-
Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai... Oct 2020Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is a common sleep-disordered disease which is characterized by repetitive narrowing or occlusion of the pharynx causing intermittent... (Review)
Review
Obstructive sleep apnea(OSA) is a common sleep-disordered disease which is characterized by repetitive narrowing or occlusion of the pharynx causing intermittent hypoxia, repetitive arousals, sleep deprivation, and excessive daytime sleepiness. OSA can contribute to atherosclerosis through direct and indirect mechanisms. Animal and clinical studies have shown a close relationship between OSA and atherosclerosis and its risk factors. However, current studies showed inconsistent results. In the future, further research both basic and clinical studies need to be fulfilled. Future studies are needed to investigate underlying mechanisms between OSA and atherosclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Arousal; Atherosclerosis; Hypoxia; Pharynx; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
PubMed: 33254309
DOI: 10.13201/j.issn.2096-7993.2020.10.023 -
Head and Neck Pathology Jun 2022There is limited literature detailing the histology of pharyngeal papillomas. Herein, we report our experience with papillomas occurring in the oro-and nasopharynx that...
There is limited literature detailing the histology of pharyngeal papillomas. Herein, we report our experience with papillomas occurring in the oro-and nasopharynx that have both squamous and respiratory features akin to the sinonasal Schneiderian papilloma. We retrospectively reviewed pharyngeal papillomas that were composed of both squamous and respiratory epithelium received at our institution between 2010 and 2020. Cases of sinonasal papillomas directly extending into the pharynx were excluded. Immunohistochemistry for p16 as well as RNA in situ hybridization to evaluate for 6 low-risk and 18 high-risk HPV genotypes were performed on all cases. Thirteen cases were included. Mean age was 61 with 12 males and 1 female. While often incidentally found, presenting symptoms included globus sensation, hemoptysis, and hoarseness of voice. Histologically, all tumors consisted of squamous and respiratory epithelium with neutrophilic infiltrates arranged in an exophytic/papillary architecture that was reminiscent of the exophytic type of Schneiderian papilloma. Immunohistochemistry for p16 was negative in all papillomas. 85% were positive for low-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes and all were negative for high-risk HPV subtypes. A well-differentiated, invasive squamous cell carcinoma was associated with two of the cases. Papillomas with squamous and respiratory features similar to the sinonasal exophytic Schneiderian papilloma can arise in the oro- and nasopharynx and like their sinonasal counterparts show an association with HPV. While many in this series were benign, they can be harbingers for invasive squamous cell carcinoma.
Topics: Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Female; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms; Papilloma; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Pharynx; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34694538
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01389-3 -
Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2021To improve our current understanding of normal flora in children, we investigated bacterial isolates from the pharynx and nasopharynx of 173 and 233 healthy children,...
To improve our current understanding of normal flora in children, we investigated bacterial isolates from the pharynx and nasopharynx of 173 and 233 healthy children, respectively. The bacterial isolation rates were compared among three age groups: infants (<1 year), toddlers (1-5 years), and school-aged children (6-15 years). Gram-positive cocci were the predominant bacteria in the pharynx (Streptococcus mitis/oralis, 87.3%; Streptococcus salivarius, 54.3%; Rothia mucilaginosa, 41.6%; Staphylococcus aureus, 39.3%). Among infants, S. salivarius and Neisseria subflava, which are related to the development of teeth, were significantly lower than in the other age groups (P <0.0001, S. salivarius; P <0.01, N. subflava). With the exception of Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriticum (44.2%, gram-positive rods), gram-negative rods largely predominated the nasopharynx (Moraxella catarrhalis, 32.1%; Moraxella nonliquefaciens, 28.3%). Among toddlers, M. catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which are the most common pathogens in acute otitis media, were significantly higher than in the infant group (P <0.05). Among the bacterial species implicated in pediatric respiratory infections, Streptococcus pyogenes was isolated in 3.5% of the pharyngeal samples. S. pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were isolated in 22.3% and 17.2% of the nasopharyngeal samples, respectively. In conclusion, the normal flora of the respiratory tract differs not only by the sampling site but also by the age group.
Topics: Adolescent; Bacterial Infections; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gram-Negative Aerobic Rods and Cocci; Gram-Positive Cocci; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Infant; Male; Moraxella; Moraxella catarrhalis; Nasopharynx; Pharynx; Pneumococcal Infections; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 33642434
DOI: 10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.824 -
BMJ Case Reports Mar 2022
Topics: Amyloidosis; Humans; Nose; Pharynx
PubMed: 35236691
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-247469 -
Journal of Anatomy Aug 2021Solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters are distributed in the pharynx and larynx. In the present study, the morphology and reflexogenic function of...
Solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters are distributed in the pharynx and larynx. In the present study, the morphology and reflexogenic function of solitary chemosensory cells and chemosensory cell clusters in the nasal cavity and pharynx were examined using immunofluorescence for GNAT3 and electrophysiology. In the nasal cavity, GNAT3-immunoreactive solitary chemosensory cells were widely distributed in the nasal mucosa, particularly in the cranial region near the nostrils. Solitary chemosensory cells were also observed in the nasopharynx. Solitary chemosensory cells in the nasopharyngeal cavity were barrel like or slender in shape with long lateral processes within the epithelial layer to attach surrounding ciliated epithelial cells. Chemosensory cell clusters containing GNAT3-immunoreactive cells were also detected in the pharynx. GNAT3-immunoreactive cells gathered with SNAP25-immunoreactive cells in chemosensory clusters. GNAT3-immunoreactive chemosensory cells were in close contact with a few SP- or CGRP-immunoreactive nerve endings. In the pharynx, GNAT3-immunoreactive chemosensory cells were also attached to P2X3-immunoreactive nerve endings. Physiologically, the perfusion of 10 mM quinine hydrochloride (QHCl) solution induced ventilatory depression. The QHCl-induced reflex was diminished by bilateral section of the glossopharyngeal nerve, suggesting autonomic reflex were evoked by chemosensory cells in pharynx but not in nasal mucosa. The present results indicate that complex shape of nasopharyngeal solitary chemosensory cells may contribute to intercellular communication, and pharyngeal chemosensory cells may play a role in respiratory depression.
Topics: Animals; Capsaicin; Chemoreceptor Cells; Male; Nasal Cavity; Nasal Mucosa; Pharynx; Quinine; Rats, Wistar; Transducin; Rats
PubMed: 33677835
DOI: 10.1111/joa.13424 -
The Cleft Palate-craniofacial Journal :... Jan 2020There are several different types of nasal emission that can occur during speech due to either velopharyngeal dysfunction or abnormal articulation in the pharynx. Nasal... (Review)
Review
There are several different types of nasal emission that can occur during speech due to either velopharyngeal dysfunction or abnormal articulation in the pharynx. Nasal emission can be inaudible or very loud and distracting, depending on the size of the velopharyngeal opening and the physics of the flow. Nasal emission can be obligatory and/or compensatory (due to abnormal structure) or it can be caused by a misarticulation that results in a substitution of a pharyngeal sound for an oral sound, despite normal velopharyngeal structure. Nasal emission can occur on all pressure-sensitive phonemes or it can be phoneme-specific. Although it is generally recognized that the loud and distracting form of nasal emission (called nasal turbulence or nasal rustle) is due to a small velopharyngeal opening, the causality of the distracted sound is debated. This article provides a brief review of the types of nasal emission, the terms used to describe it, and the potential causes. This article also stresses the need for further research to clarify the causality of the sound generated by a small velopharyngeal opening.
Topics: Articulation Disorders; Cleft Palate; Humans; Nose; Pharynx; Speech; Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
PubMed: 31262198
DOI: 10.1177/1055665619858873 -
Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi =... May 2023To investigate the distribution characteristics and correlation of intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota in early neonates.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate the distribution characteristics and correlation of intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota in early neonates.
METHODS
Full-term healthy neonates who were born in Shanghai Pudong New Area Maternal and Child Health Hospital from September 2021 to January 2022 and were given mixed feeding were enrolled. The 16S rRNA sequencing technique was used to analyze the stool and pharyngeal swab samples collected on the day of birth and days 5-7 after birth, and the composition and function of intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota were analyzed and compared.
RESULTS
The diversity analysis showed that the diversity of pharyngeal microbiota was higher than that of intestinal microbiota in early neonates, but the difference was not statistically significant (>0.05). On the day of birth, the relative abundance of in the intestine was significantly higher than that in the pharynx (<0.05). On days 5-7 after birth, the relative abundance of and in the intestine was significantly higher than that in the pharynx (<0.05), and the relative abundance of in the intestine was significantly lower than that in the pharynx (<0.05). At the genus level, there was no significant difference in the composition of dominant bacteria between the intestine and the pharynx on the day of birth (>0.05), while on days 5-7 after birth, there were significant differences in the symbiotic bacteria of , , , , and - between the intestine and the pharynx (<0.05). The analysis based on the database of Clusters of Orthologous Groups of proteins showed that pharyngeal microbiota was more concentrated on chromatin structure and dynamics and cytoskeleton, while intestinal microbiota was more abundant in RNA processing and modification, energy production and conversion, amino acid transport and metabolism, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, coenzyme transport and metabolism, and others (<0.05). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that compared with pharyngeal microbiota, intestinal microbiota was more predictive of cell motility, cellular processes and signal transduction, endocrine system, excretory system, immune system, metabolic diseases, nervous system, and transcription parameters (<0.05).
