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Frontiers in Public Health 2022Mental disorders (e.g., depression) and sedentary behavior are increasing, also among emerging adults. One particular target group of emerging adults with high sitting... (Review)
Review
Mental disorders (e.g., depression) and sedentary behavior are increasing, also among emerging adults. One particular target group of emerging adults with high sitting times and vulnerability to mental disorders are university students. In particular, anxiety and depressive symptoms as well as stress symptoms are very common among university students. The present manuscript discusses whether physical activity and exercise interventions can help to promote the mental health of emerging adults such as university students. The manuscript will summarize current scientific evidence and based on this evidence, introduce an university-based scientific research project that investigates if physical activity, exercise interventions and acute bouts of exercise of low- to moderate intensity can buffer perceived stress, alleviate mental health symptoms and strengthen well-being (psychologically and physiologically) among university students by positively influencing depressive and anxiety symptoms, perceived stress and emotion perception, body awareness and subjective well-being including overall quality of life. The research project, its concept, multimethod approach, and first results from available studies are discussed in relation to current scientific evidence, health care needs and future developments. The results from the studies conducted within the research project so far and that are briefly summarized in this manuscript suggest that physical activity, mental health and well-being are positively related, also in university students as an important group of emerging adults. The results further suggest that exercise interventions comprising aerobic exercises of low- to moderate intensity may work best to improve mental health (alleviate depressive symptoms and perceived stress) among university students after a few weeks of intervention. In addition, acute bouts of certain types of exercises (yoga in particular) seem to be particularly effective in changing perception of bodily signals, cardiac activity and emotion processing immediately after the exercise. The results underscore the importance of systematic investigations of the combined examination of psychological and physiological factors that promote an active lifestyle and that strengthen mental health and well-being (psychologically and physiologically) among emerging adults such as university students.
Topics: Adult; Exercise; Humans; Mental Health; Quality of Life; Sedentary Behavior; Students; Universities
PubMed: 35548074
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.849093 -
Best Practice & Research. Clinical... Sep 2020In primary polydipsia pathologically high levels of water intake physiologically lower arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, and in this way mirror the secondary... (Review)
Review
In primary polydipsia pathologically high levels of water intake physiologically lower arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, and in this way mirror the secondary polydipsia in diabetes insipidus in which pathologically low levels of AVP (or renal responsiveness to AVP) physiologically increase water intake. Primary polydipsia covers several disorders whose clinical features and significance, risk factors, pathophysiology and treatment are reviewed here. While groupings may appear somewhat arbitrary, they are associated with distinct alterations in physiologic parameters of water balance. The polydipsia is typically unrelated to homeostatic regulation of water intake, but instead reflects non-homeostatic influences. Recent technological advances, summarized here, have disentangled functional neurocircuits underlying both homeostatic and non-homeostatic physiologic influences, which provides an opportunity to better define the mechanisms of the disorders. We summarize this recent literature, highlighting hypothalamic circuitry that appears most clearly positioned to contribute to primary polydipsia. The life-threatening water imbalance in psychotic disorders is caused by an anterior hippocampal induced stress-diathesis that can be reproduced in animal models, and involves phylogenetically preserved pathways that appear likely to include one or more of these circuits. Ongoing translational neuroscience studies in these animal models may potentially localize reversible pathological changes which contribute to both the water imbalance and psychotic disorder.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Insipidus; Drinking; Homeostasis; Humans; Hyponatremia; Polydipsia; Polydipsia, Psychogenic; Risk Factors; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Water-Electrolyte Imbalance
PubMed: 33222764
DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2020.101469 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily of phospholipase enzymes hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids, generating a free fatty acid and a... (Review)
Review
The phospholipase A2 (PLA2) superfamily of phospholipase enzymes hydrolyzes the ester bond at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids, generating a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. The PLA2s are amphiphilic in nature and work only at the water/lipid interface, acting on phospholipid assemblies rather than on isolated single phospholipids. The superfamily of PLA2 comprises at least six big families of isoenzymes, based on their structure, location, substrate specificity and physiologic roles. We are reviewing the secreted PLA2 (sPLA2), cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2), Ca-independent PLA2 (iPLA2), lipoprotein-associated PLA2 (LpPLA2), lysosomal PLA2 (LPLA2) and adipose-tissue-specific PLA2 (AdPLA2), focusing on the differences in their structure, mechanism of action, substrate specificity, interfacial kinetics and tissue distribution. The PLA2s play important roles both physiologically and pathologically, with their expression increasing significantly in diseases such as sepsis, inflammation, different cancers, glaucoma, obesity and Alzheimer's disease, which are also detailed in this review.
