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Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Pulses are edible seeds of plants belonging to the legume family, which are of great importance for human and animal nutrition. In this study, several nutrients,...
Pulses are edible seeds of plants belonging to the legume family, which are of great importance for human and animal nutrition. In this study, several nutrients, antinutrients and bioactive compounds were quantified in the seeds of ten pulses, i.e., common and runner beans, field peas, lupins (white, blue and yellow), faba beans, lentils (brown and red) and chickpeas. Homogenised, air-dried seed samples were analysed for various parameters: protein (18.0-43.1%), fat (0.6-18.5%) and phytic acid content (507-2566 mg/100 g dry weight (DW)), phenolic profile (27 phenolic compounds in total) and multi-mineral composition. The analysed phenolic compounds mainly belong to phenolic acids (hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids) and/or flavonoids (flavones, flavonols and flavanols). Total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 719 μg/g DW in chickpeas to 5012 μg/g DW in common beans. A total of ten elements belonging to macro- (Mg, P, S, K and Ca) and micro-minerals (Cr, Mn, Fe, Zn and Mo) were determined. Using cluster analysis, pulses were divided into three groups according to the parameters studied: 1. common and runner bean; 2. field pea, white and blue lupin, faba bean, red and brown lentil and chickpea; and 3. yellow lupin. The most varying phytochemicals in terms of their content in the analysed pulses were phytic acid, quinic acid, catechin and TPC. A perfect positive significant Pearson correlation (1.00) was observed for six pairs of variables within the group of phenolic compounds.
PubMed: 36616298
DOI: 10.3390/plants12010170 -
Nutrients Sep 2022Zinc, through its structural and cofactor roles, affects a broad range of critical physiological functions, including growth, metabolism, immune and neurological... (Review)
Review
Zinc, through its structural and cofactor roles, affects a broad range of critical physiological functions, including growth, metabolism, immune and neurological functions. Zinc deficiency is widespread among populations around the world, and it may, therefore, underlie much of the global burden of malnutrition. Current zinc fortification strategies include biofortification and fortification with zinc salts with a primary focus on staple foods, such as wheat or rice and their products. However, zinc fortification presents unique challenges. Due to the influences of phytate and protein on zinc absorption, successful zinc fortification strategies should consider the impact on zinc bioavailability in the whole diet. When zinc is absorbed with food, shifts in plasma zinc concentrations are minor. However, co-absorbing zinc with food may preferentially direct zinc to cellular compartments where zinc-dependent metabolic processes primarily occur. Although the current lack of sensitive biomarkers of zinc nutritional status reduces the capacity to assess the impact of fortifying foods with zinc, new approaches for assessing zinc utilization are increasing. In this article, we review the tools available for assessing bioavailable zinc, approaches for evaluating the zinc nutritional status of populations consuming zinc fortified foods, and recent trends in fortification strategies to increase zinc absorption.
Topics: Biomarkers; Food, Fortified; Humans; Malnutrition; Phytic Acid; Salts; Zinc
PubMed: 36235548
DOI: 10.3390/nu14193895 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2022Antinutrients (ANs) interact with proteins changing its behavior and may affect Maillard reaction (MR). This work aimed to study the effect of phytic acid, tannic acid,...
Antinutrients (ANs) interact with proteins changing its behavior and may affect Maillard reaction (MR). This work aimed to study the effect of phytic acid, tannic acid, and saponin on asparagine-glucose MR. The effect of AN concentration (0-1 mM) and reaction time (3-30 min at 150 °C) on the formation of melanoidins and acrylamide was determined. Other MR compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. The ANs effect on asparagine-glucose thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. Results showed that ANs increase the melanoidins formation. Acrylamide content increased in saponin and phytic acid presence. The volatile profile was similar among the samples and formed mainly by pyrazines (>50%). ANs affect glucose's melting point, however, only phytic acid and saponin affect asparagine and glucose thermal behavior. The results presented in this work are important for food science and the industry to control MR in processed foods.
