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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021is one of the oldest medicinal plants in the world. It was introduced into western medicine during the early 19th century. It contains a complex mixture of secondary... (Review)
Review
is one of the oldest medicinal plants in the world. It was introduced into western medicine during the early 19th century. It contains a complex mixture of secondary metabolites, including cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid-type constituents. More than 500 compounds have been reported from , of which 125 cannabinoids have been isolated and/or identified as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids are C terpeno-phenolic compounds specific to The non-cannabinoid constituents include: non-cannabinoid phenols, flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids and others. This review discusses the chemistry of the cannabinoids and major non-cannabinoid constituents (terpenes, non-cannabinoid phenolics, and alkaloids) with special emphasis on their chemical structures, methods of isolation, and identification.
Topics: Alkaloids; Cannabinoids; Cannabis; Flavonoids; Phenols; Plants, Medicinal
PubMed: 34066753
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092774 -
Environmental Research Dec 2022Exposure to phenols and phthalates has been separately linked to increased risks of infertility in women of reproductive age. However, the combined effect of phenols and...
BACKGROUND
Exposure to phenols and phthalates has been separately linked to increased risks of infertility in women of reproductive age. However, the combined effect of phenols and phthalates exposure on infertility has not been explored.
METHODS
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used. A total of 857 women of reproductive age (18-45 years) with available information on urinary phenol and phthalate metabolites, reproductive questionnaires, and covariates were included in the present study. The definition of infertility was based on self-reports. Multivariable logistic regression, principal component analysis (PCA), and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) with stratified variable selection were applied to determine what associations were found between combined exposure to these mixtures and risk of infertility among women of reproductive age.
RESULTS
After adjusting for potential confounders, bisphenol A (BPA), mono(3-carboxypropyl) phthalate (MCPP) and four di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites [mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono(2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)] were positively associated with infertility. PCA revealed that the DEHP-BPA factor's PC score was significantly positively related to the likelihood of infertility [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.45; 1.08, 1.82]. The DEHP-BPA component consistently had the highest group posterior inclusion probability (PIP) in BKMR models. The BKMR model also found that MEOHP, MEHHP, and BPA were positively associated with infertility risk when the remaining combination concentrations were held at their median values. In addition, we observed that the probability of infertility increased dramatically as the quantiles of total mixture concentration increased.
CONCLUSION
Our findings indicate that a combination of phenol and phthalate metabolites is linked to infertility among reproductive-age women. BPA and DEHP, in particular, are significantly related to the risk of infertility.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Bayes Theorem; Benzhydryl Compounds; Diethylhexyl Phthalate; Environmental Exposure; Environmental Pollutants; Female; Humans; Infertility; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Phenol; Phenols; Phthalic Acids; Young Adult
PubMed: 36058272
DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114244 -
Frontiers in Endocrinology 2022In standard 52-week phase III clinical trials, once weekly lonapegsomatropin, somatrogon and somapacitan have been found to yield non-inferior height velocities and... (Review)
Review
In standard 52-week phase III clinical trials, once weekly lonapegsomatropin, somatrogon and somapacitan have been found to yield non-inferior height velocities and similar safety profiles to daily GH (DGH) in children with pediatric growth hormone deficiency (PGHD). Lonapegsomatropin, a long-acting GH therapy (LAGH), was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in August 2021 for the treatment of PGHD and has also been approved in other regions of the world. Somatrogon was approved for the treatment of PGHD beginning in some regions beginning in late 2021. Somapacitan was approved by the FDA for the treatment of Adult GHD in August 2020. The phase III clinical trial of somapacitan for the treatment of PGHD has been completed and demonstrated non-inferiority of somapacitan to DGH. New LAGH products may improve patient adherence, quality of life and clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with poor adherence to daily GH injections in the future. With the availability of new LAGH products, clinicians will need to identify the best candidates for LAGH therapy and understand how to monitor and adjust therapy. Long-term surveillance studies are needed to demonstrate adherence, efficacy, cost-effectiveness and safety of LAGH preparations and to understand how the non-physiological pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles following administration of each LAGH product relate to short- and long-term safety and efficacy of LAGH therapy.
Topics: Adult; Child; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Growth Hormone; Histidine; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Mannitol; Phenol; Quality of Life; United States
PubMed: 36072938
DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.980979 -
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy May 2020Ferroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and has been shown to be involved in multiple diseases,...
Ferroptosis, a novel form of programmed cell death, is characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation and has been shown to be involved in multiple diseases, including cancer. Stimulating ferroptosis in cancer cells may be a potential strategy for cancer therapy. Therefore, ferroptosis-inducing drugs are attracting more attention for cancer treatment. Here, we showed that erianin, a natural product isolated from Dendrobium chrysotoxum Lindl, exerted its anticancer activity by inducing cell death and inhibiting cell migration in lung cancer cells. Subsequently, we demonstrated for the first time that erianin induced ferroptotic cell death in lung cancer cells, which was accompanied by ROS accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and GSH depletion. The ferroptosis inhibitors Fer-1 and Lip-1 but not Z-VAD-FMK, CQ, or necrostatin-1 rescued erianin-induced cell death, indicating that ferroptosis contributed to erianin-induced cell death. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Ca/CaM signaling was a critical mediator of erianin-induced ferroptosis and that blockade of this signaling significantly rescued cell death induced by erianin treatment by suppressing ferroptosis. Taken together, our data suggest that the natural product erianin exerts its anticancer effects by inducing Ca/CaM-dependent ferroptosis and inhibiting cell migration, and erianin will hopefully serve as a prospective compound for lung cancer treatment.
