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Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences Nov 2019Herein, we studied phorate for its toxicological effects in human lymphocytes. Phorate treatment for 3 h has induced significant increase in the lymphocytic DNA...
Herein, we studied phorate for its toxicological effects in human lymphocytes. Phorate treatment for 3 h has induced significant increase in the lymphocytic DNA damage. Compared to control, comet data from highest concentration of phorate (1000 µM) showed 8.03-fold increase in the Olive tail moment (OTM). Cytokinesis blocked micronucleus (CBMN) assay revealed 6.4-fold increase in binucleated micronucleated (BNMN) cells following the exposure with phorate (200 µM) for 24 h. The nuclear division index (NDI) in phorate (200 µM) treated cells reduced to 1.8 vis-à-vis control cells showed NDI of 1.94. Comparative to untreated control, 60.43% greater DCF fluorescence was quantitated in lymphocytes treated with phorate (500 µM), affirming reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative stress. Flow cytometric data of phorate (200 µM) treated lymphocytes showed 81.77% decline in the fluorescence of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) dye, confirming the perturbation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δ). Calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA) treated with phorate (1000 µM) exhibited 2.3-fold higher 8-Hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) DNA adduct formation, signified the oxidative DNA damage. The alkaline unwinding assay revealed 4.0 and 6.5 ct-DNA strand breaks when treated to phorate and phorate-Cu (II) complex. Overall, the data unequivocally suggests the cyto- and genotoxic potential of phorate in human lymphocytes, which may induce comparable toxicological consequences in persons occupationally or non-occupationally exposed to insecticide phorate.
PubMed: 31762602
DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.04.008 -
Toxics Apr 2022It has been estimated that approximately one in seven of all global suicides is due to pesticide self-poisoning, mostly in rural areas of developing countries....
It has been estimated that approximately one in seven of all global suicides is due to pesticide self-poisoning, mostly in rural areas of developing countries. Organophosphorus (OP) compounds are a group of pesticides exerting their toxicological effects through non-reversible inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Among these compounds, phorate (thimet) is one of the most dangerous compounds, the use of which is restricted in many countries. A case of intentional suicide after phorate ingestion in a 24-year-old Bengali male is described. This is the second case of suicidal ingestion of phorate reported in the forensic literature, and the first presenting complete toxicological findings.
PubMed: 35622619
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050205 -
Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Phorate is a systemic, broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide. Although it is commonly used worldwide, phorate, like other pesticides, not only causes environmental...
Phorate is a systemic, broad-spectrum organophosphorus insecticide. Although it is commonly used worldwide, phorate, like other pesticides, not only causes environmental pollution but also poses serious threats to human and animal health. Herein, we measured the blood glucose concentrations of high-fat-diet-fed mice exposed to various concentrations of phorate (0, 0.005, 0.05, or 0.5 mg/kg); we also assessed the blood glucose concentrations of high-fat-diet-fed mice exposed to phorate; we also assessed the distribution characteristics of the resistance genes in the intestinal microbiota of these mice. We found that 0.005 and 0.5 mg/kg of phorate induced obvious hyperglycaemia in the high-fat-diet-fed mice. Exposure to phorate markedly reduced the abundance of in the mouse intestine. The resistance genes , and were significantly upregulated in the test group compared with the control group. Efflux pumping was the primary mechanism of drug resistance in the , and found in the mouse intestine. Our findings indicate that changes in the abundance of the intestinal microbiota are closely related to the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the intestinal tract and the metabolic health of the host.
PubMed: 36358236
DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111584 -
Plant Disease Sep 2020Late and early leaf spot are caused by and , respectively, and are damaging diseases of peanut ( L.) capable of defoliation and yield loss. Management of these diseases...
Late and early leaf spot are caused by and , respectively, and are damaging diseases of peanut ( L.) capable of defoliation and yield loss. Management of these diseases is most effective through the integration of tactics that reduce starting inoculum and prevent infection. The insecticide phorate was first registered in 1959 and has been used in peanut production for decades in-furrow at planting to suppress thrips. Phorate further provides significant suppression of infection beyond suppression of its thrips vector alone by activating defense-related responses in the peanut plant. From six experiments conducted from 2017 to 2019 in Blackville, SC, Reddick, FL, and Quincy, FL, significantly less leaf spot defoliation was exhibited on peanuts treated with phorate in-furrow at planting (26%) compared with nontreated checks (48%). In-season fungicides were excluded from five of the experiments, whereas the 2018 Quincy, FL, experiment included eight applications on a 15-day interval. Across individual experiments, significant suppression of defoliation caused by late leaf spot was observed from 64 to 147 days after planting. Although more variable within location-years, pod yield following phorate treatment was overall significantly greater than for nontreated peanut (2,330 compared with 2,030 kg/ha; = 0.0794). The consistent defoliation suppression potential was estimated to confer an average potential net economic yield savings of $90 to $120 per hectare under analogous leaf spot defoliation. To our knowledge, these are the first data in the 61 years since its registration demonstrating significant suppression of leaf spot on peanut following application of phorate in-furrow at planting. Results support phorate use in peanut as an effective and economical tactic to incorporate to manage late and early leaf spot infections and development of fungicide resistance.
