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Proceedings (Baylor University. Medical... 2021Full-thickness skin grafts are a commonly used reconstructive method following Mohs micrographic surgery. The literature varies on the most appropriate methods of... (Review)
Review
Full-thickness skin grafts are a commonly used reconstructive method following Mohs micrographic surgery. The literature varies on the most appropriate methods of suturing and securing grafts as well as best practices to dress the graft postoperatively. Our objective was to review various approaches to management of full-thickness skin grafts, including suturing the graft, securing the graft, and topical emollient use on the graft postoperatively. It was found that absorbable sutures, plain gut, provide preferable outcomes with full-thickness skin grafts. The tie-over bolster is the most-used method for securing skin grafts after placement, although several other methods have demonstrated efficacy, including the polyurethane foam, sandwich, and quilting suture methods. While various topical emollients are used in the immediate postoperative period, plain white petrolatum is the least likely to form allergic contact dermatitis.
PubMed: 34732986
DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2021.1953867 -
Chemical Senses Jan 2024Although studies have shown that olfaction may contribute to the perception of tastant, literature is scarce or circumstantial, especially in humans. This study aims to...
Although studies have shown that olfaction may contribute to the perception of tastant, literature is scarce or circumstantial, especially in humans. This study aims to (i) explore whether humans can perceive solutions of basic prototypical tastants through orthonasal and retronasal olfaction and (ii) to examine what volatile odor compounds (VOCs) underlie this ability. Solutions of 5 basic tastants (sucrose, sodium chloride, citric acid, monosodium glutamate [MSG], quinine) dissolved in water, and 2 fatty acids (oleic and linoleic acid) dissolved in mineral oil were prepared. Triangle discrimination tests were performed (n = 41 in duplicate) to assess whether the tastant solutions can be distinguished from blanks (solvents) through ortho- and retronasal olfaction. Participants were able to distinguish all tastant solutions from blank through orthonasal olfaction. Only sucrose, sodium chloride, oleic acid, and linoleic acid were distinguished from blank by retronasal olfaction. Ethyl dichloroacetate, methylene chloride, and/or acetone were identified in the headspace of sucrose, MSG, and quinine solutions but not in the headspace of water, sodium chloride, and citric acid solutions. Fat oxidation compounds such as alcohols and aldehydes were detected in the headspace of the oleic and linoleic acid solutions but not the mineral oil. We conclude that prototypical tastant solutions can be discriminated from water and fatty acid solutions from mineral oil through orthonasal olfaction. Differences in the volatile headspace composition between blanks and tastant solutions may have facilitated the olfactory discrimination. These findings can have methodological implications for future studies assessing gustatory perception using these prototypical taste compounds.
Topics: Humans; Smell; Sodium Chloride; Sodium Glutamate; Quinine; Mineral Oil; Taste; Water; Sucrose; Citric Acid; Linoleic Acids
PubMed: 38175732
DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad054 -
Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 2022Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids with fine magnetic particles. They change shape and fluidity depending on the magnitude and direction of the external magnetic field....
Ferrofluids are colloidal liquids with fine magnetic particles. They change shape and fluidity depending on the magnitude and direction of the external magnetic field. The magnetic field-responsive pulsatile release of a model drug, lidocaine hydrochloride (LID·HCl), was determined using a depot-type injection containing white petrolatum and/or hydrophilic cream with a magnetic fluid in various proportions. Drug release was confirmed using a self-made diffusion cell and the application of a moving magnet at the bottom of the preparation. Magnetic field-responsive LID release was observed only when using the white petrolatum preparation and depended on the concentration of the magnetic fluid. Magnetic field responsiveness was not observed in the preparation with only the hydrophilic cream. A greater magnetic field-responsive release was observed with a combination of white petrolatum and hydrophilic cream than with white petrolatum alone. These results may lead to the development of an injectable formulation that enables pulsatile administration of macromolecular drugs.
Topics: Diffusion; Drug Liberation; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Lidocaine; Magnetic Fields; Particle Size
PubMed: 34980733
DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00706 -
In Silico Pharmacology 2022Meclizine is antihistamine and is used in combination with pyridoxine to treat motion sickness. The in-silico study of meclizine prediction studied showed that meclizine...