Topics: Animals; Bibenzyls; Calcium; Calcium Signaling; Calmodulin; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Dendrobium; Female; Ferroptosis; Humans; Lung Neoplasms; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Mice, Nude; Neoplasm Proteins; Phenol; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 32382060
DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0149-3 -
The American Journal of Clinical... Jun 2023Evidence suggests that the intake of blueberry (poly)phenols is associated with improvements in vascular function and cognitive performance. Whether these cognitive... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Evidence suggests that the intake of blueberry (poly)phenols is associated with improvements in vascular function and cognitive performance. Whether these cognitive effects are linked to increases in cerebral and vascular blood flow or changes in the gut microbiota is currently unknown.
METHODS
A double-blind, parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted in 61 healthy older individuals aged 65-80 y. Participants received either 26 g of freeze-dried wild blueberry (WBB) powder (302 mg anthocyanins) or a matched placebo (0 mg anthocyanins). Endothelial function measured by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), cognitive function, arterial stiffness, blood pressure (BP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), gut microbiome, and blood parameters were measured at baseline and 12 wk following daily consumption. Plasma and urinary (poly)phenol metabolites were analyzed using microelution solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
RESULTS
A significant increase in FMD and reduction in 24 h ambulatory systolic BP were found in the WBB group compared with the placebo group (0.86%; 95% CI: 0.56, 1.17, P < 0.001; -3.59 mmHg; 95% CI: -6.95, -0.23, P = 0.037; respectively). Enhanced immediate recall on the auditory verbal learning task, alongside better accuracy on a task-switch task was also found following WBB treatment compared with placebo (P < 0.05). Total 24 h urinary (poly)phenol excretion increased significantly in the WBB group compared with placebo. No changes in the CBF or gut microbiota composition were found.
CONCLUSIONS
Daily intake of WBB powder, equivalent to 178 g fresh weight, improves vascular and cognitive function and decreases 24 h ambulatory systolic BP in healthy older individuals. This suggests that WBB (poly)phenols may reduce future CVD risk in an older population and may improve episodic memory processes and executive functioning in older adults at risk for cognitive decline. Clinical Trial Registration number in clinicaltrials.gov: NCT04084457.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Anthocyanins; Blueberry Plants; Phenols; Phenol; Powders; Fruit; Cognition; Memory, Short-Term; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 36972800
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2023.03.017 -
Current Pain and Headache Reports Mar 2021This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
This review aims to provide relevant, aggregate information about a variety of disinfectants and antiseptics, along with potential utility and limitations. While not exhaustive, this review's goal is to add to the body of literature available on this topic and give interventional providers and practitioners an additional resource to consider when performing procedures.
RECENT FINDINGS
In the current SARS-CoV2 epidemiological environment, infection control and costs associated with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are of paramount importance. Even before the onset of SARS-CoV2, HAIs affected nearly 2million patients a year in the USA and resulted in nearly 90,000 deaths, all of which resulted in a cost to hospitals ranging from US$28 billion to 45 billion. The onset SARS-CoV2, though not spread by an airborne route, has heightened infection control protocols in hospitals and, as such, cast a renewed focus on disinfectants and their utility across different settings and organisms. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of disinfectants used in the inpatient setting.
Topics: Chlorine Compounds; Cross Infection; Disinfectants; Ethanol; Formaldehyde; Glutaral; Humans; Hydrogen Peroxide; Iodophors; Oxides; Peracetic Acid; Phenol; Povidone-Iodine; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Sodium Hypochlorite; Triazines
PubMed: 33693989
DOI: 10.1007/s11916-021-00938-3 -
The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology... Apr 2022Current GH therapy requires daily injections, which can be burdensome. Somapacitan is a long-acting GH derivative in development for treatment of GH deficiency (GHD). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
CONTEXT
Current GH therapy requires daily injections, which can be burdensome. Somapacitan is a long-acting GH derivative in development for treatment of GH deficiency (GHD).
OBJECTIVE
Evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-weekly somapacitan after 3 years of treatment.
DESIGN
A multicenter, randomized, controlled, phase 2 study comparing somapacitan and once-daily GH for 156 weeks (NCT02616562).
SETTING
Twenty-nine sites in 11 countries.
PATIENTS
Fifty-nine children with GHD randomized (1:1:1:1) and exposed to treatment. Fifty-three children completed the 3-year period.
INTERVENTIONS
Patients received somapacitan (0.04 [n = 14], 0.08 [n = 15], or 0.16 [n = 14] mg/kg/wk) or daily GH (n = 14) (0.034 mg/kg/d, equivalent to 0.238 mg/kg/wk) subcutaneously during the first year, after which all patients on somapacitan received 0.16 mg/kg/wk.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Height velocity (HV) at year 3; changes from baseline in height SD score (HSDS), HVSDS, and IGF-I SDS.
