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American Society of Clinical Oncology... Jan 2023Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompasses a spectrum of heterogeneous diseases originating in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Within the United...
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) encompasses a spectrum of heterogeneous diseases originating in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx. Within the United States, head and neck cancer (HNC) accounts for 66,470 new cases, or 3% of all malignancies, annually. The incidence of HNC is rising, largely driven by increases in oropharyngeal cancer. Recent molecular and clinical advancements, particularly with regard to molecular and tumor biology, reflect the heterogeneity of the subsites contained within the head and neck. Despite this, existing guidelines for post-treatment surveillance remain broad without much consideration given to different anatomic subsites and etiologic factors (such as human papillomavirus [HPV] status or tobacco exposure). Surveillance incorporating the physical examination, imaging, and emerging molecular biomarkers is an essential part of care for patients treated for HNC and allows for the detection of locoregional recurrence, distant metastases, and second primary malignancies aiming for better functional and survival outcomes. Additionally, it allows for evaluation and management of post-treatment complications.
Topics: Humans; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Papillomavirus Infections; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
PubMed: 37079869
DOI: 10.1200/EDBK_389718 -
DEN Open Apr 2022The application of artificial intelligence (AI) using deep learning has significantly expanded in the field of esophagogastric endoscopy. Recent studies have shown... (Review)
Review
The application of artificial intelligence (AI) using deep learning has significantly expanded in the field of esophagogastric endoscopy. Recent studies have shown promising results in detecting and differentiating early gastric cancer using AI tools built using white light, magnified, or image-enhanced endoscopic images. Some studies have reported the use of AI tools to predict the depth of early gastric cancer based on endoscopic images. Similarly, studies based on using AI for detecting early esophageal cancer have also been reported, with an accuracy comparable to that of endoscopy specialists. Moreover, an AI system, developed to diagnose pharyngeal cancer, has shown promising performance with high sensitivity. These reports suggest that, if introduced for regular use in clinical settings, AI systems can significantly reduce the burden on physicians. This review summarizes the current status of AI applications in the upper gastrointestinal tract and presents directions for clinical practice implementation and future research.
PubMed: 35873509
DOI: 10.1002/deo2.72 -
Microorganisms Dec 2023The incidence of oral cancer has recently been increasing worldwide, particularly among young individuals and women. The primary risk factors for head and neck cancers,...
The incidence of oral cancer has recently been increasing worldwide, particularly among young individuals and women. The primary risk factors for head and neck cancers, including oral and pharyngeal cancers, are smoking, alcohol consumption, poor oral hygiene, and repeated exposure to mechanical stimuli. However, approximately one-third of the patients with oral and pharyngeal cancers are neither smokers nor drinkers, which points to the existence of other mechanisms. Recently, human microbes have been linked to various diseases, including cancer. Oral pathogens, especially periodontal pathobionts, are reported to play a role in the development of colon and other types of cancer. In this study, we employed a series of bioinformatics analyses to pinpoint as the predominant oral bacterial species in oral and pharyngeal cancer tissue samples. We successfully isolated from the saliva of patients with oral cancer and demonstrated that indeed promoted oral squamous cell carcinoma development by activating YAP in a mouse tongue cancer model. Our research offers scientific evidence for the role of the oral microbiome in oral cancer progression and provides insights that would help in devising preventative strategies against oral cancer, potentially by altering oral bacterial profiles.
PubMed: 38138101
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122957 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Sep 2022In spite of the fact that antibiotics are considered to be the cornerstone of modern medicine, their use in the treatment of cancer remains controversial. In the...
In spite of the fact that antibiotics are considered to be the cornerstone of modern medicine, their use in the treatment of cancer remains controversial. In the present study, the main objective was to examine the effects of two antibiotics-tetracycline and ampicillin-on the viability, morphology, migration, and organization and structure of the nuclei and the actin fiber network of pharyngeal carcinoma cells-Detroit-562. In order to determine the viability of the cells, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method was applied after the cells were stimulated with five concentrations of tetracycline and ampicillin (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) for 72 h. A scratch assay was used to assess the migration ability of the cells. For the visualization of the nuclei and actin fibers, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (Dapi) and Rhodamine-Phalloidin were used. There are different effects of tetracycline and ampicillin. Thus, tetracycline: (i) exhibited a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect, decreasing cell viability to approximately 46%; (ii) inhibits cellular migration up to 16% compared to 60% for control cells; and (iii) induces changes in cell morphology as well as apoptotic changes in the nucleus and F-actin fibers. In contrast, in the case of ampicillin, an increase in viability up to 113% was observed at 10 μM, while a decrease in viability up to approximately 94% was observed at the highest concentration tested (100 μM). The results indicated a different effect regarding the impact on pharyngeal carcinoma cells. Thus, tetracycline has a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect, while in the case of ampicillin a slight stimulation of cell viability was observed.