Meclizine is antihistamine and is used in combination with pyridoxine to treat motion sickness. The in-silico study of meclizine prediction studied showed that meclizine has anti-eczema activity with possible activity 95. This research aimed to explore the anti-eczema activity of meclizine. Therefore, five formulations of meclizine ointment have been prepared using different bases (white base, simple ointment base, hydrophilic petrolatum base, hydrophilic, and emulsifying ointment bases). The efficiency of meclizine ointment has been evaluated by testing the physical compatibility and stability, homogeneity and irritant effect, absorbance and spreadability, chemical identification, calibration curve, drug content (assay), and dissolution test. This is followed by evaluating the ointment's effectiveness on volunteers and molecular docking. Five creams trials have been prepared, and two formulas (F3, and F5) have been selected for further evaluation. The formulas three and five (F3, F5) have passed the physical and chemical tests and showed compatibility, homogenous, absorbed, non-irritant, and stable with calibration curve (R = 0.9999). Then, the F3 formula was selected by testing them on seven volunteers after evaluating the irritant test. Four of the volunteers showed excellent recovery, and three of the volunteers suffered from uncomforting feelings and the formation of new pills. Therefore, F5 has been tested by eight volunteers that contain high oleaginous activity; five showed an excellent recovery, while three of the volunteers showed no difference. According to that, F5 is more efficient for eczema patients than F3, and Meclizine showed promising activity as an anti-eczema that requires further evaluation in the future.
PubMed: 36062215
DOI: 10.1007/s40203-022-00129-x -
Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical... Mar 2021Atopic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA), have increased in prevalence in industrialized countries during the past few decades and pose a... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Atopic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and food allergy (FA), have increased in prevalence in industrialized countries during the past few decades and pose a significant health burden. They appear to have a common underlying mechanism and a natural disease progression. AD is generally the first atopic disease to manifest followed by other atopic diseases, such as FA, allergic rhinitis, or allergic asthma suggesting that they are likely different manifestations of the same disease. BODY: Evidence suggests that allergic sensitization occurs through an impaired skin barrier, while consumption of these foods at an early age may actually result in tolerance. This has been termed the Dual-Allergen-Exposure hypothesis. Loss of barrier integrity has been hypothesized to enable penetration of allergens, pollutants, and microbes and initiation of an inflammatory immune cascade of events leading to sensitization. The immune dysfunction is thought to further exacerbate the impaired skin barrier to form a vicious cycle. There is much interest in preventing or protecting the skin barrier from developing a proinflammatory atopic state, which may potentially lead to the development of AD and subsequently, FA.
CONCLUSION
Research on preventing or treating skin barrier dysfunction is ongoing. A number of studies have evaluated the efficacy of emollients in preventing AD and FA with mixed results. Studies have differed in the study design, population characteristics, emollients type, and frequency, duration, and area of application. Emollient type has varied widely from oils, creams, petrolatum-based lotions, and trilipid creams. Current research is directed towards the use of trilipid emollients that are similar to the skin's natural lipid composition with a 3:1:1 ratio of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acids and a pH that is similar to that of skin to determine their effectiveness for skin barrier repair and prevention of AD and FA.
PubMed: 33726824
DOI: 10.1186/s13223-021-00531-8 -
International Dental Journal Oct 2022The aim of this work was to review the protocol of the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for arresting caries, specifically the application time. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this work was to review the protocol of the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for arresting caries, specifically the application time.
METHOD
Two researchers searched manufacturers' instructions, YouTube videos, and 5 databases (Embase, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). Manufacturers' instructions, videos from national dental organisations, and peer-reviewed journal articles that published the SDF application protocol in English for arresting caries were selected.
