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Lakartidningen Nov 2023Exercise and protein for function and self-confidence - The OPEN model for community care of older persons Experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic indicate the need to...
Exercise and protein for function and self-confidence - The OPEN model for community care of older persons Experiences from the COVID-19 pandemic indicate the need to introduce care routines for health promotion among recipients of care for older persons. A treatment model with daily repeated sit-to-stand exercises in combination with oral protein supplements twice daily has been evaluated in community care for older persons in the Stockholm Region; the Older Person's Exercise and Nutrition (OPEN) Study. The 3-month controlled study included 102 residents. A substantial part of the residents were able to follow the intervention, and to maintain or improve their chair-rising capacity, while also increasing their weight and muscle mass. Interview studies showed that the participants found the OPEN concept was easy to adopt, gave increased self-confidence and an increased sense of hope. The staff perceived the intervention as a potentially positive concept. The OPEN model is a method that may contribute to a health-promoting way of working in the care of older persons.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Pandemics; Exercise; Exercise Therapy; Self Concept; COVID-19
PubMed: 37975759
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Personality and Social... Mar 2022Personality traits and physical health both change over the life span. Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that these changes are related. The current...
Personality traits and physical health both change over the life span. Theoretical models and empirical evidence suggest that these changes are related. The current study investigated the dynamic relations between personality traits and physical health at both the between-person and the within-person levels. Data were drawn from three longitudinal studies: the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study (NAS; N = 1,734), the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS; N = 13,559), and the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA, N = 2,209). Using random intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) and the continuous time (CT) models, after controlling the between-person variance, generally, evidence was found for bidirectional associations between changes in neuroticism and extraversion and changes in self-rated health and general disease level. Bidirectional associations between changes in neuroticism and change in cardiovascular diseases and central nervous system diseases were observed only when time was modeled as continuous. We also found within-person associations between changes in neuroticism and extraversion and changes in performance-based ratings of motor functioning impairment. According to the current findings, the dynamic within-person relations between personality traits and health outcomes were largely in the direction consistent with their between-person connections, although the within-person relationships were substantially smaller in strength when compared their between-person counterparts. Findings from the current study highlight the importance of distinguishing between-person and within-person effects when examining the longitudinal relationship between personality traits and health. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Aging; Humans; Longitudinal Studies; Neuroticism; Personality; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 35157486
DOI: 10.1037/pspp0000399 -
Journal of Personality Dec 2022Research on the associations between cognitive and noncognitive personality traits has widely neglected character strengths, that means positively and morally valued...
OBJECTIVE
Research on the associations between cognitive and noncognitive personality traits has widely neglected character strengths, that means positively and morally valued personality traits that constitute good character.
METHOD
The present study aimed to bridge this gap by studying the associations between character strengths and fluid intelligence using different operationalizations of character strengths (including self- and informant-reports) and fluid intelligence in children, adolescents, and adults.
RESULTS
The results, based on four samples (N = 193/290/330/324), suggested that morally valued personality traits are independent of fluid intelligence, with the exception of love of learning, which showed small but robust positive relationships with fluid intelligence across all samples.
CONCLUSIONS
Nonetheless, we argue for further research on the associations with other cognitive abilities and interactions between character strengths and intelligence when examining their relationships with external criteria.
Topics: Adult; Adolescent; Child; Humans; Character; Intelligence; Aptitude; Learning; Cognition
PubMed: 35303763
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12715 -
Patient Education and Counseling Feb 2021The objective was to provide a synthesis of already synthesized literature on empathy in order to identify similarities and differences among conceptualizations. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The objective was to provide a synthesis of already synthesized literature on empathy in order to identify similarities and differences among conceptualizations.
METHODS
A review of reviews was conducted to locate synthesized literature published between January 1980 and December 2019. Two authors screened and extracted data, and quality-appraised the sources. A total of 52 articles deemed relevant to this overview were synthesized using thematic analysis.
