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JACC. CardioOncology Jun 2020Cardiac masses are rare, but remain an important component of cardio-oncology practice. These include benign tumors, malignant tumors (primary and secondary) and... (Review)
Review
Cardiac masses are rare, but remain an important component of cardio-oncology practice. These include benign tumors, malignant tumors (primary and secondary) and tumor-like conditions (e.g., thrombus, Lambl's excrescences, and pericardial cyst). The advent of multimodality imaging has enabled identification of the etiology of cardiac masses in many cases, especially in conjunction with information from clinical settings. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the epidemiology, clinical presentation, imaging, diagnosis, management, and outcomes of cardiac masses.
PubMed: 34396236
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2020.05.009 -
Journal of Thoracic Oncology : Official... May 2022Substantial changes in the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Pleura and Pericardium since the 2015 WHO Classification include the following: (1) pleural and... (Review)
Review
Substantial changes in the 2021 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Pleura and Pericardium since the 2015 WHO Classification include the following: (1) pleural and pericardial tumors have been combined in one chapter whereas in the 2015 WHO, pericardial tumors were classified with cardiac tumors; (2) well-differentiated papillary mesothelioma has been renamed well-differentiated papillary mesothelial tumor given growing evidence that these tumors exhibit relatively indolent behavior; (3) localized and diffuse mesothelioma no longer include the term "malignant" as a prefix; (4) mesothelioma in situ has been added to the 2021 classification because these lesions can now be recognized by loss of BAP1 and/or MTAP by immunohistochemistry and/or CDKN2A homozygous deletion by fluorescence in situ hybridization; (5) the three main histologic subtypes (i.e., epithelioid, biphasic, and sarcomatoid) remain the same but architectural patterns and cytologic and stromal features are more formally incorporated into the 2021 classification on the basis of their prognostic significance; (6) nuclear grading for epithelioid diffuse mesothelioma is introduced, and it is recommended to record this and other histologically prognostic features in pathology reports; (7) BAP1, EZH2, and MTAP immunohistochemistry have been found to be useful in separating benign mesothelial proliferations from mesothelioma; (8) biphasic mesothelioma can be diagnosed in small biopsies having both epithelioid and sarcomatoid components even if the amount of one component is less than 10%; and (9) the most frequently altered genes in diffuse pleural mesothelioma include BAP1, CDKN2A, NF2, TP53, SETD2, and SETDB1.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Homozygote; Humans; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Lung Neoplasms; Mesothelioma; Mesothelioma, Malignant; Pleura; Pleural Neoplasms; Sequence Deletion; Tumor Suppressor Proteins; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35026477
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2021.12.014 -
CytoJournal 2022Mesothelioma arises from the surface serosal cells lining the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. It has three variants including: epithelioid,... (Review)
Review
Mesothelioma arises from the surface serosal cells lining the pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities. It has three variants including: epithelioid, sarcomatous/desmoplastic, and biphasic types. Mesothelioma cells, predominantly of the epithelioid type, can shed into effusions as sheets, clusters/ morulae, papillae, or single cells. The challenges to cytologic diagnosis of mesothelioma are two-fold: 1. distinguishing mesothelial cells from metastatic malignant (most commonly carcinoma) cells; 2. distinguishing reactive mesothelial from mesothelioma cells. Immunocytochemistry is a helpful aid to cytologic evaluation for the former. The distinction of reactive mesothelial cells from mesothelioma can be more difficult, as there is considerable overlap in their appearances in effusion specimens. Recently developed ancillary molecular and genetic tests are proving to be useful in confirming the diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma in cytology specimens.
PubMed: 35510108
DOI: 10.25259/CMAS_02_08_2021 -
Cancers Jun 2021Malignant mesothelioma is a disease affecting serosal surfaces derived from the mesothelium comprising the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis testis...
Malignant mesothelioma is a disease affecting serosal surfaces derived from the mesothelium comprising the pleura, peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis testis [...].
