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BMC Psychiatry Apr 2022Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global public health concern that is notably underdiagnosed and undertreated due to its complexity and subjective diagnostic...
BACKGROUND
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a global public health concern that is notably underdiagnosed and undertreated due to its complexity and subjective diagnostic methods. A holistic diagnostic procedure, which sufficiently considers all possible contributors to MDD symptoms, would improve MDD diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to explore whether personality and coping styles can predict MDD status and differentiate between depressed patients and healthy individuals.
METHODS
Seventy healthy controls (N = 54 females) were matched to 70 MDD patients for age, sex, ethnicity, and years of education. MDD severity was measured using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, while personality traits and coping styles were measured by the Ten-Item Personality (TIPI) and Brief COPE questionnaires, respectively. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate the diagnostic and predictive potential of personality and coping styles. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were also conducted to examine their discriminative ability to distinguish between depressed and healthy individuals.
RESULTS
Introversion, lack of organisation skills, and neuroticism were statistically significant in predicting MDD status. Dysfunctional coping strategies, such as denial and self-blame, were also shown to significantly predict MDD status. ROC analyses found both the TIPI questionnaire (AUC = 0.90), and dysfunctional coping (as measured by Brief COPE) (AUC = 0.90) to be excellent predictors of MDD.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings demonstrate the diagnostic and predictive potential of personality and coping styles for MDD in the clinical setting. They also demonstrate the remarkable ability of personality and coping styles to differentiate between depressed patients and healthy controls.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Depressive Disorder, Major; Female; Humans; Male; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 35484526
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03942-y -
Experimental and Clinical... Apr 2023Prior theory and research suggest that both Cluster-B personality pathology and trait impulsivity are indirectly associated with alcohol use through positive alcohol...
Prior theory and research suggest that both Cluster-B personality pathology and trait impulsivity are indirectly associated with alcohol use through positive alcohol expectancies. Yet, no prior study has investigated whether features of each of the Cluster-B personality disorders (PDs) (i.e., antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic) and rash impulsiveness are indirectly associated with alcohol use severity through positive alcohol expectancies. In a cross-sectional design, social drinkers ( = 200; 51% female; = 26 years) completed self-report measures of trait (rash) impulsivity, Cluster-B personality disorder (PD) traits, positive alcohol expectancies, and alcohol use severity. Simple and serial mediation analyses were used to test positive alcohol expectancies and the association between trait impulsivity and alcohol expectancies as potential mediators of personality disorder trait relations with alcohol use severity. Simple mediation analyses evidenced that trait impulsivity and traits specific to each of the Cluster-B (PDs) were indirectly associated with alcohol use severity through positive alcohol expectancies. Serial mediation analyses further evidenced that the Cluster-B (PD) traits were indirectly associated with alcohol use severity via positive alcohol expectancies both uniquely from and together with trait impulsivity. Current findings are novel and suggest that positive alcohol expectancies may be important to connecting the rashly impulsive aspects of Cluster-B (PDs) with greater alcohol use severity. However, current findings also suggest that features of the Cluster-B (PDs) probably increase risk for alcohol use disorder due to other reasons (e.g., other aspects of personality or forms of impulsivity). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Female; Adult; Male; Alcohol Drinking; Cross-Sectional Studies; Personality Disorders; Impulsive Behavior; Personality
PubMed: 36048108
DOI: 10.1037/pha0000598 -
International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2020The study aims to explore the personality patterns of a group of transgender individuals who accessed an Italian gender clinic to undergo gender affirming treatments, by...