RESULTS
The analysis resulted in four themes found in most empathy conceptualizations. In empathy, the empathizer (1) understands, (2) feels, and (3) shares another person's world (4) with self-other differentiation.
CONCLUSIONS
Most writings about empathy begin by claiming that there is far from a consensus on how empathy should be defined. This article shows a developing consensus among neuroscientists, psychologists, medical scientists, nursing scientists, philosophers, and others that empathy involves understanding, feeling, sharing, and self-other differentiation.
PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS
A clarification of the content of empathy may assist practitioners and researchers in avoiding confusion regarding the meaning of the concept, as well as in developing and measuring the relevant aspects of the concept.
Topics: Consensus; Delivery of Health Care; Emotions; Empathy; Humans; Physicians
PubMed: 32888755
DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2020.08.022 -
Psychological Science Oct 2023There is robust evidence that people with higher incomes tend to have higher self-esteem, but little is known about how changes in income and self-esteem are related...
There is robust evidence that people with higher incomes tend to have higher self-esteem, but little is known about how changes in income and self-esteem are related within individuals. Some theories predict that increased earnings lead to higher self-esteem, others that increased self-esteem leads to higher earnings, and still others that there should be no within-person associations between these variables. We tested these theories in 4-year longitudinal data from more than 4,000 adult participants from a Dutch representative sample. Results indicated significant between-person associations between income and self-esteem, consistent with prior research. Within-person effects suggested that increases in self-esteem are a function of previous increases in income more than the other way around. These links held when analyses controlled for employment status, and they generalized across gender, age, and educational background. Overall, the findings provide evidence for theories that consider self-esteem as both a source and a consequence of personal earnings.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Self Concept; Income; Employment; Gender Identity; Interpersonal Relations
PubMed: 37732970
DOI: 10.1177/09567976231185129 -
Health & Social Care in the Community Nov 2022This rapid realist review aims to explain how and why person-centred care (PCC) in primary care works (or not) among others for people with low health literacy skills... (Review)
Review
This rapid realist review aims to explain how and why person-centred care (PCC) in primary care works (or not) among others for people with low health literacy skills and for people with a diverse ethnic and socioeconomic background, and to construct a middle-range programme theory (PT). Peered reviewed- and non-peer-reviewed literature (Jan 2013-Feb 2021) reporting on PCC in primary care was included. Selection and appraisal of documents were based on relevance and rigour according to the Realist And Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards (RAMESES) criteria. Data on context, mechanisms and outcomes (CMO) were extracted. Based on the extracted data, CMO configurations were identified per source publication. Configurations containing all three constructs (CMO) were included in the PT. The middle-range PT demonstrates that healthcare professionals (HCPs) should be trained and equipped with the knowledge and skills to communicate effectively (i.e. in easy-to-understand words, emphatically, checking whether the patient understands everything, listening attentively) tailored to the wishes, needs and possibilities of the patient, which may lead to higher satisfaction. This way the patient will be more involved in the care process and in the shared decision-making process, which may result in improved concordance, and an improved treatment approach. A respectful and empathic attitude of the HCP plays an important role in establishing a strong therapeutic relationship and improved health (system) outcomes. Together with a good accessibility of care for patients, setting up a personalised care plan with all involved parties may positively affect the self-management skills of patients. Good collaboration within the team and between different domains is desirable to ensure good care coordination. The coherence of items related to PCC in primary care should be considered to better understand its effectiveness.
Topics: Humans; Patient-Centered Care; Health Personnel; Empathy
PubMed: 35862510
DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13913 -
Psychophysiology Jun 2022Persuasion aims at changing peoples' motivations and/or behaviors. This study explores how and when physiology reflects persuasion processes and specifically whether...
