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European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy :... Mar 2023
The PEPSIN project: design and validation of a self-administered questionnaire for the assessment of equivalence between pens and prefilled syringes in patients on subcutaneous biological drugs.
Topics: Humans; Pepsin A; Syringes; Medication Errors
PubMed: 35273003
DOI: 10.1136/ejhpharm-2022-003273 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Sep 2022The susceptibility of a novel food protein to digestion in the pepsin resistance test is widely used to inform the allergenicity risk assessment process. However, it... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
The susceptibility of a novel food protein to digestion in the pepsin resistance test is widely used to inform the allergenicity risk assessment process. However, it does not model the variation in the intragastric environment found in vivo. Consequently a 96-well plate format in vitro gastric digestion protocol has been developed with a high and low pepsin activity test executed at pH 1.2, 2.5, 5.5 and 6.5. It was used to analyse seven allergens (from milk, egg, peach and peanut) and two non-allergens (cytochrome c and zein). Digestion was monitored using SDS-PAGE and densitometry. In silico predictions were not confirmed experimentally for most of the proteins studied. Proteins were ranked according to half-life and showed susceptibility to digestion was related to the stability of protein structure and protein solubility rather than allergenicity per se. Highly digestible proteins, such as β-casein and Ara h 1, generated abundant resistant fragments Mr > 3.5 kDa in the low pepsin activity test which could be immunologically significant within the context of allergenicity risk assessment for susceptible groups such as infants. The high- and low pepsin activity tests used in this study provided complementary data to support allergenicity risk assessment and used only 10 mg protein.
Topics: Allergens; Arachis; Digestion; Food Hypersensitivity; Humans; Pepsin A; Proteins
PubMed: 35809717
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113273 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022The fish immune system is a topic or subject that offers a unique understanding of defensive system evolution in vertebrate heredity. While gut microbiota plays several...
The fish immune system is a topic or subject that offers a unique understanding of defensive system evolution in vertebrate heredity. While gut microbiota plays several roles in fish: well-being, promoting health and growth, resistance to bacterial invasion, regulation of energy absorption, and lipid metabolism. However, studies on fish gut microbiota face practical challenges due to the large number of fish varieties, fluctuating environmental conditions, and differences in feeding habits. This study was carried out to evaluate the impacts of supplemented three autochthonous strains, Bacillus sp. RCS1, Pantoea agglomerans RCS2, and Bacillus cereus RCS3 mixture diet on cobia fish (Rachycentron canadum). Also, chromatography, mass spectrometry and high throughput sequencing were combined to explore composition and metabolite profile of gut microbiota in juvenile cobia fed with supplemented diet. In the trial group, juvenile cobia received diets supplemented with 1 × 10 CFU mL autochthonous strains for ten weeks and a control diet without supplementation. Juvenile cobia receiving diets supplementation exhibited significantly improved growth than those without additives (control). Haematological indices, such as red blood cells, white blood cells, corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume, haemoglobin, and mean corpuscular haemoglobin, were higher in the supplemented group. Similarly, digestive enzymes (trypsin, lipase, amylase, pepsin and cellulose, activities) activities were higher in supplemented diet with an indigenous isolates mixture. Serum biochemical parameters albumin, globulin, and total protein were significantly higher, while triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and cholesterol showed no significant difference. On the other hand, glucose was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the group without supplementation. On gene expression in the midgut, Immunoglobulin, Colony-stimulating factor receptor 1, major histocompatibility complex 1 were up-regulated by native isolates while T cell receptor beta, and Major histocompatibility complex 2 showed no significant difference. Gut bacterial composition was altered in fish receiving supplemented diet with autochthonous strains. Metabolomics also revealed that some metabolic pathways were considerably enriched in fish fed with supplemented diet; pathway analysis based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment revealed that differentially expressed metabolites were involved in galactose metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, carbohydrate digestion and absorption, purine metabolism, and ABC transporters. Functional analysis of bacterial community showed that differences in enriched metabolic pathways generally comprised carbohydrate and its metabolites, nucleotide and its metabolites, amino acid and its metabolites, heterocyclic compounds, and tryptamines, cholines, pigments. The current investigation results showed that autochthonous strains mixture has significantly enhanced the growth, survival, and innate and adaptive immunities of juvenile cobia.
Topics: Animals; Alanine; Albumins; Alkaline Phosphatase; Amino Acids; Amylases; Animal Feed; Aspartate Aminotransferases; ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters; Cellulose; Cholesterol; Diet; Fishes; Galactose; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glucose; Lipase; Metabolome; Nucleotides; Pepsin A; Perciformes; Purines; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell; Receptors, Colony-Stimulating Factor; Triglycerides; Trypsin; Tryptamines; Tryptophan
PubMed: 36258024
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19663-x -
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry Jun 2020A simple and green approach was developed to extract the pepsin soluble collagen-II using the ultra-sonication treatment that significantly increased the extracted yield...