The study aims to explore the personality patterns of a group of transgender individuals who accessed an Italian gender clinic to undergo gender affirming treatments, by evaluating both dimensional personality domains proposed by the Alternative Model of Personality Disorders and categorical DSM-IV personality disorder (PD) diagnoses. Eighty-seven participants (40 transgender women and 47 transgender men) completed the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders. Scores obtained were compared to those of the normative samples of cisgender women and men. Results indicated that transgender women scored lower than cisgender women on two main domains (Negative Affectivity and Psychoticism) and on seven facets. As for transgender men, lower scores than cisgender men were found on Antagonism and on five facets. Transgender men scored higher than cisgender men on Depressivity. Nearly 50% of participants showed at least one PD diagnosis, with no gender differences in prevalence. Borderline PD was the most frequent diagnosis in the overall sample. Self-report measures provide a less maladaptive profile of personality functioning than the clinician-based categorical assessment. Results are interpreted in the light of the Minority Stress Model and support the need for a multi-method assessment of personality in medicalized transgender people.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Italy; Male; Middle Aged; Personality; Personality Disorders; Personality Inventory; Transgender Persons; Young Adult
PubMed: 32120872
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17051521 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Jan 2023Affective neuroscience (AN) theory assumes the existence of seven basic emotional systems (i.e., SEEKING, ANGER, FEAR, CARE, LUST, SADNESS, PLAY) that are common to all... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Affective neuroscience (AN) theory assumes the existence of seven basic emotional systems (i.e., SEEKING, ANGER, FEAR, CARE, LUST, SADNESS, PLAY) that are common to all mammals and evolutionarily determined to be tools for survival and, in general, for fitness. Based on the AN approach, the Affective Neuroscience Personality Scales (ANPS) questionnaire was developed to examine individual differences in the defined basic emotional systems. The current systematic review aims to examine the use of ANPS in clinical contexts attempting to define those behavioral elements associated with underlying stable personality traits.
METHODS
The systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statements. PubMed and PsycInfo were used for research literature from March 2003 to November 2021.
RESULTS
Forty-four studies including ANPS were identified from 1763 studies reviewed. Sixteen studies met the inclusion criteria.
LIMITATIONS
The review comprised some papers with incomplete psychological assessments (e.g., lack of other measures in addition to the ANPS) and missing information (e.g., on the [sub]samples), which may affect the generalizability of findings.
CONCLUSION
Specific endophenotypes and/or patterns of emotional/motivational systems were found for several mental disorders. Specifically, endophenotypes emerged for the Depressive and Autism Spectrum Disorders, Borderline and Avoidant Personality Disorders, type I and II Bipolar Disorders, and the Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The endophenotypes can provide useful reflective elements for both psychodiagnosis and intervention. Overall, the current study may represent an attempt to contribute to the understanding of the basic emotional systems involved in the psychopathological manifestations identified by AN.
Topics: Humans; Personality Disorders; Emotions; Cyclothymic Disorder; Individuality; Anger; Personality
PubMed: 36174784
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.104 -
Psychiatry Research Oct 2023Prevalence rates and correlates of personality disorders (PD) are relevant to health care policy and planning.
INTRODUCTION
Prevalence rates and correlates of personality disorders (PD) are relevant to health care policy and planning.
OBJECTIVES
To present normative data for self-reported ICD-11 personality disorder (PD) features including tentative cut-off scores and prevalence rates for severity levels along with psychosocial correlates.
METHODS
The Personality Disorder Severity ICD-11 (PDS-ICD-11) scale and criterion measures of impairment were administered to a social-demographically stratified sample of Danish citizens (N = 8,941) of which 3,044 delivered complete data. Item-Response Theory (IRT) was employed to indicate cut-offs based on standard deviations from the latent mean.
RESULTS
The unidimensionality of the PDS-ICD-11 score was supported and IRT analysis suggested norm-based thresholds at latent severity levels. Expected associations with criterion measures were found.
CONCLUSION
The normative data portray ICD-11 PD features in the general population and allow for interpretation of PDS-ICD-11 scores (e.g., scores of 12, 16, and 19 may indicate mild, moderate, and severe dysfunction), which may inform health care policy and planning. A total weighted prevalence of 6.9 % of the Danish general population is estimated to have clinically significant personality dysfunction, proportionally composed of Mild (4.8 %), Moderate (1.2 %), and Severe (0.9 %) levels. Future research should corroborate these findings using relevant clinical samples and methods.
Topics: Humans; Prevalence; International Classification of Diseases; Personality Disorders; Self Report; Personality; Denmark
PubMed: 37748238
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115484 -
BMC Psychiatry Mar 2022To explore the relative impact of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) in patients with personality disorders (PDs) as compared to patients with other mental disorders.
