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Journal of Oral Biology and... 2022Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease in dentistry that may lead to tooth loss and aesthetic problems. Periodontal tissue has a sophisticated architecture... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a common inflammatory disease in dentistry that may lead to tooth loss and aesthetic problems. Periodontal tissue has a sophisticated architecture including four sections of alveolar bone, cementum, gingiva, and periodontal ligament fiber; all these four can be damaged during periodontitis. Thus, for whole periodontal regeneration, it is important to form both hard and soft tissue structures simultaneously on the tooth root surface without forming junctional epithelium and ankylosis. This condition makes the treatment of the periodontium a challenging process. Various regenerative methods including Guided Bone/Tissue Regeneration (GBR/GTR) using various membranes have been developed. Although using such GBR/GTR membranes was successful for partial periodontal treatment, they cannot be used for the regeneration of complete periodontium. For this purpose, multilayered scaffolds are now being developed. Such scaffolds may include various biomaterials, stem cells, and growth factors in a multiphasic configuration in which each layer is designed to regenerate specific section of the periodontium. This article provides a comprehensive review of the multilayered scaffolds for periodontal regeneration based on natural or synthetic polymers, and their combinations with other biomaterials and bioactive molecules. After highlighting the challenges related to multilayered scaffolds preparation, features of suitable scaffolds for periodontal regeneration are discussed.
PubMed: 36159068
DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2022.09.001 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021Periodontal disease, one of the most prevalent human infectious diseases, is characterized by chronic inflammatory tissue destruction of the alveolar bone and the...
Periodontal disease, one of the most prevalent human infectious diseases, is characterized by chronic inflammatory tissue destruction of the alveolar bone and the connective tissues supporting the tooth [...].
Topics: Alveolar Bone Loss; Communicable Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Haplotypes; Humans; Inflammation; Interleukin-10; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Ligament; RANK Ligand
PubMed: 33477754
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020930 -
Immunological Reviews Mar 2023Neutrophils are of key importance in periodontal health and disease. In their absence or when they are functionally defective, as occurs in certain congenital disorders,... (Review)
Review
Neutrophils are of key importance in periodontal health and disease. In their absence or when they are functionally defective, as occurs in certain congenital disorders, affected individuals develop severe forms of periodontitis in early age. These observations imply that the presence of immune-competent neutrophils is essential to homeostasis. However, the presence of supernumerary or hyper-responsive neutrophils, either because of systemic priming or innate immune training, leads to imbalanced host-microbe interactions in the periodontium that culminate in dysbiosis and inflammatory tissue breakdown. These disease-provoking imbalanced interactions are further exacerbated by periodontal pathogens capable of subverting neutrophil responses to their microbial community's benefit and the host's detriment. This review attempts a synthesis of these findings for an integrated view of the neutrophils' ambivalent role in periodontal disease and, moreover, discusses how some of these concepts underpin the development of novel therapeutic approaches to treat periodontal disease.
Topics: Humans; Neutrophils; Inflammation; Periodontium; Periodontitis; Homeostasis
PubMed: 36271881
DOI: 10.1111/imr.13152 -
Nutrients Feb 2020Oral and periodontal diseases, chewing disorders, and many destructive inflammatory diseases of the supporting tissues of the teeth are usually caused by an imbalance...
Oral and periodontal diseases, chewing disorders, and many destructive inflammatory diseases of the supporting tissues of the teeth are usually caused by an imbalance between host defense and environmental factors like smoking, poor nutrition, and a high percentage of periodontopathogenic bacteria. For these reasons, it is important also to focus attention on plaque control and also on improving host resistance through smoking and stress reduction, and a healthy diet. During the last decades, the importance of micronutrients has been extensively reviewed, and it was concluded that the prevention and treatment of periodontitis should include correct daily nutrition and a correct balance between antioxidants, probiotics, natural agents, vitamin D, and calcium. Recently, there has been growing interest in the literature on the impact of nutraceutical dietary aliments on oral and general health. This Special Issue provides a current and thoughtful perspective on the relationship of diet and natural agents on oral and periodontal diseases through a correct clinical approach with the last and most important evidence that may determine good oral conditions and high quality of life.