A simple and green approach was developed to extract the pepsin soluble collagen-II using the ultra-sonication treatment that significantly increased the extracted yield from chicken sternal cartilage (CSC). The pretreatment of raw CSC had positive effects on proximate composition. The maximum yield of pepsin soluble collagen was obtained by ultrasound treatment time 36 min (UPSCII36; 3.37 g) as compared to non-ultrasound treated pepsin soluble collagen at zero minutes (UPSCII0; 1.73 g) (control). The amino acid profile, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of UPSC were significantly (p < 0.05) improved by the application of ultrasound. The results showed the secondary structure of ultrasound treated PSC-II was partially altered as the ultra-sonication time prolonged. Moreover, ultrasound-treated collagen had superior functional properties such as water, oil absorption capacity, water holding capacity, foaming and emulsifying properties than non-ultrasound treated collagen. The poultry by-products CSC would be a potential source of land animal collagen-II. The utilization of ultrasound for the extraction of pepsin soluble collagen-II is a good alternative technology to expand the application of collagen at industrial level.
Topics: Animals; Cartilage; Chemical Fractionation; Chickens; Collagen Type II; Pepsin A; Protein Stability; Solubility; Sternum; Temperature; Ultrasonic Waves; Water
PubMed: 32173183
DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105053 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Pepsin, trypsin and proteinase K were used in the present study to hydrolyse the proteins from whole eggs, yolks or whites, and the resulting hydrolysates were...
Pepsin, trypsin and proteinase K were used in the present study to hydrolyse the proteins from whole eggs, yolks or whites, and the resulting hydrolysates were characterised in terms of antioxidant and IgE-binding properties, using a combination of in vitro and in silico methods. Based on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) results, the egg yolk proteins are better substrates for all the tested enzymes (DH of 6.2-20.1%) compared to those from egg whites (DH of 2.0-4.4%). The SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that pepsin and proteinase K were more efficient compared to trypsin in breaking the intramolecular peptide bonds of the high molecular weight egg proteins. For all the tested substrates, enzyme-assisted hydrolysis resulted in a significant increase in antioxidant activity, suggesting that many bioactive peptides are encrypted in inactive forms in the parent proteins. The hydrolysates obtained with proteinase K exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity (124-311 µM Trolox/g protein) and the lowest residual IgE-binding capacity. The bioinformatics tools revealed that proteinase K is able to break the integrity of the main linear IgE-binding epitopes from ovalbumin and ovomucoid. It can be concluded that proteinase K is a promising tool for modulating the intrinsic properties of egg proteins.
Topics: Antioxidants; Pepsin A; Trypsin; Endopeptidase K; Peptides; Egg Proteins; Hydrolysis; Immunoglobulin E; Protein Hydrolysates
PubMed: 38542963
DOI: 10.3390/molecules29061327 -
American Journal of Physiology. Lung... Apr 2020Chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with changes in extracellular matrix...
Chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are associated with changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) composition and abundance affecting the mechanical properties of the lung. This study aimed to generate ECM hydrogels from control, severe COPD [Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) IV], and fibrotic human lung tissue and evaluate whether their stiffness and viscoelastic properties were reflective of native tissue. For hydrogel generation, control, COPD GOLD IV, and fibrotic human lung tissues were decellularized, lyophilized, ground into powder, porcine pepsin solubilized, buffered with PBS, and gelled at 37°C. Rheological properties from tissues and hydrogels were assessed with a low-load compression tester measuring the stiffness and viscoelastic properties in terms of a generalized Maxwell model representing phases of viscoelastic relaxation. The ECM hydrogels had a greater stress relaxation than tissues. ECM hydrogels required three Maxwell elements with slightly faster relaxation times (τ) than that of native tissue, which required four elements. The relative importance (R) of the first Maxwell element contributed the most in ECM hydrogels, whereas for tissue the contribution was spread over all four elements. IPF tissue had a longer-lasting fourth element with a higher R than the other tissues, and IPF ECM hydrogels did require a fourth Maxwell element, in contrast to all other ECM hydrogels. This study shows that hydrogels composed of native human lung ECM can be generated. Stiffness of ECM hydrogels resembled that of whole tissue, while viscoelasticity differed.
Topics: Animals; Extracellular Matrix; Humans; Hydrogels; Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis; Lung; Pepsin A; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Swine; Vascular Stiffness; Viscosity
PubMed: 32048864
DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00451.2019 -
Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2022The current study aimed to estimate phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant activity, and gastroprotective activity of Sesamum indicum Linn ethanolic extract.