PubMed: 32900292
DOI: 10.1094/PDIS-03-20-0547-RE -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2022In this work, we reported a rapid and sensitive fluorescence assay in homogenous solution for detecting organophosphorus pesticides by using tetramethylrhodamine...
In this work, we reported a rapid and sensitive fluorescence assay in homogenous solution for detecting organophosphorus pesticides by using tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)-labeled aptamer and its complementary DNA (cDNA) with extended guanine (G) bases. The hybridization of cDNA and aptamer drew TAMRA close to repeated G bases, then the fluorescence of TAMRA was quenched by G bases due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Upon introducing the pesticide target, the aptamer bound to pesticide instead of cDNA because of the competition between pesticide and cDNA. Thus, the TAMRA departed from G bases, resulting in fluorescence recovery of TAMRA. Under optimal conditions, the limits of detection for phorate, profenofos, isocarbophos, and omethoate were 0.333, 0.167, 0.267, and 0.333 µg/L, respectively. The method was also used in the analysis of profenofos in vegetables. Our fluorescence design was simple, rapid, and highly sensitive, which provided a means for monitoring the safety of agricultural products.
Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; DNA, Complementary; Fluorescence; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides
PubMed: 35957269
DOI: 10.3390/s22155712 -
Movement Disorders : Official Journal... May 2022Dream-enacting behavior is a characteristic feature of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific prodromal marker of synucleinopathies. Pesticide...
BACKGROUND
Dream-enacting behavior is a characteristic feature of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, the most specific prodromal marker of synucleinopathies. Pesticide exposure may be associated with dream-enacting behaviors, but epidemiological evidence is limited.
OBJECTIVES
To examine high pesticide exposure events in relation to dream-enacting behaviors among farmers in the Agricultural Health Study.
METHODS
We conducted multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine high pesticide exposure events reported from 1993 to 1997 in relation to dream-enacting behaviors assessed from 2013 to 2015 among 11,248 farmers (age 47 ± 11 years).
RESULTS
A history of dream-enacting behaviors was reported by 939 (8.3%) farmers. Compared with farmers who did not report any high pesticide exposure event, those who reported were more likely to endorse dream-enacting behaviors 2 decades later (odds ratio = 1.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.49-2.05). The association appeared stronger when there was a long delay in washing with soap and water after the event (2.63 [95% CI, 1.62-4.27] for waiting >6 hours vs. 1.71 [95% CI, 1.36-2.15] for washing within 30 minutes) and when the exposure involved the respiratory or digestive tract (2.04 [95% CI, 1.62-2.57] vs. 1.58 [95% CI, 1.29-1.93] for dermal contact only). In the analyses of specific pesticides involved, we found positive associations with two organochlorine insecticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and lindane), four organophosphate insecticides (phorate, ethoprop, terbufos, and parathion), two herbicides (alachlor and paraquat), and fungicides as a group.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides the first epidemiological evidence that high pesticide exposures may be associated with a higher risk of dream-enacting behaviors. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Topics: Adult; Agriculture; Farmers; Humans; Insecticides; Middle Aged; Occupational Exposure; Pesticides
PubMed: 35152487
DOI: 10.1002/mds.28960 -
Toxics Apr 2022Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) assessments were performed on the renal cells of common carp to observe the deleterious effects of two organophosphate...
Transmission Electron Microscopic (TEM) assessments were performed on the renal cells of common carp to observe the deleterious effects of two organophosphate insecticides, Phorate and Dimethoate. Pesticides such as Phorate and Dimethoate often pollute aquatic systems where they may negatively impact fish, but so far, the ultrastructural toxicity of these pesticides remains poorly understood. Here, we use Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to determine how acute exposure to sublethal concentrations of these two pesticides may affect the renal cells of common carp . For each insecticide, the fish were divided in four experimental conditions: a control and three different exposure concentrations of the pesticide. The Phorate treated fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of 0.2 mg/L, 0.4 mg/L, 0.6 mg/L for a duration of 24, 48 & 72 h. The dimethoate treated fish were exposed to three sublethal concentrations of 0.005 mL/L, 0.01 mL/L, 0.015 mL/L for a duration of 24, 48 and 72 h. The two-dimensional transmission electron microscopy revealed ultrastructural abnormalities in the treated fish renal cells when exposed to two toxicants including deformation in the glomerulus, vacuolization of cytoplasm, degenerative nucleus and damaged mitochondria. Furthermore, the ultrastructural abnormalities were more prominent with the increase in the concentrations of both the insecticides and also with their exposure period. Overall, these results provide important baseline data on the ultrastructural toxicity of Phorate and Dimethoate and will allow important follow-up studies to further elucidate the underlying cellular mechanisms of pesticide toxicity in wildlife.