Topics: Biological Products; Humans; Oral Health; Periodontium; Phytotherapy
PubMed: 32102287
DOI: 10.3390/nu12020585 -
Periodontology 2000 Oct 2021Periodontitis is a multi-etiologic infection characterized clinically by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Herpesviruses and specific... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a multi-etiologic infection characterized clinically by pathologic loss of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone. Herpesviruses and specific bacterial species are major periodontal pathogens that cooperate synergistically in producing severe periodontitis. Cellular immunity against herpesviruses and humoral immunity against bacteria are key periodontal host defenses. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors are modifiers of periodontal disease severity. MicroRNAs are a class of noncoding, gene expression-based, posttranscriptional regulatory RNAs of great importance for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Aberrant expression of microRNAs has been associated with several medical diseases. Periodontal tissue cells and herpesviruses elaborate several microRNAs that are of current research interest. This review attempts to conceptualize the role of periodontal microRNAs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. The diagnostic potential of salivary microRNAs is also addressed. Employment of microRNA technology in periodontics represents an interesting new preventive and therapeutic possibility.
Topics: Herpesviridae; Humans; MicroRNAs; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Periodontium
PubMed: 34463985
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12404 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Aging is a gradual and progressive deterioration of integrity across multiple organ systems that negatively affects gingival wound healing. The cellular responses... (Review)
Review
Aging is a gradual and progressive deterioration of integrity across multiple organ systems that negatively affects gingival wound healing. The cellular responses associated with wound healing, such as collagen synthesis, cell migration, proliferation, and collagen contraction, have been shown to be lower in gingival fibroblasts (the most abundant cells from the connective gingival tissue) in aged donors than young donors. Cellular senescence is one of the hallmarks of aging, which is characterized by the acquisition of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype that is characterized by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and proteases which have been implicated in the recruitment of immune cells such as neutrophils, T cells and monocytes. Moreover, during aging, macrophages show altered acquisition of functional phenotypes in response to the tissue microenvironment. Thus, inflammatory and resolution macrophage-mediated processes are impaired, impacting the progression of periodontal disease. Interestingly, salivary antimicrobial peptides, such as histatins, which are involved in various functions, such as antifungal, bactericidal, enamel-protecting, angiogenesis, and re-epithelization, have been shown to fluctuate with aging. Several studies have associated the presence of , a key pathogen related to periodontitis and apical periodontitis, with the progression of Alzheimer's disease, as well as gut, esophageal, and gastric cancers. Moreover, herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 have been associated with the severity of periodontal disease, cardiovascular complications, and nervous system-related pathologies. This review encompasses the effects of aging on periodontal tissues, how and HSV infections could favor periodontitis and their relationship with other pathologies.
Topics: Humans; Gingiva; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Periodontium; Periodontitis; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 36341447
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044334 -
International Journal of Pharmaceutics Sep 2022Periodontitis is a chronic infectious and inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues estimated to affect 70-80 % of all adults. At the same time, periodontium, the... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a chronic infectious and inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues estimated to affect 70-80 % of all adults. At the same time, periodontium, the site of periodontal pathologies, is an extraordinarily complex plexus of soft and hard tissues, the regeneration of which using even the most advanced forms of tissue engineering continues to be a challenge. Nanotechnologies, meanwhile, have provided exquisite tools for producing biomaterials and pharmaceutical formulations capable of elevating the efficacies of standard pharmacotherapies and surgical approaches to whole new levels. A bibliographic analysis provided here demonstrates a continuously increasing research output of studies on the use of nanotechnologies in the management of periodontal disease, even when they are normalized to the total output of studies on periodontitis. The great majority of biomaterials used to tackle periodontitis, including those that pioneered this interesting field, have been polymeric. In this article, a chronological review of polymeric nanotechnologies for the treatment of periodontitis is provided, focusing on the major conceptual innovations since the late 1990s, when the first nanostructures for the treatment of periodontal diseases were fabricated. In the opening sections, the etiology and pathogenesis of periodontitis and the anatomical and histological characteristics of the periodontium are being described, along with the general clinical manifestations of the disease and the standard means of its therapy. The most prospective chemistries in the design of polymers for these applications are also elaborated. It is concluded that the amount of innovation in this field is on the rise, despite the fact that most studies are focused on the refinement of already established paradigms in tissue engineering rather than on the development of revolutionary new concepts.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Humans; Nanotechnology; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Ligament; Periodontitis; Polymers; Prospective Studies; Regeneration
PubMed: 35932930
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122065 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Feb 2023Research has suggested 2 potential mechanisms by which the periodontal inflammatory response may communicate to distant organs: 1) direct translocation of periodontal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Research has suggested 2 potential mechanisms by which the periodontal inflammatory response may communicate to distant organs: 1) direct translocation of periodontal bacteria from the oral cavity to another organ system; and 2) inflammation as a result of metastatic periodontal inflammation. The purpose of this scoping review is to explore these mechanisms as potential mediators between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease.