BACKGROUND
To explore the relative impact of Individual Placement and Support (IPS) in patients with personality disorders (PDs) as compared to patients with other mental disorders.
METHODS
Data from the Dutch Employee Insurance Agency of participants enrolled in a national IPS trajectory between 2008 and 2018 were linked to corresponding data on employment outcomes, diagnostic and sociodemographic information from Statistics Netherlands. This resulted in a sample of 335 participants with PDs who could be compared with 1073 participants with other mental disorders.
RESULTS
Participants with PD just as often found competitive employment as participants with other mental disorders (37.6% vs. 38.0%, OR = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.74 to 1.27). The median time to gaining employment for those gaining employment (37.9%) was 195.5 days (mean number of days 252.5) in the PD group and 178.5 days (mean number of days 234.6) in the other mental disorders group (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.77 to 1.18). Also, total number of hours paid for competitive employment did not differ significantly between groups (median hours 686.5 vs 781.5, IRR = 0.85 95% CI 0.69 to 1.05).
CONCLUSIONS
Based on this study, which includes the largest sample of patients with PDs in any published IPS study, IPS seems to result in an equal percentage of patients with PDs and other mental disorders, gaining and maintaining employment. Although future studies should determine whether PD-specific adaptations to IPS are useful, our findings indicate that IPS could be an effective way to increase employment outcomes in PDs. This is important because the enormous societal costs of PDs are largely driven by loss of economic productivity, and because clinical recovery in PDs is suggested to be enhanced when patients are employed.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Employment, Supported; Humans; Mental Disorders; Personality Disorders; Registries; Rehabilitation, Vocational
PubMed: 35300624
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03823-4 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2022Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a common prodromic non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Only few studies have evaluated the personality of...
Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a common prodromic non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). Only few studies have evaluated the personality of RBD patients with conflicting results. Aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of Personality Disorders (PeDs)in RBD. RBD patients, PD patients and healthy controls (HC) were enrolled. All the enrolled subjects underwent a full neurological examination. Motor symptoms were evaluated with the UPDRS-Motor Examination. PeDs were assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II). Twenty-nine RBD patients [14 men (48.3%); mean age 55.6 ± 11.1], 30 PD patients [17 men (56.7%); mean age 65.7 ± 10.7] and 30 HC [12 men (40%); mean age 65.7 ± 5.4] were enrolled in the study. PD patients had a disease duration of 4.5 ± 4.6 and presented a mean UPDRS-ME score of 26.7 ± 9.4. The most frequent PeDs was the Obsessive-Compulsive one (OCPeD); OCPeD was significantly more frequent in RBD (55.2%) patients than HC (13.3%; p-value < 0.001). No significant differences were found comparing the frequency of OCPeD in RBD patients to that in PD. In the present study, the prevalence of OCPeD in RBD patients was close to that reported in PD patients. Our data could suggest the existence of a common disease-specific RBD-PD personality profile.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Case-Control Studies; Compulsive Personality Disorder; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; Parkinson Disease; REM Sleep Behavior Disorder; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 35165341
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06424-z -
Psychopathology 2023Individuals with schizotypy can experience a number of cognitive biases that may increase their risk in developing schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. However,...
INTRODUCTION
Individuals with schizotypy can experience a number of cognitive biases that may increase their risk in developing schizophrenia-spectrum psychopathology. However, cognitive biases are also present in mood and anxiety disorders, and it is currently unclear which biases are specific to schizotypy and which may be a result of comorbid depression and/or anxiety.
METHODS
462 participants completed measures of depression, anxiety, cognitive biases, cognitive schemas, and schizotypy. Correlation analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between these constructs. Three hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to examine if schizotypy, depression, and anxiety explained a statistically significant amount of variance in cognitive biases after controlling for depression and anxiety, schizotypy and anxiety, and schizotypy and depression, respectively. Moderated regression analyses were also conducted to investigate the moderating role of biological sex and ethnicity in the association between cognitive biases and schizotypy.
RESULTS
Self-referential processing, belief inflexibility, and attention for threat were associated with schizotypy. The belief inflexibility bias and social cognition problems were specifically associated with schizotypy after controlling for depression and anxiety and were not directly associated with either depression or anxiety. These associations were not moderated by biological sex or ethnicity.
