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Gland Surgery Oct 2022The skin morphological characteristics of the Bama miniature pig are very similar to those of humans; thus, the Bama miniature pig is an ideal choice for establishing a...
BACKGROUND
The skin morphological characteristics of the Bama miniature pig are very similar to those of humans; thus, the Bama miniature pig is an ideal choice for establishing a skin burn model.
METHODS
In this study, 6 ordinary, male, Bama miniature pigs (weight: 23-28 kg and length: 71-75 cm) were used to establish burn models. A mixture of 1 mg of Ketamine and Sumianxin II was used for Bama miniature pigs anesthetizing, and 1 mg of Pentobarbital sodium was added as necessary. The different burn depths were made using a continuous pressure of 1 kg and contact times of 0 s, 10 s, 15 s, 20 s, 25 s, 30 s, 35 s, 40 s, and 45 s by the newly invented electronic burn instrument. The burned tissues were collected and examined with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and Masson staining.
RESULTS
Burning for 10-15 s caused a first-degree burn; the blood vessels in the superficial dermis were dilated and congested, and necrosis occurred above the basal layer of the epidermis. Burning for 20-25 s caused a superficial partial-thickness burn; the whole epidermal layer was necrotic, and the collagen fibers were slightly deformed. Burning for 30-35 s caused a deep partial-thickness burn; the whole epidermal layer and dermal layers were necrotic with leukocyte infiltration zones, and the collagen fibers were disordered, degenerated, and necrotized. Burning for 40-45 s caused a third-degree burn; the skin layers and adipose tissues were necrotic, and the thick blood vessels in the skin adipose tissues were full of disintegrated and agglutinated red blood cells.
CONCLUSIONS
Stable burn depth models of Bama miniature pigs were constructed using a new and innovative electronic burn instrument. Our findings provide a basis for further research on the burn mechanism and evaluations of therapeutic drugs.
PubMed: 36353590
DOI: 10.21037/gs-22-476 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Jul 2021Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus (RSE and SRSE) are life-threatening conditions requiring prompt initiation of appropriate treatment to avoid permanent... (Review)
Review
Refractory and super-refractory status epilepticus (RSE and SRSE) are life-threatening conditions requiring prompt initiation of appropriate treatment to avoid permanent neurological damage and reduce morbidity and mortality. RSE is defined as status epilepticus that persists despite administering at least two appropriately dosed parenteral medications, including a benzodiazepine. SRSE is status epilepticus that persists at least 24 h after adding at least one appropriately dosed continuous anesthetic (i.e., midazolam, propofol, pentobarbital, and ketamine). Other therapeutic interventions include immunotherapy, neuromodulation, ketogenic diet, or even surgical intervention in certain cases. Continuous electroencephalogram is an essential monitoring tool for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we focus on the diagnosis and treatment of RSE and SRSE.
PubMed: 34300194
DOI: 10.3390/jcm10143028 -
Neuroscience Letters Apr 2023Pentobarbital-induced anesthesia is believed to be mediated by enhancement of the inhibitory action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the central nervous...
Pentobarbital-induced anesthesia is believed to be mediated by enhancement of the inhibitory action of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether all components of anesthesia induced by pentobarbital, such as muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and immobility in response to noxious stimuli, are mediated only through GABAergic neurons. Thus, we examined whether the indirect GABA and glycine receptor agonists gabaculine and sarcosine, respectively, the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine, or the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor channel blocker MK-801 could enhance pentobarbital-induced components of anesthesia. Muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and immobility were evaluated by grip strength, the righting reflex, and loss of movement in response to nociceptive tail clamping, respectively, in mice. Pentobarbital reduced grip strength, impaired the righting reflex, and induced immobility in a dose-dependent manner. The change in each behavior induced by pentobarbital was roughly consistent with that in electroencephalographic power. A low dose of gabaculine, which significantly increased endogenous GABA levels in the central nervous system but had no effect on behaviors alone, potentiated muscle relaxation, unconsciousness, and immobility induced by low pentobarbital doses. A low dose of MK-801 augmented only the masked muscle-relaxing effects of pentobarbital among these components. Sarcosine enhanced only pentobarbital-induced immobility. Conversely, mecamylamine had no effect on any behavior. These findings suggest that each component of anesthesia induced by pentobarbital is mediated through GABAergic neurons and that pentobarbital-induced muscle relaxation and immobility may partially be associated with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonism and glycinergic neuron activation, respectively.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate; Pentobarbital; Dizocilpine Maleate; Sarcosine; Mecamylamine; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid; Unconsciousness
PubMed: 36907265
DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137175 -
British Journal of Anaesthesia Jan 2023Sedation techniques and drugs are increasingly used in children undergoing imaging procedures. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we present an overview of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Sedation techniques and drugs are increasingly used in children undergoing imaging procedures. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we present an overview of literature concerning sedation of children aged 0-8 yr for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures using needle-free pharmacological techniques.