Topics: Actins; Ampicillin; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Carcinoma; Humans; Tetracycline
PubMed: 36143966
DOI: 10.3390/medicina58091289 -
Radiology. Imaging Cancer Jan 2020The many changes made to the head and neck (HN) chapters of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and Union for International Cancer... (Review)
Review
The many changes made to the head and neck (HN) chapters of the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) cancer staging manuals have resulted in confusion from clinicians and radiologists. These changes have even raised concerns for validity. In prior staging manual updates, the changes made largely provided simplification of more complex staging details. The current eighth edition of the AJCC/UICC staging manuals introduced greater granularity to HN tumor staging. This reflects the current understanding of pathophysiology of these cancers and is necessary to create a more accurate prognosis for these patients. The most commonly encountered example of manual changes is the separate staging of viral-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma from tobacco and alcohol use-associated squamous cell carcinoma. While anatomic imaging is critical for HN cancer staging, and frequently outweighs clinical examination, some changes to staging make it impossible for a stage to be assigned until surgical resection is performed. In all, the AJCC/UICC eighth edition changes, the impact on radiologists, and the rationale behind the changes will be discussed. Additionally, opportunities for radiologists to contribute to research that may influence the next edition of AJCC/UICC cancer staging manuals will be proposed. Head/Neck, Oncology, Pharynx, Staging © RSNA, 2020.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
PubMed: 33778691
DOI: 10.1148/rycan.2019190022 -
Oral Oncology Jan 2023To describe the experience of two tertiary academic centers with multiple, simultaneous free flaps for complex head and neck defect reconstruction.
OBJECTIVES
To describe the experience of two tertiary academic centers with multiple, simultaneous free flaps for complex head and neck defect reconstruction.
METHODS
Patients undergoing multiple, simultaneous free flaps from 2017 to 2022 were retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS
Seventy-one patients (64.8% male, median age 61 years) were identified and underwent 143 free flaps. The leading surgical indication was squamous cell carcinoma (n = 48, 67.6%). Defect sites included oral cavity, maxilla, pharynx, parotid, skull base, and scalp. The most common free flap combinations were fibula (FFF) with anterolateral thigh flap (n = 33, 46.5%), radial forearm (RFFF) with scapula (n = 11, 15.5%), and RFFF with FFF (n = 10, 14.1%). Median operative time was 12 h. Median length of hospitalization was 10 days. At last follow-up (median 6 months), 141 flaps (98.6%) survived without partial nor complete flap failure.
CONCLUSION
Multiple, simultaneous free flaps are a rare, yet reliable option for head and neck reconstruction in select patients with defects involving several tissue types, multiple functional areas, or large volumes.
Topics: Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Female; Free Tissue Flaps; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Retrospective Studies; Mouth
PubMed: 36462329
DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.106269 -
Brazilian Journal of Otorhinolaryngology 2022Posterior pharyngeal wall is the most rare subsite for hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Because of its rarity, there are few studies published in the literature specifically...
INTRODUCTION
Posterior pharyngeal wall is the most rare subsite for hypopharyngeal carcinomas. Because of its rarity, there are few studies published in the literature specifically concerning posterior pharyngeal wall carcinoma.
OBJECTIVES
To report our functional results in patients with the carcinoma of the posterior wall of the hypopharynx after surgical treatment by resection via a lateral or infrahyoid pharyngotomy approach, with the preservation of the larynx and reconstruction with a radial forearm free flap.
METHODS
The study included 10 patients who underwent surgery for a carcinoma of the posterior wall of the hypopharynx over a 6 year period. The associated postoperative morbidity was investigated and functional results were analyzed.
RESULTS
Nine patients had T3 lesions and one patient had a T2 lesion. The preferred approach to access the hypopharynx was a lateral pharyngotomy in 5 patients and lateral pharyngotomy combined with infrahyoid pharyngotomy in 5 patients with superior extension to oropharynx. The pharyngeal defects were reconstructed successfully with radial forearm free flaps. Four patients received adjuvant radiotherapy only, and 4 patients with N2b and N2c neck diseases received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. The mean duration of hospitalization was 15.6 days (range, 10-21 days). All patients achieved oral intake in a median time of 74 days (range, 15-180). Decannulation was achieved in all patients and the median time for decannulation was 90 (range, 21-300 days). The mean followup duration was 38.3 months (range, 10-71 months) and 8 patients survived. One patient died due to regional recurrence in the retropharyngeal lymph nodes and 1 patient died due to systemic metastasis.
