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Theranostics 2022Cancer immunotherapy has made tremendous clinical progress in advanced-stage malignancies. However, patients with various tumors exhibit a low response rate to... (Review)
Review
Cancer immunotherapy has made tremendous clinical progress in advanced-stage malignancies. However, patients with various tumors exhibit a low response rate to immunotherapy because of a powerful immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and insufficient immunogenicity of tumors. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can not only directly kill tumor cells, but also elicit immunogenic cell death (ICD), providing antitumor immunity. Unfortunately, limitations from the inherent nature and complex TME significantly reduce the efficiency of PDT. Recently, smart nanomedicine-based strategies could subtly modulate the pharmacokinetics of therapeutic compounds and the TME to optimize both PDT and immunotherapy, resulting in an improved antitumor effect. Here, the emerging nanomedicines for PDT-driven cancer immunotherapy are reviewed, including hypoxia-reversed nanomedicines, nanosized metal-organic frameworks, and subcellular targeted nanoparticles (NPs). Moreover, we highlight the synergistic nanotherapeutics used to amplify immune responses combined with immunotherapy against tumors. Lastly, the challenges and future expectations in the field of PDT-driven cancer immunotherapy are discussed.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunotherapy; Nanomedicine; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Photochemotherapy
PubMed: 34987658
DOI: 10.7150/thno.67300 -
International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020The ultimate goal of phototherapy based on nanoparticles, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) which generates heat and photodynamic therapy (PDT) which not only generates... (Review)
Review
The ultimate goal of phototherapy based on nanoparticles, such as photothermal therapy (PTT) which generates heat and photodynamic therapy (PDT) which not only generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) but also induces a variety of anti-tumor immunity, is to kill tumors. In addition, due to strong efficacy in clinical treatment with minimal invasion and negligible side effects, it has received extensive attention and research in recent years. In this paper, the generations of nanomaterials in PTT and PDT are described separately. In clinical application, according to the different combination pathway of nanoparticles, it can be used to treat different diseases such as tumors, melanoma, rheumatoid and so on. In this paper, the mechanism of pathological treatment is described in detail in terms of inducing apoptosis of cancer cells by ROS produced by PDT, immunogenic cell death to provoke the maturation of dendritic cells, which in turn activate production of CD4+ T cells, CD8+T cells and memory T cells, as well as inhibiting heat shock protein (HSPs), STAT3 signal pathway and so on.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes; CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes; Cytokines; Humans; Hyperthermia, Induced; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Phototherapy; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 32982235
DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S269321 -
Journal of Applied Biomedicine Oct 2022Breast cancer is a serious public problem in modern society. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used in modern medicine. Currently, PDT is an innovative method... (Review)
Review
Breast cancer is a serious public problem in modern society. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is increasingly used in modern medicine. Currently, PDT is an innovative method of treating breast cancer. Irreversible damage to neoplastic tissues is associated with the use of physicochemical processes. Generating cytotoxic reactive oxygen species [singlet oxygen (1O2)] is leading to tumor cell death. At the same time, valuable information can be extracted from breast cancer cells. Photogenerated 1O2 is the major factor responsible for cell necrosis during PDT. 1O2 can react rapidly intracellularly with all organic substances. The use of photodynamic therapy on tissues in vitro creates conditions for testing various types of solutions and implementing them in in vivo treatment. This article is a review of recent advances in PDT for treatment of breast cancer. PDT is a novel cancer diagnostic and cancer treatment therapy. Therefore, an understanding of the possibility to generate a toxic form of 1O2 is necessary. The knowledge gained from the basics of PDT in vitro can be useful in biomedical applications in vivo. The current literature mentions PDT in the treatment of cancers located very deep within the human body. Therefore, the development of agents used to deliver 1O2 to the deep cancerous tissue is a new challenge which can have an efficient impact on this discipline. This review covers the literature between 2000-2022.
