, S. simulans and S. xylosus were identified only in periodontitis. High rates of resistance/reduced sensitivity were found for penicillin (60%), amoxicillin (55%) and azithromycin (37%), but multidrug resistance was observed in 12% of the isolates. Over 70% of the mecA + strains in periodontitis were isolated from severe disease. Higher detection rates of fnB + isolates were observed in periodontitis compared to health and gingivitis, whereas luxF/luxS-pvl + strains were associated with sites with deep pockets and attachment loss (p < 0.05). Penicillin-resistant staphylococci is highly prevalent in the subgingival biofilm regardless of the periodontal status. Strains carrying virulence genes related to tissue adhesion/invasion, inflammation and cytotoxicity support the pathogenic potential of these opportunists in the periodontal microenvironment.
Topics: Humans; Staphylococcus; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Staphylococcus aureus; Virulence; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Periodontitis; Amoxicillin; Staphylococcus epidermidis; Gingivitis; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 37463947
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38599-4