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Cells Jul 2020The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological... (Review)
Review
The peripheral nervous system has retained through evolution the capacity to repair and regenerate after assault from a variety of physical, chemical, or biological pathogens. Regeneration relies on the intrinsic abilities of peripheral neurons and on a permissive environment, and it is driven by an intense interplay among neurons, the glia, muscles, the basal lamina, and the immune system. Indeed, extrinsic signals from the milieu of the injury site superimpose on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms to modulate cell intrinsic programs. Here, we will review the main intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms allowing severed peripheral axons to re-grow, and discuss some alarm mediators and pro-regenerative molecules and pathways involved in the process, highlighting the role of Schwann cells as central hubs coordinating multiple signals. A particular focus will be provided on regeneration at the neuromuscular junction, an ideal model system whose manipulation can contribute to the identification of crucial mediators of nerve re-growth. A brief overview on regeneration at sensory terminals is also included.
Topics: Humans; Nerve Regeneration; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 32722089
DOI: 10.3390/cells9081768 -
Current Neurology and Neuroscience... Feb 2021The present review discusses the peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
The present review discusses the peripheral nervous system (PNS) manifestations associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
RECENT FINDINGS
Nerve pain and skeletal muscle injury, Guillain-Barré syndrome, cranial polyneuritis, neuromuscular junction disorders, neuro-ophthalmological disorders, neurosensory hearing loss, and dysautonomia have been reported as PNS manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes COVID-19. COVID-19 has shown syndromic complexity. Not only does SARS-CoV-2 affect the central nervous system but also it involves the PNS. The PNS involvement may be due to dysregulation of the immune system attributable to COVID-19. Here we review the broad spectrum of PNS involvement of COVID-19.
Topics: COVID-19; Central Nervous System; Guillain-Barre Syndrome; Humans; Nervous System Diseases; Peripheral Nervous System; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33586020
DOI: 10.1007/s11910-021-01102-5 -
Immunology Letters Dec 2021Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of... (Review)
Review
Homeostatic regulation of cellular and molecular processes is essential for the efficient physiological functioning of body organs. It requires an intricate balance of several networks throughout the body, most notable being the nervous, immune and metabolic systems. Several studies have reported the interactions between neuro-immune, immune-metabolic and neuro-metabolic pathways. Current review aims to integrate the information and show that neuro, immune and metabolic systems form the triumvirate of homeostasis. It focuses on the cellular and molecular interactions occurring in the extremities and intestine, which are innervated by the peripheral nervous system and for the intestine in particular the enteric nervous system. While the interdependence of neuro-immune-metabolic pathways provides a fallback mechanism in case of disruption of homeostasis, in chronic pathologies of continued disequilibrium, the collapse of one system spreads to the other interacting networks as well. Current review illustrates this domino-effect using diabetes as the main example. Together, this review attempts to provide a holistic picture of the integrated network of neuro-immune-metabolism and attempts to broaden the outlook when devising a scientific study or a treatment strategy.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus; Enteric Nervous System; Homeostasis; Humans; Neuroimmunomodulation; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 34655659
DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2021.10.001 -
F1000Research 2019Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used extensively in revealing pathological changes in the central nervous system. However, to date, MRI is very much... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been used extensively in revealing pathological changes in the central nervous system. However, to date, MRI is very much underutilized in evaluating the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This underutilization is generally due to two perceived weaknesses in MRI: first, the need for very high resolution to image the small structures within the peripheral nerves to visualize morphological changes; second, the lack of normative data in MRI of the PNS and this makes reliable interpretation of the data difficult. This article reviews current state-of-the-art capabilities in MRI of human peripheral nerves. It aims to identify areas where progress has been made and those that still require further improvement. In particular, with many new therapies on the horizon, this review addresses how MRI can be used to provide non-invasive and objective biomarkers in the evaluation of peripheral neuropathies. Although a number of techniques are available in diagnosing and tracking pathologies in the PNS, those techniques typically target the distal peripheral nerves, and distal nerves may be completely degenerated during the patient's first clinic visit. These techniques may also not be able to access the proximal nerves deeply embedded in the tissue. Peripheral nerve MRI would be an alternative to circumvent these problems. In order to address the pressing clinical needs, this review closes with a clinical protocol at 3T that will allow high-resolution, high-contrast, quantitative MRI of the proximal peripheral nerves.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Peripheral Nerves; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
PubMed: 31700612
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19695.1 -
Cells Feb 2022Proper functioning of the digestive system is ensured by coordinated action of the central and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). Peripheral innervation of the digestive... (Review)
Review
Proper functioning of the digestive system is ensured by coordinated action of the central and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). Peripheral innervation of the digestive system can be viewed as intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic portion is mainly composed of the neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS), while the extrinsic part is formed by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory branches of the PNS. Glial cells are a crucial component of digestive tract innervation, and a great deal of research evidence highlights the important status of ENS glia in health and disease. In this review, we shift the focus a bit and discuss the functions of Schwann cells (SCs), the glial cells of the extrinsic innervation of the digestive system. For more context, we also provide information on the basic findings regarding the function of innervation in disorders of the digestive organs. We find diverse SC roles described particularly in the mouth, the pancreas, and the intestine. We note that most of the scientific evidence concerns the involvement of SCs in cancer progression and pain, but some research identifies stem cell functions and potential for regenerative medicine.