PubMed: 35448438
DOI: 10.3390/toxics10040177 -
Biosensors May 2023It is still challenging to achieve simultaneous and sensitive detection of multiple organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Herein, we optimized the ssDNA templates for the...
It is still challenging to achieve simultaneous and sensitive detection of multiple organophosphorus pesticides (OPs). Herein, we optimized the ssDNA templates for the synthesis of silver nanoclusters (Ag NCs). For the first time, we found that the fluorescence intensity of T base-extended DNA-templated Ag NCs was over three times higher than the original C-riched DNA-templated Ag NCs. Moreover, a "turn-off" fluorescence sensor based on the brightest DNA-Ag NCs was constructed for the sensitive detection of dimethoate, ethion and phorate. Under strong alkaline conditions, the P-S bonds in three pesticides were broken, and the corresponding hydrolysates were obtained. The sulfhydryl groups in the hydrolyzed products formed Ag-S bonds with the silver atoms on the surface of Ag NCs, which resulted in the aggregation of Ag NCs, following the fluorescence quenching. The fluorescence sensor showed that the linear ranges were 0.1-4 ng/mL for dimethoate with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.05 ng/mL, 0.3-2 µg/mL for ethion with a LOD of 30 ng/mL, and 0.03-0.25 µg/mL for phorate with a LOD of 3 ng/mL. Moreover, the developed method was successfully applied to the detection of dimethoate, ethion and phorate in lake water samples, indicating a potential application in OP detection.
Topics: Silver; Organophosphorus Compounds; Pesticides; Fluorescence; Dimethoate; Phorate; Metal Nanoparticles; DNA; Spectrometry, Fluorescence
PubMed: 37232881
DOI: 10.3390/bios13050520 -
Journal of Food Protection Mar 2021We evaluated fresh vegetables for residues of 18 pesticides with different chemical structures, including organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides,...
ABSTRACT
We evaluated fresh vegetables for residues of 18 pesticides with different chemical structures, including organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides, carbamate pesticides, and pyrethroid pesticides and estimated that the potential health risks for consumers. A total of 313 samples were collected from 12 kinds of vegetables in Changchun, the capital of Jilin Province, People's Republic of China. Pesticide residues were analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, and the curves were highly linear at 0.01 to 1.00 μg/mL (R2 ≥ 0.99). The mean recovery rate of the pesticides was 62 to 110% (relative standard deviation of <5%). The limit of detection was 0.0001 to 0.0167 mg/kg, the limit of quantification was 0.0002 to 0.0556 mg/kg, and the overall detection rate was 28.43%. The prevalence of pesticides and of samples above the standard limit were highest in celery, the prevalence of pesticides was lowest in potatoes, and the prevalence of samples above the standard limit was lowest in cucumber. Three of the 18 pesticides were not detected: omethoate, chlorpyrifos, and fenvalerate. Among the 15 pesticides detected, the maximum risk factor of six (carbofuran, omethoate, phorate, dicofol, dimethoate, and dichlorvos) is >1, indicating possible harm to human health. Residues of a single pesticide may not adversely affect a person's health, but multiple pesticide residues could present a health risk.
Topics: China; Food Contamination; Humans; Pesticide Residues; Pesticides; Vegetables
PubMed: 33108463
DOI: 10.4315/JFP-20-236 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021In the present study, 168 pesticides in 1,017 samples of 10 Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid (HPLC-MS/MS) and...
In the present study, 168 pesticides in 1,017 samples of 10 Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were simultaneously determined by high-performance liquid (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas (GC-MS/MS) chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 89.2% of the samples encompassed one or multiple pesticide residues, and the residue concentrations in 60.5% of samples were less than 0.02 mg kg, revealing the relatively low residue levels. The hazard quotient and hazard index methods were used to estimate the health risk for consumers. For a more accurate risk assessment, the exposure frequency and exposure duration of CHMs were involved into the exposure assessment, which was obtained from a questionnaire data of 20,917 volunteers. The results of chronic, acute, and cumulative risk assessment indicated that consumption of CHMs is unlikely to pose a health risk to consumers. Ranking the risk of detected pesticides revealed that phorate, BHC, triazophos, methidathion, terbufos, and omethoate posed the highest risk. Our results also showed that pollution of the aboveground medicinal part was more serious. Although exposure to pesticides in tested CHMs was below dangerous levels, more strict controlled management should be carried out for banned pesticides due to the high detection rate and illegal use in the actual planting practice.
PubMed: 35177984
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.818268