Topics: Humans; Isoenzymes; Phospholipases A2, Secretory; Neoplasms; Catalysis
PubMed: 36674864
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021353 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2021With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital... (Review)
Review
With the increasing prevalence of growing population, aging and chronic diseases continuously rising healthcare costs, the healthcare system is undergoing a vital transformation from the traditional hospital-centered system to an individual-centered system. Since the 20th century, wearable sensors are becoming widespread in healthcare and biomedical monitoring systems, empowering continuous measurement of critical biomarkers for monitoring of the diseased condition and health, medical diagnostics and evaluation in biological fluids like saliva, blood, and sweat. Over the past few decades, the developments have been focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, along with advances with the non-invasive monitoring of biomarkers, bacteria and hormones, etc. Wearable devices have evolved gradually with a mix of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems integrated with flexible materials and body attachments for improved wearability and simplicity. These wearables hold promise and are capable of a higher understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations within the blood or non-invasive biofluids and feedback to the patient, which is significantly important in timely diagnosis, treatment, and control of medical conditions. However, cohort validation studies and performance evaluation of wearable biosensors are needed to underpin their clinical acceptance. In the present review, we discuss the importance, features, types of wearables, challenges and applications of wearable devices for biological fluids for the prevention of diseased conditions and real-time monitoring of human health. Herein, we summarize the various wearable devices that are developed for healthcare monitoring and their future potential has been discussed in detail.
Topics: Biomarkers; Biosensing Techniques; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Monitoring, Physiologic; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 33535493
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030748 -
Critical Care (London, England) Mar 2020This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2020. Other selected articles can be found online at... (Review)
Review
This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2020. Other selected articles can be found online at https://www.biomedcentral.com/collections/annualupdate2020. Further information about the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine is available from http://www.springer.com/series/8901.
Topics: Diaphragm; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Lung; Monitoring, Physiologic; Protective Agents; Respiration, Artificial; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 32204729
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-2777-y -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Angiogenesis is a multi-step process by which new blood capillaries are formed starting from preexisting functional vessels [...].
Angiogenesis is a multi-step process by which new blood capillaries are formed starting from preexisting functional vessels [...].
Topics: Capillaries; Cardiovascular Physiological Phenomena; Humans; Neovascularization, Pathologic; Neovascularization, Physiologic
PubMed: 36142885
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810962 -
BioRxiv : the Preprint Server For... Apr 2023Mechanical and thermal stimuli acting on the skin are detected by morphologically and physiologically distinct sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)....
Mechanical and thermal stimuli acting on the skin are detected by morphologically and physiologically distinct sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Achieving a holistic view of how this diverse neuronal population relays sensory information from the skin to the central nervous system (CNS) has been challenging with existing tools. Here, we used transcriptomic datasets of the mouse DRG to guide development and curation of a genetic toolkit to interrogate transcriptionally defined DRG neuron subtypes. Morphological analysis revealed unique cutaneous axon arborization areas and branching patterns of each subtype. Physiological analysis showed that subtypes exhibit distinct thresholds and ranges of responses to mechanical and/or thermal stimuli. The somatosensory neuron toolbox thus enables comprehensive phenotyping of most principal sensory neuron subtypes. Moreover, our findings support a population coding scheme in which the activation thresholds of morphologically and physiologically distinct cutaneous DRG neuron subtypes tile multiple dimensions of stimulus space.
PubMed: 37131664
DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.22.537932 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2021Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and comprises a large proportion of annual health care expenditure. Management of ischemic heart disease is...
Ischemic heart disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and comprises a large proportion of annual health care expenditure. Management of ischemic heart disease is now best guided by the physiologic significance of coronary artery stenosis. Invasive coronary angiography is the standard for diagnosing coronary artery stenosis. However, it is expensive and has risks including vascular access site complications and contrast material-induced nephropathy. Invasive coronary angiography requires fractional flow reserve (FFR) measurement to determine the physiologic significance of a coronary artery stenosis. Multiple noninvasive cardiac imaging modalities can also anatomically delineate or functionally assess for significant coronary artery stenosis, as well as detect the presence of myocardial infarction (MI). While coronary CT angiography can help assess the degree of anatomic stenosis, its inability to assess the physiologic significance of lesions limits its specificity. Physiologic significance of coronary artery stenosis can be determined by cardiac MR vasodilator or dobutamine stress imaging, CT stress perfusion imaging, FFR CT, PET myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), SPECT MPI, and stress echocardiography. Clinically unrecognized MI, another clear indicator of physiologically significant coronary artery disease, is relatively common and is best evaluated with cardiac MRI. The authors illustrate the spectrum of imaging findings of ischemic heart disease (coronary artery disease, myocardial ischemia, and MI); highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the various noninvasive imaging methods used to assess ischemic heart disease, as illustrated by recent clinical trials; and summarize current indications and contraindications for noninvasive imaging techniques for detection of ischemic heart disease. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.
Topics: Coronary Angiography; Coronary Artery Disease; Coronary Stenosis; Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial; Humans; Myocardial Ischemia; Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
PubMed: 34019437
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2021200125