OBJECTIVE
The current study aimed to estimate phytochemical screening, in vitro antioxidant activity, and gastroprotective activity of Sesamum indicum Linn ethanolic extract.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The current study was held out by ulceration induced by pylorus ligation and indomethacin-induced ulcer screening models in Wister albino rats. The screening of antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of S. indicum leaves (EESIL) at the different amounts (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg; per orally for 7 days) was compared with omeprazole as a usual antiulcer drug. Additional parameters such as gastric content, pH, total acidity, pepsin activity ulcer score, free acidity, ulcer index (UI), % inhibition of ulcers, mean mucin, pepsin content, and total protein content were observed.
RESULTS
In the pylorus ligation model, the pepsin activity free acidity, pepsin content, UI, total acidity, ulcer score, total protein content, and percentage ulcer inhibition were considerably decreased (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01), and mean mucin and gastric content pH extensively elevated (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in EESIL tested groups in the comparison of the control group. Doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg p.o.) of EESIL showed dose-reliant gastro protective outcomes, a considerable (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) decrease in gastric parameters as UI and ulcer score and induction in gastric pH and percentage inhibition of ulcer compared with the control group.
CONCLUSION
Antioxidant, anti-Ulcer, EESIL, and EESIL show antioxidant activity at different concentration. The fallout of the study indicated that the EESIL had improved antiulcer potential due to the decrease in offensive factors and increase in defensive factors.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Rats, Wistar; Antioxidants; Pepsin A; Sesamum; Ethanol; Mucins; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 36722554
DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_98_22 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023Epithelial barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) related to symptom origination, inflammatory remodeling and carcinogenesis....
Epithelial barrier dysfunction is a hallmark of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) related to symptom origination, inflammatory remodeling and carcinogenesis. Alginate-based antireflux medications were previously shown to topically protect against peptic barrier disruption, yet the molecular mechanisms of injury and protection were unclear. Herein, Barrett's esophageal (BAR-T) cells were pretreated with buffered saline (HBSS; control), dilute alginate medications (Gaviscon Advance or Gaviscon Double Action, Reckitt Benckiser), a viscosity-matched placebo, or ADAM10 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors before exposure to HBSS pH7.4 or pH4 ± 1 mg/mL pepsin for 10-60 min. Cell viability was assessed by ATP assay; mediators of epithelial integrity, E-cadherin, ADAM10, and MMPs were examined by Western blot and qPCR. Alginate rescued peptic reduction of cell viability ( < 0.0001). Pepsin-pH4 yielded E-cadherin fragments indicative of regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP) which was not rescued by inhibitors of known E-cadherin sheddases. Transcriptional targets of E-cadherin RIP fragments were elevated at 24 h (; < 0.01). Alginate rescued E-cadherin cleavage, ADAM10 maturation, and MMP induction ( < 0.01). Results support RIP as a novel mechanism of peptic injury during GERD. Alginate residue after wash-out to mimic physiologic esophageal clearance conferred lasting protection against pepsin-induced molecular mechanisms that may exacerbate GERD severity and promote carcinogenesis in the context of weakly acidic reflux.
Topics: Humans; Pepsin A; Proteolysis; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Alginates; Cadherins; Carcinogenesis; Matrix Metalloproteinases
PubMed: 37175640
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097932 -
Minerva Gastroenterologica E Dietologica Sep 2020
Topics: Gastroesophageal Reflux; Humans; Pepsin A; Saliva
PubMed: 32327625
DOI: 10.23736/S1121-421X.20.02706-3 -
Marine Drugs Dec 2023Fish head byproducts derived from surimi processing contribute about 15% of the total body weight, which are beneficial to health because they contain essential...
Pepsin Hydrolysate from Surimi Industry-Related Olive Flounder Head Byproducts Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in RAW 264.7 Macrophages and In Vivo Zebrafish Model.
Fish head byproducts derived from surimi processing contribute about 15% of the total body weight, which are beneficial to health because they contain essential nutrients. In this study, olive flounder (OF) was the target species in order to maximize the byproduct utilization. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, the seven hydrolysates from OF head byproducts were examined for their inhibitory potential against inflammation and the oxidative stress induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The pepsin hydrolysate (OFH-PH) demonstrated strong anti-inflammatory activity via the down-regulation of NO production, with an IC50 value of 299.82 ± 4.18 µg/mL. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of pro-inflammatory cytokines and PGE2 to confirm these findings. Additionally, iNOS and COX-2 protein expressions were confirmed using western blotting. Furthermore, the results from the in vivo zebrafish model demonstrated that OFH-PH decreased the LPS-elevated heart rate, NO production, cell death, and intracellular ROS level, while increasing the survival percentage. Hence, the obtained results of this study serve as a platform for future research and provide insight into the mediation of inflammatory disorders. These results suggest that OFH-PH has the potential to be utilized as a nutraceutical and functional food ingredient.
Topics: Animals; Zebrafish; Flounder; Lipopolysaccharides; Pepsin A; Inflammation; Perciformes; Oxidative Stress; Macrophages
PubMed: 38248649
DOI: 10.3390/md22010024