CONCLUSION
Primary surgery is still a very effective treatment modality for the carcinoma of the posterior wall of the hypopharynx and does not permanently compromise the swallowing and laryngeal functions if pharyngeal reconstruction is performed with a free flap.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Humans; Hypopharyngeal Neoplasms; Hypopharynx; Larynx; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 32595079
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.05.013 -
Frontiers in Bioengineering and... 2022Nasopharyngeal carcinoma occurs in many parts of the pars nasalis pharyngis, and the pathological type is mainly squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the special position...
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma occurs in many parts of the pars nasalis pharyngis, and the pathological type is mainly squamous cell carcinoma. Because of the special position of nasopharynx, breathing, pronunciation and daily life will be seriously affected. At present, the research direction of nasopharyngeal carcinoma is mainly to explore the law of tumor cell proliferation and migration, study the molecular mechanism, master its biological behavior and clinical significance, try to find therapeutic targets, and further improve the level of tumor treatment. However, the pathologic structure and molecular mechanism of nasopharyngeal carcinoma have not been fully elucidated. In this study, the Lentivirus-mediated EIF3C shRNA vector (L.V-shEIF3C) was constructed to down-regulate the expression of EIF3C in human pharyngeal squamous carcinoma cell FaDu and the human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell 5-8F, it was found that down-regulation of EIF3C could significantly inhibit the cell proliferation, promote cell apoptosis, induce cell cycle arrest, and inhibit the formation and growth of tumors in mouse models. This study provides strong evidence that EIF3C is a key gene driving the development and progression of head and neck cancer, which is of great significance for the diagnosis, prognosis or treatment of tumors, suggesting that EIF3C may become a valuable therapeutic development and intervention target.
PubMed: 36147539
DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.994628 -
Otolaryngologia Polska = the Polish... Sep 2023<br><b>Introduction:</b> Malignant minor salivary gland tumors are rare, accounting for fewer than 1% of all laryngeal cancers.</br>...
<br><b>Introduction:</b> Malignant minor salivary gland tumors are rare, accounting for fewer than 1% of all laryngeal cancers.</br> <br><b>Aim:</b> This study aims to share our experiences regarding clinical, radiological, pathological profiles and their management.</br> <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> The current study reviews 11 cases of malignant minor salivary gland tumors of the larynx treated surgically at our Institute between 2005 and 2019.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> The mean age of the patients was 54 years (range 38-75 years) with six females and five males in the series (1.2:1). Subglottis and trachea were the sites of origin in 54% of the cases, and hoarseness with dyspnea were the most common presenting symptoms. There were nine Adenoid cystic and two Mucoepidermoid carcinoma patients. Surgery was the primary mode of treatment.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> Most of the larynx's malignant minor salivary gland tumors are submucosal in origin. The outcome and prognosis vary considerably based on the tumor's histology, grade, and stage.</br>.
Topics: Female; Male; Humans; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Adenoids; Hoarseness; Laryngeal Neoplasms; Larynx; Salivary Gland Neoplasms
PubMed: 38032326
DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.4040 -
Cancers Apr 2021Head and neck cancers are the seventh most frequent malignancy worldwide, consisting of a heterogeneous group of cancers that develop in the oral cavity, pharynx, and... (Review)
Review
Head and neck cancers are the seventh most frequent malignancy worldwide, consisting of a heterogeneous group of cancers that develop in the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) being the most common pathology. Due to limitations with screening and physical examination, HNSCC often presents in advanced disease states and is thus associated with poor survival. In this setting, liquid biopsies, or obtaining patient bodily fluid samples for cancer diagnosis and prognosis, may play a dramatic role in optimizing care for HNSCC patients. In recent years, there have been dramatic advancements in investigations focused on optimizing and implementing liquid biopsies in general, and specifically for HNSCC patients. Moving forward, there remain significant challenges in liquid biopsy technological development, as well as opportunities for the development of HNSCC liquid biopsy clinical trials and treatment paradigms. In this review, we discuss the current state of liquid biopsy technologies via circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes, approaches in head and neck cancer, challenges to optimization and application of liquid biopsies for clinical study, and future prospects for this field of research as it applies to head and neck cancer.
PubMed: 33919778
DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081874