Topics: Digestive System Diseases; Enteric Nervous System; Gastrointestinal Tract; Humans; Neuroglia; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 35269454
DOI: 10.3390/cells11050832 -
Yakugaku Zasshi : Journal of the... 2022Myelin is a multilamellar membrane structure formed by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It... (Review)
Review
Myelin is a multilamellar membrane structure formed by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It has been recognized as an insulator that is essential for the rapid and efficient propagation of action potentials by saltatory conduction. However, recently many studies have shown that myelin and myelin-forming cells interact with axons and regulate the nervous system far more actively than previously thought. For example, myelination changes axons dynamically and divides them into four distinct functional domains: node of Ranvier, paranode, juxtaparanode, and internode. Voltage-gated Na channels are clustered at the node, while K channels are at the juxtaparanode, and segregation of these channels by paranodal axoglial junction is necessary for proper axonal function. My research experience began at the neurology ward of the Niigata University Medical Hospital, where I saw a patient with peripheral neuropathy of unknown etiology more than 37 years ago. In the patient's serum, we found an autoantibody against a glycolipid enriched in the PNS. Since then, I have been interested in myelin because of its beautiful structure and unique roles in the nervous system. In this review, our recent studies related to CNS and PNS myelin are presented.
Topics: Autoantibodies; Axons; Central Nervous System; Humans; Myelin Sheath; Ranvier's Nodes; Schwann Cells
PubMed: 35908945
DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.21-00224 -
Preface: Cholinergic mechanisms: This is the Preface for the special issue "Cholinergic Mechanisms".Journal of Neurochemistry Sep 2021This special issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, entitled "Cholinergic Mechanisms," presents 15 reviews and two original papers, which have been selected to cover...
This special issue of the Journal of Neurochemistry, entitled "Cholinergic Mechanisms," presents 15 reviews and two original papers, which have been selected to cover the broad spectrum of topics and disciplines presented at the XVIth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms (ISCM-XVI), ranging from the molecular and the cellular to the clinical and the cognitive mechanisms of cholinergic transmission. The authors discuss recent developments in the field, for instance, the association of cholinergic transmission with a number of important neurological and neuromuscular diseases in the central and peripheral nervous systems.
Topics: Acetylcholine; Animals; Brain; Cholinergic Agents; Cholinergic Neurons; Humans; Peripheral Nervous System; Synaptic Transmission
PubMed: 34458988
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15480 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Jan 2022Itch is an unpleasant somatic sensation with the desire to scratch, and it consists of sensory, affective, and motivational components. Acute itch serves as a critical... (Review)
Review
Itch is an unpleasant somatic sensation with the desire to scratch, and it consists of sensory, affective, and motivational components. Acute itch serves as a critical protective mechanism because an itch-evoked scratching response will help to remove harmful substances invading the skin. Recently, exciting progress has been made in deciphering the mechanisms of itch at both the peripheral nervous system and the CNS levels. Key neuronal subtypes and circuits have been revealed for ascending transmission and the descending modulation of itch. In this review, we mainly summarize the current understanding of the central circuit mechanisms of itch in the brain.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Cell Communication; Central Nervous System; Humans; Motivation; Neurons; Peripheral Nervous System; Pruritus; Sensation
PubMed: 34662562
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.09.022 -
Journal of the Peripheral Nervous... Mar 2021Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) is a common and dose-limiting toxic effect that markedly limits the use of oxaliplatin and affects the quality of life.... (Review)
Review
Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy (OIPN) is a common and dose-limiting toxic effect that markedly limits the use of oxaliplatin and affects the quality of life. Although it is common, the underlying mechanisms of OIPN remain ambiguous. Recent studies have shown that the platinum accumulation in peripheral nervous system, especially in dorsal root ganglion, is a significant mechanism of OIPN. Several specific transporters, including organic cation transporters, high-affinity copper uptake protein1 (CTR1), ATPase copper transporting alpha (ATP7A) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), could be associated with this mechanism. This review summarizes the current research progress about the relationship between platinum accumulation and OIPN, as well as suggests trend for the future research.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Ganglia, Spinal; Heavy Metal Poisoning, Nervous System; Humans; Neurotoxicity Syndromes; Oxaliplatin; Peripheral Nervous System Diseases; Platinum
PubMed: 33462873
DOI: 10.1111/jns.12432 -
Molecular Pain 2023Here, we present evidence showing Piezo1 protein expression in the primary sensory neurons (PSNs) and non-neuronal cells of rat peripheral nervous system. Using a...
Here, we present evidence showing Piezo1 protein expression in the primary sensory neurons (PSNs) and non-neuronal cells of rat peripheral nervous system. Using a knockdown/knockout validated antibody, we detected Piezo1 immunoreactivity (IR) in ∼60% of PSNs of rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) with higher IR density in the small- and medium-sized neurons. Piezo1-IR was clearly identified in DRG perineuronal glia, including satellite glial cells (SGCs) and Schwann cells; in sciatic nerve Schwann cells surrounding the axons and cutaneous afferent endings; and in skin epidermal Merkel cells and melanocytes. Neuronal and non-neuronal Piezo1 channels were functional since various cells (dissociated PSNs and SGCs from DRGs, isolated Schwann cells, and primary human melanocytes) exhibited a robust response to Piezo1 agonist Yoda1 by an increase of intracellular Ca concentration ([Ca]). These responses were abolished by non-specific Piezo1 antagonist GsMTx4. Immunoblots showed elevated Piezo1 protein in DRG proximal to peripheral nerve injury-induced painful neuropathy, while PSNs and SGCs from rats with neuropathic pain showed greater Yoda1-evoked elevation of [Ca] and an increased frequency of cells responding to Yoda1, compared to controls. Sciatic nerve application of GsMTx4 alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity induced by Yoda1. Overall, our data show that Piezo1 is widely expressed by the neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the peripheral sensory pathways and that painful nerve injury appeared associated with activation of Piezo1 in PSNs and peripheral glial cells.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rats; Ganglia, Spinal; Ion Channels; Neuralgia; Neuroglia; Schwann Cells; Sciatic Nerve; Sensory Receptor Cells
PubMed: 37247618
DOI: 10.1177/17448069231174315