Topics: Breast Neoplasms; Female; Humans; Photochemotherapy; Reactive Oxygen Species; Singlet Oxygen
PubMed: 36218130
DOI: 10.32725/jab.2022.013 -
Journal For Immunotherapy of Cancer Jan 2021The past decade has witnessed major breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy. This development has been largely motivated by cancer cell evasion of immunological control... (Review)
Review
The past decade has witnessed major breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy. This development has been largely motivated by cancer cell evasion of immunological control and consequent tumor resistance to conventional therapies. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is considered one of the most promising ways to achieve total tumor cell elimination. It activates the T-cell adaptive immune response and results in the formation of long-term immunological memory. ICD can be triggered by many anticancer treatment modalities, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). In this review, we first discuss the role of PDT based on several classes of photosensitizers, including porphyrins and non-porphyrins, and critically evaluate their potential role in ICD induction. We emphasize the emerging trend of ICD induction by PDT in combination with nanotechnology, which represents third-generation photosensitizers and involves targeted induction of ICD by PDT. However, PDT also has some limitations, including the reduced efficiency of ICD induction in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Therefore, we critically evaluate strategies for overcoming this limitation, which is essential for increasing PDT efficiency. In the final part, we suggest several areas for future research for personalized cancer immunotherapy, including strategies based on oxygen-boosted PDT and nanoparticles. In conclusion, the insights from the last several years increasingly support the idea that PDT is a powerful strategy for inducing ICD in experimental cancer therapy. However, most studies have focused on mouse models, but it is necessary to validate this strategy in clinical settings, which will be a challenging research area in the future.
Topics: Animals; Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor; Drug Synergism; Humans; Immunogenic Cell Death; Neoplasms; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 33431631
DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-001926 -
Biochemical Society Transactions Apr 20225-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) was first implemented over three decades ago and has since been mainly part of clinical practice for the... (Review)
Review
5-Aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) was first implemented over three decades ago and has since been mainly part of clinical practice for the management of pre-cancerous and cancerous skin lesions. Photodynamic therapy relies on the combination of a photosensitizer, light and oxygen to cause photo-oxidative damage of cellular components. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) is a natural precursor of the heme biosynthetic pathway, which when exogenously administered leads to the accumulation of the photoactivatable protoporphyrin IX. Although, effective and providing excellent cosmetic outcomes, its use has been restricted by the burning, stinging, and prickling sensation associated with treatment, as well as cutaneous adverse reactions that may be induced. Despite intense research in the realm of drug delivery, pain moderation, and light delivery, a novel protocol design using sunlight has led to some of the best results in terms of treatment response and patient satisfaction. Daylight PDT is the protocol of choice for the management of treatment of multiple or confluent actinic keratoses (AK) skin lesions. This review aims to revisit the photophysical, physicochemical and biological characteristics of ALA-PDT, and the underlying mechanisms resulting in daylight PDT efficiency and limitations.
Topics: Aminolevulinic Acid; Humans; Keratosis, Actinic; Photochemotherapy; Sunlight; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 35385082
DOI: 10.1042/BST20200822 -
The Journal of Dermatological Treatment Dec 2023Onychomycosis is difficult to treat due to long treatment durations, poor efficacy rates of treatments, high relapse rates, and safety issues when using systemic... (Review)
Review
Onychomycosis is difficult to treat due to long treatment durations, poor efficacy rates of treatments, high relapse rates, and safety issues when using systemic antifungal agents. Device-based treatments are targeted to specific regions of the nail, have favorable safely profiles, and do not interfere with systemic agents. They may be an effective alternative therapy for onychomycosis especially with increasing reports of squalene epoxidase gene mutations and potential resistance to terbinafine therapy. In this review, we discuss four devices used as antifungal treatments and three devices used as penetration enhancers for topical agents. Lasers, photodynamic therapy, microwaves, and non-thermal plasma have the capacity to inactivate fungal pathogens demonstrated through studies. Efficacy rates for these devices, however, remain relatively low pointing toward the need to further optimize device or usage parameters. Ultrasound, nail drilling, and iontophoresis aid in improving the permeability of topical agents through the nail and have been investigated as adjunctive therapies. Due to the paucity in clinical data, their efficacy in treating onychomycosis has not yet been established. While the results of clinical studies point toward the potential utility of devices for onychomycosis, further large-scale randomized clinical trials following regulatory guidelines are required to confirm current results.
Topics: Humans; Onychomycosis; Antifungal Agents; Terbinafine; Nails; Photochemotherapy; Administration, Topical
PubMed: 37807661
DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2023.2265658 -
International Journal of Molecular... Feb 2024Atherosclerosis, which currently contributes to 31% of deaths globally, is of critical cardiovascular concern. Current diagnostic tools and biomarkers are limited,... (Review)
Review
Atherosclerosis, which currently contributes to 31% of deaths globally, is of critical cardiovascular concern. Current diagnostic tools and biomarkers are limited, emphasizing the need for early detection. Lifestyle modifications and medications form the basis of treatment, and emerging therapies such as photodynamic therapy are being developed. Photodynamic therapy involves a photosensitizer selectively targeting components of atherosclerotic plaques. When activated by specific light wavelengths, it induces localized oxidative stress aiming to stabilize plaques and reduce inflammation. The key advantage lies in its selective targeting, sparing healthy tissues. While preclinical studies are encouraging, ongoing research and clinical trials are crucial for optimizing protocols and ensuring long-term safety and efficacy. The potential combination with other therapies makes photodynamic therapy a versatile and promising avenue for addressing atherosclerosis and associated cardiovascular disease. The investigations underscore the possibility of utilizing photodynamic therapy as a valuable treatment choice for atherosclerosis. As advancements in research continue, photodynamic therapy might become more seamlessly incorporated into clinical approaches for managing atherosclerosis, providing a blend of efficacy and limited invasiveness.