METHODS
Embase, MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases were systematically searched for studies on the use of needle-free pharmacological sedation techniques for MRI procedures in children aged 0-8 yr. Studies using i.v. or i.m. medication or advanced airway devices were excluded. We performed a meta-analysis on sedation success rate. Secondary outcomes were onset time, duration, recovery, and adverse events.
RESULTS
Sixty-seven studies were included, with 22 380 participants. The pooled success rate for oral chloral hydrate was 94% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.91-0.96); for oral chloral hydrate and intranasal dexmedetomidine 95% (95% CI: 0.92-0.97); for rectal, oral, or intranasal midazolam 36% (95% CI: 0.14-0.65); for oral pentobarbital 99% (95% CI: 0.90-1.00); for rectal thiopental 92% (95% CI: 0.85-0.96); for oral melatonin 75% (95% CI: 0.54-0.89); for intranasal dexmedetomidine 62% (95% CI: 0.38-0.82); for intranasal dexmedetomidine and midazolam 94% (95% CI: 0.78-0.99); and for inhaled sevoflurane 98% (95% CI: 0.97-0.99).
CONCLUSIONS
We found a large variation in medication, dosage, and route of administration for needle-free sedation. Success rates for sedation techniques varied between 36% and 98%.
Topics: Child; Humans; Hypnotics and Sedatives; Midazolam; Dexmedetomidine; Administration, Oral; Chloral Hydrate; Administration, Intranasal; Conscious Sedation
PubMed: 36283870
DOI: 10.1016/j.bja.2022.09.007 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Sleep is a restorative period that plays a crucial role in the physiological functioning of the body, including that of the immune system, memory processing, and...
Sleep is a restorative period that plays a crucial role in the physiological functioning of the body, including that of the immune system, memory processing, and cognition. Sleep disturbances can be caused by various physical, mental, and social problems. Recently, there has been growing interest in sleep. (MS, corn silk) is a female maize flower that is traditionally used as a medicinal plant to treat many diseases, including hypertension, edema, and diabetes. It is also used as a functional food in tea and other supplements. β-Sitosterol (BS) is a phytosterol and a natural micronutrient in higher plants, and it has a similar structure to cholesterol. It is a major component of MS and has anti-inflammatory, antidepressive, and sedative effects. However, the potential effects of MS on sleep regulation remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of MS on sleep in mice. The effects of MS on sleep induction were determined using pentobarbital-induced sleep and caffeine-induced sleep disruption mouse models. MS extracts decreased sleep latency and increased sleep duration in both the pentobarbital-induced sleep induction and caffeine-induced sleep disruption models compared to the positive control, valerian root extract. The butanol fraction of MS extracts decreased sleep latency time and increased sleep duration. In addition, β-sitosterol enhances sleep latency and sleep duration. Both MS extract and β-sitosterol increased alpha activity in the EEG analysis. We measured the mRNA expression of melatonin receptors 1 and 2 (MT1/2) using qRT-PCR. The mRNA expression of melatonin receptors 1 and 2 was increased by MS extract and β-sitosterol treatment in rat primary cultured neurons and the brain. In addition, MS extract increased the expression of clock genes including , , and in the brain. MS extract and β-sitosterol increased the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and αCaMKII. Our results demonstrate for the first time that MS has a sleep-promoting effect via melatonin receptor expression, which may provide new scientific evidence for its use as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of sleep disturbance.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Animals; Receptors, Melatonin; Plant Extracts; Sleep Wake Disorders; Sleep; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 36498940
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314612 -
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2020Sleep disorders are among the most common psychiatric and medical conditions. In the present study, the hypnotic effect of was studied in mice
OBJECTIVE
Sleep disorders are among the most common psychiatric and medical conditions. In the present study, the hypnotic effect of was studied in mice
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The hydro-alcoholic extract (HAE) of and three fractions of it, namely water fraction (WF), ethyl acetate fraction (EAF), and -hexane fraction (NHF), were intraperitoneally (ip) administrated to mice 30 min before injection of sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, ip). Then, 30 min after administration of HAE, motor coordination (rota-rod test) was evaluated. Besides, LD of HAE was determined and the cytotoxicity of HAE was evaluated in PC12 cells using the MTT assay.