RESULTS
The review included 14 protocols from 15 publications from 4 manufacturers, 3 dental associations, and 7 author teams (one team had 2 articles). The American Dental Association and the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry provided their SDF application protocols on YouTube. The American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry and 7 author teams published their protocols in journal articles. Seven publications suggested an SDF application time of 60 seconds. Seven publications suggested a time range of 10 seconds to 240 seconds. Two publications suggested caries excavation, but 4 publications suggested no caries excavation before SDF application. The procedures from at least 5 publications involved protecting the gingiva with petroleum jelly, isolating the carious tooth with cotton rolls, drying the carious lesion with a 3-in-1 syringe, applying SDF solution with a micro brush for 60 seconds, removing excess SDF solution with gauze, and applying fluoride varnish to the SDF-treated lesion.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the SDF application protocol is simple and straightforward, the published protocols could be different. Most publications suggested an SDF application time of 60 seconds, which can be long, particularly for young children and older adults.
Topics: Aged; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Petrolatum; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Silver Compounds
PubMed: 35843730
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.06.006 -
Archives of Razi Institute Aug 2022Mineral oil as a barrier can minimize temperature, osmolality, and pH fluctuation of the media in the embryo production system (IVP). Regardless of these advantages,... (Review)
Review
Mineral oil as a barrier can minimize temperature, osmolality, and pH fluctuation of the media in the embryo production system (IVP). Regardless of these advantages, mineral oil quality is varied and may deteriorate during storage or transport conditions. So, it can affect the IVP outcome by absorbing the essentials factors or realizing the toxic components into the media. Although, some methods have already been developed to reduce these side effects, still there is a big concern about the safety and use of mineral oil in the IVP system. In this review, we provided an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of using mineral oil in the IVP system. We also reviewed available methods for its quality control and finally, we introduced some methods for reducing the side effects of mineral oil.
Topics: Animals; Mineral Oil; Temperature
PubMed: 36883153
DOI: 10.22092/ARI.2022.358955.2343 -
The Journal of Allergy and Clinical... Feb 2020p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a strong contact allergen used in hair dye that is known to cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Both private and occupational exposure...
BACKGROUND
p-Phenylenediamine (PPD) is a strong contact allergen used in hair dye that is known to cause allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). Both private and occupational exposure to PPD is frequent, but the effect of PPD exposure in nonallergic occupationally exposed subjects is unknown.
OBJECTIVE
We sought to investigate the effects of PPD exposure on the skin of occupationally exposed subjects with and without clinical symptoms.
METHODS
Skin biopsy specimens were collected from 4 patients with mild and 5 patients with severe PPD-related ACD and 7 hairdressers without contact dermatitis on day 4 after patch testing with 1% PPD in petrolatum. RNA sequencing and transcriptomics analyses were performed and confirmed by using quantitative RT-PCR. Protein expression was analyzed in skin from 4 hairdressers and 1 patient with ACD by using immunofluorescence staining. Reconstructed human epidermis was used to test the effects of PPD in vitro.
RESULTS
RNA sequencing demonstrated downregulation of tight junction and stratum corneum proteins in the skin of patients with severe ACD after PPD exposure. Claudin-1 (CLDN-1), CLDN8, CLDN11, CXADR-like membrane protein (CLMP), occludin (OCLN), membrane-associated guanylate kinase inverted 1 (MAGI1), and MAGI2 mRNA expression was downregulated in patients with severe ACD. CLDN1 and CLMP expression were downregulated in nonresponding hairdressers and patients with mild ACD. Filaggrin 1 (FLG1), FLG2, and loricrin (LOR) expression were downregulated in patients with ACD. Confocal microscopic images showed downregulation of CLDN-1, FLG-1, and FLG-2 expression. In contrast, 3-dimensional skin cultures showed upregulation of FLG-1 in response to PPD but downregulation of FLG-2.
CONCLUSION
PPD-exposed skin is associated with extensive transcriptomic changes, including downregulation of tight junction and stratum corneum proteins, even in the absence of clinical symptoms.
Topics: Adult; Dermatitis, Allergic Contact; Female; Filaggrin Proteins; Hair Dyes; Humans; Occupational Exposure; Phenylenediamines; Skin; Tight Junction Proteins
PubMed: 31783056
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.11.023