Topics: Acrylamide; Asparagine; Glucose; Hot Temperature; Maillard Reaction; Phytic Acid; Saponins; Tannins
PubMed: 35749878
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133518 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2020Phytic acid has two main roles in plant tissues: Storage of phosphorus and regulation of different cellular processes. From a nutritional point of view, it is considered... (Review)
Review
Phytic acid has two main roles in plant tissues: Storage of phosphorus and regulation of different cellular processes. From a nutritional point of view, it is considered an antinutritional compound because, being a cation chelator, its presence reduces mineral bioavailability from the diet. In recent decades, the development of low phytic acid () mutants has been an important goal for nutritional seed quality improvement, mainly in cereals and legumes. Different mutations affect phytic acid biosynthetic genes. However, other mutations isolated so far, affect genes coding for three classes of transporters: A specific group of ABCC type vacuolar transporters, putative sulfate transporters, and phosphate transporters. In the present review, we summarize advances in the characterization of these transporters in cereals and legumes. Particularly, we describe genes, proteins, and mutants for these different transporters, and we report data of in silico analysis aimed at identifying the putative orthologs in some other cereal and legume species. Finally, we comment on the advantage of using such types of mutants for crop biofortification and on their possible utility to unravel links between phosphorus and sulfur metabolism (phosphate and sulfate homeostasis crosstalk).
PubMed: 31948109
DOI: 10.3390/plants9010069 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of... (Review)
Review
Zinc is an essential micronutrient, and its deficiency is perhaps the most prevalent and least understood worldwide. Recent advances have expanded the understanding of zinc's unique chemistry and molecular roles in a vast array of critical functions. However, beyond the concept of zinc absorption, few studies have explored the molecular basis of zinc bioavailability that determines the proportion of dietary zinc utilized in zinc-dependent processes in the body. The purpose of this review is to merge the concepts of zinc molecular biology and bioavailability with a focus on the molecular determinants of zinc luminal availability, absorption, transport, and utilization.
Topics: Zinc; Biological Availability; Trace Elements; Micronutrients; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 37047530
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076561 -
Biomolecules Jun 2023IP6 (phytic acid) is a naturally occurring compound in plant seeds and grains. It is a poly-phosphorylated inositol derivative that has been shown to exhibit many... (Review)
Review
IP6 (phytic acid) is a naturally occurring compound in plant seeds and grains. It is a poly-phosphorylated inositol derivative that has been shown to exhibit many biological activities that accrue benefits in health and diseases (cancer, diabetes, renal lithiasis, cardiovascular diseases, etc.). IP6 has been shown to have several cellular and molecular activities associated with its potential role in disease prevention. These activities include anti-oxidant properties, chelation of metal ions, inhibition of inflammation, modulation of cell signaling pathways, and modulation of the activities of enzymes and hormones that are involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Studies have shown that IP6 has anti-oxidant properties and can scavenge free radicals known to cause cellular damage and contribute to the development of chronic diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes mellitus. It has also been shown to possess anti-inflammatory properties that may modulate immune responses geared towards the prevention of inflammatory conditions. Moreover, IP6 exhibits anti-cancer properties through the induction of cell cycle arrest, promoting apoptosis and inhibiting cancer cell growth. Additionally, it has been shown to have anti-mutagenic properties, which reduce the risk of malignancies by preventing DNA damage and mutations. IP6 has also been reported to have a potential role in bone health. It inhibits bone resorption and promotes bone formation, which may help in the prevention of bone diseases such as osteoporosis. Overall, IP6's cellular and molecular activities make it a promising candidate for disease prevention. As reported in many studies, its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer properties support its inclusion as a dietary supplement that may protect against the development of chronic diseases. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of this dynamic molecule and its derivatives and determine the optimal doses and appropriate delivery methods for effective therapeutic use.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Cardiovascular Diseases; Neoplasms; Phytic Acid; Apoptosis
PubMed: 37371552
DOI: 10.3390/biom13060972 -
Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational... 2024This study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin (μTBS) using different time periods of airborne particle abrasion (APA) and two types...
OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin (μTBS) using different time periods of airborne particle abrasion (APA) and two types of acid etching.
METHODS
Seventy-two human third molars were divided into 9 groups (n=8) according to dentin pretreatment: APA duration (0, 5, or 10s) and acid etching (no acid - NA, 37% phosphoric acid - PhoA, or 1% phytic acid - PhyA). APA was performed at a 0.5 cm distance and air pressure of 60 psi using 50 μm aluminum oxide particles. Afterwards, two coats of Single Bond Universal adhesive (3M) were applied to the dentin surface. Composite blocks were built using the incremental technique, sectioned into 1×1 mm slices and subjected to microtensile bond strength (μTBS) testing. Fracture patterns and surface topography of each dentinal pretreatment were evaluated using a Scanning electron microscope (SEM). Bond strength data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni tests.
RESULTS
The group that received pretreatment with 5s APA and PhoA presented higher μTBS values among all groups, which was statistically different when compared with the PhoA, 10APA+PhoA, and 5APA+PhyA groups. PhyA did not significantly influence the bond strength of the air-abraded groups. Finally, adhesive failure was considered the predominant failure in all groups.