RESULTS
HAE 50-200 mg/kg increased the sleeping time. EAF was the only fraction which could prolong the sleep duration and decrease sleep latency. The LD50 value was 4.8 g/kg. The extract induced no cytotoxic effects in PC12 cell line.
CONCLUSION
The results suggested that potentiates pentobarbital hypnosis without causing toxic effects. Probably, its effects are mediated by the components present in EAF of this plant.
PubMed: 31921609
DOI: No ID Found -
American Journal of Cancer Research 2023Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute infectious diseases caused by a variety of factors. The function of TTC4 in sepsis-induced lung injury remains largely unknown. This...
Acute lung injury (ALI) is an acute infectious diseases caused by a variety of factors. The function of TTC4 in sepsis-induced lung injury remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the critical role of TTC4 in sepsis-induced lung injury. Mice anaesthetized using pentobarbital sodium and subjected to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) surgery. TTC4 expression levels in patients with sepsis-induced lung injury were down-regulated. The inhibition of TTC4 gene promoted lung injury in mice model of sepsis. TTC4 gene improved inflammation in vitro model and mice model. TTC4 gene reduced pyroptosis in macrophages of sepsis-induced lung injury by the inhibition of mitochondrial damage. TTC4 gene induced HSP70 expression to reduce NLRP3-induced pyroptosis in macrophages. TTC4 protein interlinked HSP70 protein. The activation of HSP70 reduced the effects of sh-TTC4 in model of sepsis-induced lung injury through mitochondrial damage. m6A-forming enzyme METTL3 reduced TTC4 stability. Our study suggests the m6A forming enzyme METTL3 control TTC4 reduced inflammation and pyroptosis in model of sepsis-induced lung injury through inhibition of mitochondrial damage by HSP70/ROS/NLRP3 signaling pathway, TTC4 gene as an represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of sepsis-induced lung injury.
PubMed: 38058818
DOI: No ID Found -
Translational Neuroscience Jan 2021During the prodromal phase of schizophrenia with its complex and insidious clinical picture, electroencephalographic recordings detect widespread oscillation...
During the prodromal phase of schizophrenia with its complex and insidious clinical picture, electroencephalographic recordings detect widespread oscillation disturbances (or oscillopathies) during the wake-sleep cycle. Neural oscillations are electrobiomarkers of the connectivity state within systems. A single-systemic administration of ketamine, a non-competitive NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist, transiently reproduces the oscillopathies with a clinical picture reminiscent of the psychosis prodrome. This acute pharmacological model may help the research and development of innovative treatments against psychotic transition. Transcranial electrical stimulation is recognized as an appropriate non-invasive therapeutic modality since it can increase cognitive performance and modulate neural oscillations with little or no side effects. Therefore, our objective was to set up, in the sedated adult rat, a stimulation method that is able to normalize ketamine-induced increase in gamma-frequency (30-80 Hz) oscillations and decrease in sigma-frequency (10-17 Hz) oscillations. Unilateral and bipolar frontoparietal (FP), transcranial anodal stimulation by direct current (<+1 mA) was applied in ketamine-treated rats. A concomitant bilateral electroencephalographic recording of the parietal cortex measured the stimulation effects on its spontaneously occurring oscillations. A 5 min FP anodal tDCS immediately and quickly reduced, significantly with an intensity-effect relationship, the ketamine-induced gamma hyperactivity, and sigma hypoactivity at least in the bilateral parietal cortex. A duration effect was also recorded. The tDCS also tended to diminish the ketamine-induced delta hypoactivity. These preliminary neurophysiological findings are promising for developing a therapeutic proof-of-concept against neuropsychiatric disorders.