CONCLUSIONS
The composition and diversity of intestinal and pharyngeal microbiota of neonates are not significantly different at birth. The microbiota of these two ecological niches begin to differentiate and gradually exhibit distinct functions over time.
Topics: Humans; Infant, Newborn; Bacteria; China; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Intestines; Microbiota; Pharynx; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 37272178
DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2301015 -
ELife Feb 2020Khoomei is a unique singing style originating from the republic of Tuva in central Asia. Singers produce two pitches simultaneously: a booming low-frequency rumble...
Khoomei is a unique singing style originating from the republic of Tuva in central Asia. Singers produce two pitches simultaneously: a booming low-frequency rumble alongside a hovering high-pitched whistle-like tone. The biomechanics of this biphonation are not well-understood. Here, we use sound analysis, dynamic magnetic resonance imaging, and vocal tract modeling to demonstrate how biphonation is achieved by modulating vocal tract morphology. Tuvan singers show remarkable control in shaping their vocal tract to narrowly focus the harmonics (or overtones) emanating from their vocal cords. The biphonic sound is a combination of the fundamental pitch and a focused filter state, which is at the higher pitch (1-2 kHz) and formed by merging two formants, thereby greatly enhancing sound-production in a very narrow frequency range. Most importantly, we demonstrate that this biphonation is a phenomenon arising from linear filtering rather than from a nonlinear source.
Topics: Audiovisual Aids; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Pharynx; Russia; Singing
PubMed: 32048990
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.50476 -
Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal Sep 2021Pharyngeal ectopic thymus is a rare cause of pharyngeal masses and is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of neck and head masses in children. In this paper,...
Pharyngeal ectopic thymus is a rare cause of pharyngeal masses and is rarely considered in the differential diagnosis of neck and head masses in children. In this paper, the case of an infant with a pharyngeal ectopic thymus is presented and our intraoral surgical approach in the patient's treatment is described.
Topics: Choristoma; Diagnosis, Differential; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Medical Illustration; Pharyngeal Diseases; Pharynx; Thymus Gland
PubMed: 32320300
DOI: 10.1177/0145561320918434 -
Computational and Mathematical Methods... 2022The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of angle class II and III malocclusion on the sagittal diameter of the upper airway between parents and children of...
X-Ray Cephalometric Analysis of the Effects of Angle Class II and III Malocclusion on the Upper Airway Width and Hyoid Position between Parents and Children of Uygur Nationality.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this paper is to analyze the effect of angle class II and III malocclusion on the sagittal diameter of the upper airway between parents and children of Uygur nationality and to compare the degree of influence.
METHODS
29 Uygur adolescents with malocclusion and their fathers (mothers) were selected as our subjects via X-ray cephalometric radiograph to analyze the difference between the upper airway sagittal dimension and normal occlusion and compare the influence of malocclusion on the upper airway between parents and children.
RESULTS
Compared with normal group, the vertical distance from the hyoid point to orbital-ear plane (H-FH) and vertical distance from hyoid point to the mandibular plane (H-MP) in angle class II malocclusion elevated signally, while the vertical distance from hyoid point to anterior cervical plane (H-VL), PNS-UPW, H-FH, and H-MP decreased significantly; compared with normal group: the distance between the posterior nasal spine and the upper pharynx wall (PNS-UPW), H-FH, and H-MP in angle class III malocclusion visually reduced, while PAS, and horizontal distance from the hyoid point and center point of sella turcica to orbital-ear foot (H-S), increased markedly. The impact of class II malocclusion on parents' U-MPM was greater than their children.
CONCLUSION
The oropharyngeal space of upper airway becomes smaller and hyoid shifts downwards due to class II malocclusion. Class III malocclusion results in decreased nasopharyngeal gap with hyoid to shift upward. The influence of class II malocclusion on the upper pharyngeal tract of parents was greater than their children.
Topics: Adolescent; Cephalometry; Child; Ethnicity; Humans; Malocclusion; Malocclusion, Angle Class II; Malocclusion, Angle Class III; Mandible; Parents; Pharynx; X-Rays
PubMed: 35903431
DOI: 10.1155/2022/2531419