RESULTS
The estimated treatment difference (95% CI) in HV for somapacitan 0.16/0.16 mg/kg/wk vs daily GH at year 3 was 0.8 cm/y (-0.4 to 2.1). Change in HVSDS from baseline to year 3 was comparable between somapacitan 0.16/0.16 mg/kg/wk, the pooled somapacitan groups, and daily GH. A gradual increase in HSDS from baseline was observed for all groups. At year 3, mean HSDS was similar for the pooled somapacitan groups and daily GH. Change from baseline to year 3 in mean IGF-I SDS was similar across treatments.
CONCLUSIONS
Once-weekly somapacitan in children with GHD showed sustained efficacy over 3 years in all assessed height-based outcomes with similar safety and tolerability to daily GH. A plain language summary (1) is available for this study.
CLINICAL TRIAL INFORMATION
This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02616562 (REAL 3).
Topics: Body Height; Child; Dwarfism, Pituitary; Growth Hormone; Histidine; Human Growth Hormone; Humans; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Mannitol; Phenol; Pituitary Hormones, Anterior
PubMed: 34964458
DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab928 -
Redox Biology Nov 2023Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are enzymes that generate superoxide anion (O•) and hydrogen peroxide (HO), and that are widely... (Review)
Review
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs) are enzymes that generate superoxide anion (O•) and hydrogen peroxide (HO), and that are widely distributed in mammalian tissues. Many bioactives, especially plant (poly)phenols are being studied for their capacity to regulate NOXs. The modulation of these enzymes are of central relevance to maintain redox homeostasis and regulate cell signaling. In in vitro and ex vivo assays, and in experimental animal models, different (poly)phenols are able to modulate NOX-dependent generation of O• and HO. Mechanistically, most of the known effects of (poly)phenols and of their metabolites on NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4, include the modulation of: i) the expression of the different constituent subunits, and/or ii) posttranslational modifications involved in the assembly and translocation of the protein complexes. Very limited evidence is available on a direct action of (poly)phenols on NOX active site (electron-transferring protein). Moreover, it is suggested that the regulation by (poly)phenols of systemic events, e.g. inflammation, is frequently associated with their capacity to regulate NOX activation. Although of physiological significance, more studies are needed to understand the specific targets/mechanisms of NOX regulation by (poly)phenols, and the (poly)phenol chemical structures and moieties directly involved in the observed effects. It should be kept in mind the difficulties of NOX's studies associated with the complexity of NOXs biochemistry and the methodological limitations of O• and HO the determinations. Studies relating human ingestion of specific (poly)phenols, with NOX activity and disease conditions, are guaranteed to better understand the health importance of (poly)phenol consumption and the involvement of NOXs as biological targets.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Reactive Oxygen Species; Phenols; Hydrogen Peroxide; Phenol; NADPH Oxidases; NADPH Oxidase 1; Mammals
PubMed: 37857000
DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102927 -
Marine Drugs Sep 2020Phenolic compounds from marine organisms are far less studied than those from terrestrial sources since their structural diversity and variability require powerful... (Review)
Review
Phenolic compounds from marine organisms are far less studied than those from terrestrial sources since their structural diversity and variability require powerful analytical tools. However, both their biological relevance and potential properties make them an attractive group deserving increasing scientific interest. The use of efficient extraction and, in some cases, purification techniques can provide novel bioactives useful for food, nutraceutical, cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical applications. The bioactivity of marine phenolics is the consequence of their enzyme inhibitory effect and antimicrobial, antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, or anti-inflammatory activities. This review presents a survey of the major types of phenolic compounds found in marine sources, as well as their reputed effect in relation to the occurrence of dietary and lifestyle-related diseases, notably type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cancer and Alzheimer's disease. In addition, the influence of marine phenolics on gut microbiota and other pathologies is also addressed.
Topics: Aquatic Organisms; Biological Products; Cosmeceuticals; Dietary Supplements; Food; Phenols
PubMed: 33007997
DOI: 10.3390/md18100501 -
Marine Drugs Jul 2020Seaweeds have attracted high interest in recent years due to their chemical and bioactive properties to find new molecules with valuable applications for humankind.... (Review)
Review
Seaweeds have attracted high interest in recent years due to their chemical and bioactive properties to find new molecules with valuable applications for humankind. Phenolic compounds are the group of metabolites with the most structural variation and the highest content in seaweeds. The most researched seaweed polyphenol class is the phlorotannins, which are specifically synthesized by brown seaweeds, but there are other polyphenolic compounds, such as bromophenols, flavonoids, phenolic terpenoids, and mycosporine-like amino acids. The compounds already discovered and characterized demonstrate a full range of bioactivities and potential future applications in various industrial sectors. This review focuses on the extraction, purification, and future applications of seaweed phenolic compounds based on the bioactive properties described in the literature. It also intends to provide a comprehensive insight into the phenolic compounds in seaweed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Molecular Structure; Phenols; Seaweed; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 32722220
DOI: 10.3390/md18080384