Persuasion aims at changing peoples' motivations and/or behaviors. This study explores how and when physiology reflects persuasion processes and specifically whether individual differences in motivations and behaviors affect psychophysiologic reactions to persuasive information. Participants (N = 70) with medium or high meat consumption patterns watched a persuasive video advocating limited meat consumption, while their electrodermal and cardiovascular physiology was measured. Results indicated that the video increased participants' moral beliefs, perceived behavioral control, and reduction intentions. This study also found an increase in physiologic arousal during the persuasive video and that people with motivations less aligned to the persuasion objective had more physiologic arousal. The findings encourage further psychophysiologic persuasion research, especially as these insights can potentially be used to personalize persuasive messages of behavior change applications.
Topics: Humans; Individuality; Intention; Morals; Motivation; Persuasive Communication
PubMed: 35066870
DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14001 -
Social Cognitive and Affective... Oct 2020Does the tendency to adjust appraisals of ourselves in the past and future in order to maintain a favourable view of ourselves in the present require episodic memory? A...
Does the tendency to adjust appraisals of ourselves in the past and future in order to maintain a favourable view of ourselves in the present require episodic memory? A developmental amnesic person with impaired episodic memory (HC) was compared with two groups of age-matched controls on tasks assessing the Big Five personality traits and social competence in relation to the past, present and future. Consistent with previous research, controls believed that their personality had changed more in the past 5 years than it will change in the next 5 years (i.e. the end-of-history illusion), and rated their present and future selves as more socially competent than their past selves (i.e. social improvement illusion), although this was moderated by self-esteem. Despite her lifelong episodic memory impairment, HC also showed these biases of temporal self-appraisal. Together, these findings do not support the theory that the temporal extension of the self-concept requires the ability to recollect richly detailed memories of the self in the past and future.
Topics: Adult; Amnesia; Female; Humans; Memory, Episodic; Mental Recall; Personality; Self Concept
PubMed: 32734306
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa105 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2023Recent genomic, psychological, and developmental research shows that human personality is organized as a complex hierarchy that ascends from individual traits in many...
Recent genomic, psychological, and developmental research shows that human personality is organized as a complex hierarchy that ascends from individual traits in many specific situations to multi-trait profiles in two domains that regulate emotional reactivity (temperament) or goals and values (character), and finally to three integrated temperament-character networks that regulate learning to maintain well-being in changing conditions. We carried out person-centered analyses of the components of subjective well-being (positive affect, negative affect, and life satisfaction) to personality in both adolescents (N = 1739) and adults (N = 897). Personality was considered at each level of its organization (trait, temperament or character profiles, and joint temperament-character networks). We show for the first time that negative affect and life satisfaction are dependent on the personality network for intentional self-control, whereas positive affect is dependent on the personality network for self-awareness that underlies the human capacities for healthy longevity, creativity, and prosocial values.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Humans; Personality; Personality Disorders; Temperament; Genomics; Health Status
PubMed: 36849800
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29642-5 -
Psychological Science Oct 2022A longstanding goal of psychology is to predict the things that people do and feel, but tools to accurately predict future behaviors and experiences remain elusive. In...
A longstanding goal of psychology is to predict the things that people do and feel, but tools to accurately predict future behaviors and experiences remain elusive. In the present study, we used intensive longitudinal data ( = 104 college-age adults at a midwestern university; total assessments = 5,971) and three machine-learning approaches to investigate the degree to which three future behaviors and experiences-loneliness, procrastination, and studying-could be predicted from past psychological (i.e., personality and affective states), situational (i.e., objective situations and psychological situation cues), and time (i.e., trends, diurnal cycles, time of day, and day of the week) phenomena from an idiographic, person-specific perspective. Rather than pitting persons against situations, such an approach allows psychological phenomena, situations, and time to jointly predict future behaviors and experiences. We found (a) a striking degree of prediction accuracy across participants, (b) that a majority of participants' future behaviors are predicted by both person and situation features, and (c) that the most important features vary greatly across people.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Motivation; Personality; Personality Disorders
PubMed: 36219572
DOI: 10.1177/09567976221093307