CONCLUSION
The belief inflexibility bias may be an important cognitive bias underlying schizotypal personality, and further research will be important to determine whether this bias is also associated with an increased likelihood of transitioning to psychosis.
Topics: Humans; Schizotypal Personality Disorder; Psychotic Disorders; Anxiety; Schizophrenia; Cognition
PubMed: 37094551
DOI: 10.1159/000529742 -
The Australian and New Zealand Journal... Mar 2022Persistence is said to be a feature of personality disorder, but there are few long-term prospective studies of the condition. A total of 200 patients with anxiety and... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Persistence is said to be a feature of personality disorder, but there are few long-term prospective studies of the condition. A total of 200 patients with anxiety and depressive disorders involved in a randomised controlled trial initiated in 1983 had full personality status assessed at baseline. We repeated assessment of personality status on three subsequent occasions over 30 years.
METHODS
Personality status was recorded using methods derived from the Personality Assessment Schedule, which has algorithms for allocating Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the 11th International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) categories. The category and severity of personality diagnosis were recorded at baseline in the randomised patients with DSM-III anxiety and depressive diagnoses. The same methods of assessing personality status was repeated at 2, 12 and 30 years after baseline.
RESULTS
Using the ICD-11 system, 47% of patients, mainly those with no personality disturbance at baseline, retained their personality status; of the others 16.8% improved and 20.4% worsened to more severe disorder. In DSM-III diagnosed patients, those diagnosed as Cluster A and Cluster C increased in frequency (from 14% to 40%, p < 0.001, and 21.5% to 36%, p < 0.001, respectively) over follow-up, while those with Cluster B showed little change in frequency (22% to 18%, p = 0.197).
CONCLUSION
In this population of patients with common mental disorders, personality status showed many changes over time, inconsistent with the view that personality disorder is a persistent or stable condition. The increase in diagnoses within the Cluster A and C groups suggests personality disorder generally increases in frequency as people age.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Neurotic Disorders; Personality; Personality Disorders; Prospective Studies
PubMed: 34250845
DOI: 10.1177/00048674211025624 -
Evidence-based Mental Health Dec 2022Despite uncertain benefits, people with personality disorder are commonly treated with antipsychotic medication.
BACKGROUND
Despite uncertain benefits, people with personality disorder are commonly treated with antipsychotic medication.
OBJECTIVE
To investigate the association between antipsychotics and violent crimes and suicidal behaviour in individuals with personality disorder.
METHODS
We used nationwide Danish registries to identify all individuals with diagnosed personality disorder aged 18-64 years during 2007 to 2016. Antipsychotics were recorded in dispensed prescriptions, and individuals were followed up for police-recorded suspicions for violent crimes and healthcare presentations of suicidal behaviour. We applied a within-individual design where outcome rates for individuals with personality disorder during medicated periods were compared with rates during non-medicated periods.
FINDINGS
The cohort included 166 328 people with diagnosed personality disorder, of whom 79 253 were prescribed antipsychotics, presented at least one outcome and were thus included in the within-individual analyses. Compared with periods when individuals were not on antipsychotic medication, violent crime suspicions were 40% lower (incident rate ratio (IRR) 0.60, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.63) in men and 10% lower (IRR 0.90, 95% CI 0.79 to 1.01) in women, while rates of suicidal behaviour were 32% lower both in men (IRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.66 to 0.71) and in women (IRR 0.68, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.70). In subgroup analyses, the magnitude of the association varied across specific personality disorders for criminal outcomes but less for suicidal behaviour, with largest association in dissocial personality disorder for violent criminality (IRR 0.53, 95% CI 0.47 to 0.59).
CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with antipsychotics was associated with reduced risks for violent crime suspicions and suicidal behaviour among individuals with personality disorder.
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
Potential effects of antipsychotics on suicidal behaviour and violence should be taken into account when considering treatment options for people with personality disorders.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Antipsychotic Agents; Suicidal Ideation; Violence; Personality Disorders; Criminals
PubMed: 36283800
DOI: 10.1136/ebmental-2022-300493