CONCLUSION
Dentin pretreated by airborne particle abrasion using aluminum oxide demonstrated an increase in bond strength when abraded for 5 seconds and conditioned with phosphoric acid in a universal adhesive system.
PubMed: 38835853
DOI: 10.2147/CCIDE.S456826 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2020From the early precipitation-based techniques, introduced more than a century ago, to the latest development of enzymatic bio- and nano-sensor applications, the analysis... (Review)
Review
From the early precipitation-based techniques, introduced more than a century ago, to the latest development of enzymatic bio- and nano-sensor applications, the analysis of phytic acid and/or other inositol phosphates has never been a straightforward analytical task. Due to the biomedical importance, such as antinutritional, antioxidant and anticancer effects, several types of methodologies were investigated over the years to develop a reliable determination of these intriguing analytes in many types of biological samples; from various foodstuffs to living cell organisms. The main aim of the present work was to critically overview the development of the most relevant analytical principles, separation and detection methods that have been applied in order to overcome the difficulties with specific chemical properties of inositol phosphates, their interferences, absence of characteristic signal (e.g., absorbance), and strong binding interactions with (multivalent) metals and other biological molecules present in the sample matrix. A systematical and chronological review of the applied methodology and the detection system is given, ranging from the very beginnings of the classical gravimetric and titrimetric analysis, through the potentiometric titrations, chromatographic and electrophoretic separation techniques, to the use of spectroscopic methods and of the recently reported fluorescence and voltammetric bio- and nano-sensors.
Topics: Animals; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Chromatography, Ion Exchange; Humans; Inositol Phosphates; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 33396544
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26010174 -
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2022Increasing energy demands exacerbated by energy shortages have highlighted the urgency of research on renewable energy technologies. Carbon materials that can be... (Review)
Review
Increasing energy demands exacerbated by energy shortages have highlighted the urgency of research on renewable energy technologies. Carbon materials that can be employed as advanced electrodes and catalysts can increase the accessibility of efficient and economical energy conversion and storage solutions based on electrocatalysis. In particular, carbon materials derived from biomass are promising candidates to replace precious-metal-based catalysts, owing to their low cost, anti-corrosion properties, electrochemical durability, and sustainability. For catalytic applications, the rational design and engineering of functional carbon materials in terms of their structure, morphology, and heteroatom doping are crucial. Phytic acid derived from natural, abundant, and renewable resources represents a versatile carbon precursor and modifier that can be introduced to tune the aforementioned properties. This review discusses synthetic strategies for preparing functional carbon materials using phytic acid and explores the influence of this precursor on the resulting materials' physicochemical characteristics. We also summarize recent strategies that have been applied to improve the oxygen reduction performance of porous carbon materials using phytic acid, thereby offering guidance for the future design of functional, sustainable carbon materials with enhanced catalytic properties.
Topics: Biomass; Carbon; Catalysis; Oxygen; Phytic Acid
PubMed: 36232584
DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911282 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2020Phytic acid (PA) represents the major storage form of seed phosphate (P). During seed maturation, it accumulates as phytate salts chelating various mineral cations,... (Review)
Review
Phytic acid (PA) represents the major storage form of seed phosphate (P). During seed maturation, it accumulates as phytate salts chelating various mineral cations, therefore reducing their bioavailability. During germination, phytase dephosphorylates PA releasing both P and cations which in turn can be used for the nutrition of the growing seedling. Animals do not possess phytase, thus monogastric animals assimilate only 10% of the phytate ingested with feed, whilst 90% is excreted and may contribute to cause P pollution of the environment. To overcome this double problem, nutritional and environmental, in the last four decades, many low phytic acid () mutants (most of which affect the PA-MRP transporters) have been isolated and characterized in all major crops, showing that the trait can increase the nutritional quality of foods and feeds and improve P management in agriculture. Nevertheless, these mutations are frequently accompanied by negative pleiotropic effects leading to agronomic defects which may affect either seed viability and germination or plant development or in some cases even increase the resistance to cooking, thus limiting the interest of breeders. Therefore, although some significant results have been reached, the isolation of mutants improved for their nutritional quality and with a good field performance remains a goal so far not fully achieved for many crops. Here, we will summarize the main pleiotropic effects that have been reported to date in mutants affected in PA-MRP transporters in five productive agronomic species, as well as addressing some of the possible challenges to overcome these hurdles and improve the breeding efforts for mutants.
PubMed: 32973854
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01301