PubMed: 34201425
DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133127 -
Journal of Thoracic Oncology : Official... Dec 2022
Topics: Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Mesothelioma, Malignant; Heart Neoplasms; Heart
PubMed: 36410967
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.09.224 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jan 2023is a powerful tumor suppressor gene characterized by haplo insufficiency. Individuals carrying germline mutations often develop mesothelioma, an aggressive malignancy...
is a powerful tumor suppressor gene characterized by haplo insufficiency. Individuals carrying germline mutations often develop mesothelioma, an aggressive malignancy of the serosal layers covering the lungs, pericardium, and abdominal cavity. Intriguingly, mesotheliomas developing in carriers of germline mutations are less aggressive, and these patients have significantly improved survival. We investigated the apparent paradox of a tumor suppressor gene that, when mutated, causes less aggressive mesotheliomas. We discovered that mesothelioma biopsies with biallelic mutations showed loss of nuclear HIF-1α staining. We demonstrated that during hypoxia, binds, deubiquitylates, and stabilizes HIF-1α, the master regulator of the hypoxia response and tumor cell invasion. Moreover, primary cells from individuals carrying germline mutations and primary cells in which was silenced using siRNA had reduced HIF-1α protein levels in hypoxia. Computational modeling and co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that mutations of residues I675, F678, I679, and L691 -encompassing the C-terminal domain-nuclear localization signal- to A, abolished the interaction with HIF-1α. We found that binds to the N-terminal region of HIF-1α, where HIF-1α binds DNA and dimerizes with HIF-1β forming the heterodimeric transactivating complex HIF. Our data identify as a key positive regulator of HIF-1α in hypoxia. We propose that the significant reduction of HIF-1α activity in mesothelioma cells carrying biallelic mutations, accompanied by the significant reduction of HIF-1α activity in hypoxic tissues containing germline mutations, contributes to the reduced aggressiveness and improved survival of mesotheliomas developing in carriers of germline mutations.
Topics: Humans; Heterozygote; Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit; Mesothelioma; Mesothelioma, Malignant; Mutation; Tumor Suppressor Proteins; Ubiquitin Thiolesterase
PubMed: 36656861
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217840120 -
Frontiers in Oncology 2023The pathetic malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a extremely uncommon and confrontational tumor that evolves in the mesothelium layer of the pleural cavities (inner lining-... (Review)
Review
The pathetic malignant mesothelioma (MM) is a extremely uncommon and confrontational tumor that evolves in the mesothelium layer of the pleural cavities (inner lining- visceral pleura and outer lining- parietal pleura), peritoneum, pericardium, and tunica vaginalis and is highly resistant to standard treatments. In mesothelioma, the predominant pattern of lesions is a loss of genes that limit tumour growth. Despite the worldwide ban on the manufacture and supply of asbestos, the prevalence of mesothelioma continues to increase. Mesothelioma presents and behaves in a variety of ways, making diagnosis challenging. Most treatments available today for MM are ineffective, and the median life expectancy is between 10 and 12 months. However, in recent years, considerable progress has already been made in understanding the genetics and molecular pathophysiology of mesothelioma by addressing hippo signaling pathway. The development and progression of MM are related to many important genetic alterations. This is related to NF2 and/or LATS2 mutations that activate the transcriptional coactivator YAP. The X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and PET scans are used to diagnose the MM. The MM are treated with surgery, chemotherapy, first-line combination chemotherapy, second-line treatment, radiation therapy, adoptive T-cell treatment, targeted therapy, and cancer vaccines. Recent clinical trials investigating the function of surgery have led to the development of innovative approaches to the treatment of associated pleural effusions as well as the introduction of targeted medications. An interdisciplinary collaborative approach is needed for the effective care of persons who have mesothelioma because of the rising intricacy of mesothelioma treatment. This article highlights the key findings in the molecular pathogenesis of mesothelioma, diagnosis with special emphasis on the management of mesothelioma.
PubMed: 37469419
DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1204722