PubMed: 34239718
DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2020-0157 -
Journal of the American Association For... May 2020Euthanasia is one of the most commonly performed procedures in biomedical research, involving tens of millions of animals in North America and Europe every year. The use... (Review)
Review
Euthanasia is one of the most commonly performed procedures in biomedical research, involving tens of millions of animals in North America and Europe every year. The use of sodium pentobarbital, injected intraperitoneally, for killing rodents is described as an acceptable technique by the AVMA and CCAC euthanasia guidelines. This drug and route are recommended over inhalant anesthetics, carbon dioxide, and physical methods for ethical and aesthetic reasons as well as efficiency. However, a growing body of evidence challenges the efficacy and utility of intraperitoneal pentobarbital. This methodology has been described as inconsistent and may induce pain and stress. With these considerations in mind, a review of the literature is needed to assess the evidence surrounding this killing method, the associated welfare implications, and potential for refinement.
Topics: Anesthetics, Inhalation; Animal Welfare; Animals; Animals, Laboratory; Biomedical Research; Euthanasia, Animal; Guidelines as Topic; Injections, Intraperitoneal; Pain; Pentobarbital; Rodentia
PubMed: 32156325
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-19-000081 -
Biomedicine Hub 2022The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different anesthetic agents on electroretinograms (ERGs) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats (SDT fatty...
Differences in the Effects of Pentobarbital Anesthetic and Combination of Medetomidine Hydrochloride, Midazolam, and Butorphanol Tartrate Anesthetic on Electroretinogram in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii Fatty Rats.
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different anesthetic agents on electroretinograms (ERGs) in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii fatty rats (SDT fatty rats).
METHODS
The ERG recordings were measured under general anesthesia using pentobarbital or a combination of medetomidine hydrochloride, midazolam, and butorphanol (MMB) tartrate anesthesia in 12 9-week-old normal Sprague-Dawley rats (Jcl:SD rats) and 16 SDT fatty rats. Each animal model was divided into 2 groups, the pentobarbital group and MMB group. The amplitudes and peak times of the a- and b-waves and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were measured from 0.0001 candela per square meter (cd.s/m) to 10.0 cd.s/m.
RESULTS
The amplitude of the a-wave was significantly higher in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but there was no significant difference in amplitude between the two groups of SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP1 amplitude between both groups of Jcl:SD rats, but the OP1 amplitude was significantly higher in the MMB group of SDT fatty rats. The OP2 amplitude was significantly higher in the pentobarbital group in both the Jcl:SD rats and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the OP3 amplitude between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. The amplitude of the OP4 waves was significantly higher in the MMB group for both Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rats. There was no significant difference in the sums of the OP1 to OP4 (ΣOPs) amplitudes between the Jcl:SD and SDT fatty rat groups. There was no significant difference in the b-wave amplitude between the Jcl:SD rat groups, but the b-wave amplitude was significantly higher in the SDT fatty rats that received pentobarbital. The peak times for a-wave, OP1, OP2, OP3, OP4, and ΣOPs were significantly longer in the pentobarbital group of SD rats. The peak time of the b-wave was significantly longer in the MMB group of Jcl:SD rats, but the same result was obtained in the SDT fatty rats except that there was no significant difference in the a-wave.
CONCLUSION
The overall ERG results vary depending on the anesthetic agent used. The OPs can be observed in detail when using MMB. Since the SDT fatty rat is a diabetic model animal, we recommend MMB as the anesthesia of choice when studying the OP waves in detail.
PubMed: 36262406
DOI: 10.1159/000526189