METHODS
A reiterative literature search of peer-reviewed articles was performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords or combinations such as Alzheimer's disease AND periodontitis OR periodontal disease AND inflammation.
RESULTS
A total of 777 articles were identified. After eliminating duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts, 84 articles were selected for full-text review. Following full-text review, 19 articles met the eligibility criteria for the study.
DISCUSSION
The review of the literature highlights how periodontitis may contribute to neuroinflammation by the introduction of periodontal bacteria and/or proinflammatory cytokines locally produced at the periodontium.
CONCLUSION
Inflammation is an important mechanism in the onset and progression of both periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to better understand the multifactorial pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Alzheimer Disease; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Inflammation
PubMed: 36968797
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Oct 2020Dental clinicians have relied for centuries on traditional dental materials (polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites) to restore oral health and function to patients.... (Review)
Review
Dental clinicians have relied for centuries on traditional dental materials (polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites) to restore oral health and function to patients. Clinical outcomes for many crucial dental therapies remain poor despite many decades of intense research on these materials. Recent attention has been paid to biomolecules as a chassis for engineered preventive, restorative, and regenerative approaches in dentistry. Indeed, biomolecules represent a uniquely versatile and precise tool to enable the design and development of bioinspired multifunctional dental materials to spur advancements in dentistry. In this review, we survey the range of biomolecules that have been used across dental biomaterials. Our particular focus is on the key biological activity imparted by each biomolecule toward prevention of dental and oral diseases as well as restoration of oral health. Additional emphasis is placed on the structure-function relationships between biomolecules and their biological activity, the unique challenges of each clinical condition, limitations of conventional therapies, and the advantages of each class of biomolecule for said challenge. Biomaterials for bone regeneration are not reviewed as numerous existing reviews on the topic have been recently published. We conclude our narrative review with an outlook on the future of biomolecules in dental biomaterials and potential avenues of innovation for biomaterial-based patient oral care.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Antimicrobial Cationic Peptides; Biomineralization; Chitosan; DNA; Dental Implants; Dental Materials; Dental Restoration, Permanent; Humans; Immobilized Proteins; Mouth Diseases; Periodontium; Regeneration; Salivary Glands
PubMed: 32747882
DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01456g -
Cells Aug 2023Adult human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), the most abundant cells in the oral cavity, are essential for maintaining oral homeostasis. Compared with other tissues, adult... (Review)
Review
Adult human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs), the most abundant cells in the oral cavity, are essential for maintaining oral homeostasis. Compared with other tissues, adult oral mucosal wounds heal regeneratively, without scarring. Relative to fibroblasts from other locations, HGFs are relatively refractory to myofibroblast differentiation, immunomodulatory, highly regenerative, readily obtained via minimally invasive procedures, easily and rapidly expanded in vitro, and highly responsive to growth factors and cytokines. Consequently, HGFs might be a superior, yet perhaps underappreciated, source of adult mesenchymal progenitor cells to use in tissue engineering and regeneration applications, including the treatment of fibrotic auto-immune connective tissue diseases such as scleroderma. Herein, we highlight in vitro and translational studies that have investigated the regenerative and differentiation potential of HGFs, with the objective of outlining current limitations and inspiring future research that could facilitate translating the regenerative potential of HGFs into the clinic.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Regenerative Medicine; Gingiva; Fibroblasts; Mouth; Mouth Mucosa
PubMed: 37626831
DOI: 10.3390/cells12162021