Topics: Humans; Atherosclerosis; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Plaque, Atherosclerotic; Inflammation
PubMed: 38396639
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25041958 -
Nature Communications Aug 2023Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have gained much attention in the treatment of various malignant tumors during the past decades. However, limited tumor...
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems have gained much attention in the treatment of various malignant tumors during the past decades. However, limited tumor penetration of nanodrugs remains a significant hurdle for effective tumor therapy due to the existing biological barriers of tumoral microenvironment. Inspired by bubble machines, here we report the successful fabrication of biomimetic nanodevices capable of in-situ secreting cell-membrane-derived nanovesicles with smaller sizes under near infrared (NIR) laser irradiation for synergistic photothermal/photodynamic therapy. Porous Au nanocages (AuNC) are loaded with phase transitable perfluorohexane (PFO) and hemoglobin (Hb), followed by oxygen pre-saturation and indocyanine green (ICG) anchored 4T1 tumor cell membrane camouflage. Upon slight laser treatment, the loaded PFO undergoes phase transition due to surface plasmon resonance effect produced by AuNC framework, thus inducing the budding of outer cell membrane coating into small-scale nanovesicles based on the pore size of AuNC. Therefore, the hyperthermia-triggered generation of nanovesicles with smaller size, sufficient oxygen supply and anchored ICG results in enhanced tumor penetration for further self-sufficient oxygen-augmented photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy. The as-developed biomimetic bubble nanomachines with temperature responsiveness show great promise as a potential nanoplatform for cancer treatment.
Topics: Biomimetics; Hyperthermia, Induced; Photochemotherapy; Phototherapy; Indocyanine Green; Oxygen; Nanoparticles; Cell Line, Tumor
PubMed: 37567901
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40474-9 -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 2022Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is an effective treatment for arresting progression in patients with keratoconus. CXL was approved by United States Food and Drug... (Review)
Review
Corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL) is an effective treatment for arresting progression in patients with keratoconus. CXL was approved by United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of progressive keratoconus in 2016. It is a relatively safe procedure with a low complication rate. As this approach becomes more popular, it is paramount to be familiar with the potential complications associated with the procedure and its management. This article aims to report and review the complications of CXL for the treatment of keratoconus and post-LASIK ectasia.
Topics: Collagen; Cross-Linking Reagents; Humans; Keratoconus; Photochemotherapy; Ultraviolet Rays; United States
PubMed: 35502012
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1595_21 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Details of the structural elucidation of the clinically useful photodynamic therapy sensitizer NPe6 () are presented. NPe6, also designated as Laserphyrin, Talaporfin,... (Review)
Review
Details of the structural elucidation of the clinically useful photodynamic therapy sensitizer NPe6 () are presented. NPe6, also designated as Laserphyrin, Talaporfin, and LS-11, is a second-generation photosensitizer derived from chlorophyll-a, currently used in Japan for the treatment of human lung, esophageal, and brain cancers. After the initial misidentification of the structure of this chlorin-e aspartic acid conjugate as (), NMR and other synthetic procedures described herein arrived at the correct structure (), confirmed using single crystal X-ray crystallography. Interesting new features of chlorin-e chemistry (including the intramolecular formation of an anhydride ()) are reported, allowing chemists to regioselectively conjugate amino acids to each available carboxylic acid on positions 13 (formic), 15 (acetic), and 17 (propionic) of chlorin e (). Cellular investigations of several amino acid conjugates of chlorin-e revealed that the 13-aspartylchlorin-e derivative is more phototoxic than its 15- and 17-regioisomers, in part due to its nearly linear molecular conformation.
Topics: Humans; Photosensitizing Agents; Photochemotherapy; Porphyrins; Amino Acids; Aspartic Acid; Chlorophyllides
PubMed: 37110713
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083479