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Cancers Sep 2021Artificial intelligence (AI) uses mathematical algorithms to perform tasks that require human cognitive abilities. AI-based methodologies, e.g., machine learning and... (Review)
Review
Artificial intelligence (AI) uses mathematical algorithms to perform tasks that require human cognitive abilities. AI-based methodologies, e.g., machine learning and deep learning, as well as the recently developed research field of radiomics have noticeable potential to transform medical diagnostics. AI-based techniques applied to medical imaging allow to detect biological abnormalities, to diagnostic neoplasms or to predict the response to treatment. Nonetheless, the diagnostic accuracy of these methods is still a matter of debate. In this article, we first illustrate the key concepts and workflow characteristics of machine learning, deep learning and radiomics. We outline considerations regarding data input requirements, differences among these methodologies and their limitations. Subsequently, a concise overview is presented regarding the application of AI methods to the evaluation of thyroid images. We developed a critical discussion concerning limits and open challenges that should be addressed before the translation of AI techniques to the broad clinical use. Clarification of the pitfalls of AI-based techniques results crucial in order to ensure the optimal application for each patient.
PubMed: 34638226
DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194740 -
Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy : SRA Jul 2023To demonstrate that occipital artery (OA)-p1 posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) bypass can be an alternative for complex posterior circulation aneurysms.
PURPOSE
To demonstrate that occipital artery (OA)-p1 posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) bypass can be an alternative for complex posterior circulation aneurysms.
METHODS
A far-lateral approach to craniotomy was performed on 20 cadaveric specimens, and the OA was obtained 'in-line.' Its length, diameter, and the number of p1/p2 and p3 segmental perforators were determined, and the relationship between the caudal loop and cerebellar tonsil position was also assessed. The distance between the PICA's origin and the cranial nerve XI (CN XI), the buffer length above the CN XI after dissection, the OA length required to complete the OA-p1/p3 PICA bypass, and the p1 and p3 segment diameters were all measured. A bypass training practical scale (TSIO) was used to evaluate the quality of the anastomosis.
RESULTS
All specimens underwent OA-p1 PICA end-to-end bypass and had favorable results for the TSIO score, 15 sides underwent OA-p3 PICA end-to-side bypass, and the other bypass protocols were less common. The buffer length above the CN XI after dissection, the distance between the PICA's origin and the CN XI, and the first perforator were all of sufficient length. The direct length of the OA needed to complete the OA-p1 PICA end-to-end bypass was significantly less than the available length and the OA-p3 PICA end-to-side bypass, with the OA matching the p1 segment diameter. The number of p1 perforators was less than that of p3, and the OA diameter was equal to that of the p1 segment.
CONCLUSION
OA-p1 PICA end-to-end bypass is a feasible alternative in cases in which p3 segment has high caudal loops or anatomic anomalies.
Topics: Humans; Feasibility Studies; Cerebral Revascularization; Cerebellum; Vertebral Artery; Intracranial Aneurysm; Cadaver
PubMed: 37173575
DOI: 10.1007/s00276-023-03160-5 -
Disability and Health Journal Jul 2021Pica, the repeated ingestion of nonfood items, can result in gastrointestinal (GI) outcomes. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental...
BACKGROUND
Pica, the repeated ingestion of nonfood items, can result in gastrointestinal (GI) outcomes. Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and other developmental disabilities (DDs) are disproportionately affected by both pica and GI symptoms. Study of the inter-relationship between pica, GI symptoms, and ASD/DD is limited.
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS
We assessed associations between pica and GI symptoms in preschool-aged children with and without ASD and other (non-ASD) DDs in the Study to Explore Early Development.
METHODS
Our sample included children with ASD (n = 1244), other DDs (n = 1593), and population (POP) controls (n = 1487). Data to define final case-control status, pica, and GI symptoms were from standardized developmental assessments/questionnaires. Prevalence ratios, adjusted for sociodemographic factors (aPRs), and 95% confidence intervals were derived from modified Poisson regression.
RESULTS
Within each group (ASD, DD, POP) and for the total sample, pica was associated with vomiting (aPR for total sample 2.6 [1.7, 4.0]), diarrhea (1.8 [1.4, 2.2]), and loose stools (1.8 [1.4, 2.2]). In the DD group, pica was associated with constipation (1.4 [1.03, 1.9]) and pain on stooling (1.8 [1.2, 2.6]). In analyses of the subgroup without pica, increases in GI symptoms were still evident in the ASD and DD groups compared to POP group.
CONCLUSION
These findings highlight an important adverse effect of pica, GI symptoms, in children with and without ASD and DDs; nonetheless, pica does not fully explain the increased risk for GI symptoms among children with ASD and DDs. These findings inform the specialized healthcare needs of children with ASD and other DDs.
Topics: Autism Spectrum Disorder; Child; Child, Preschool; Disabled Persons; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Humans; Pica; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33358227
DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2020.101052 -
Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences Jun 2022Pica and rumination disorder are known as feeding disorder diagnoses in childhood, but little is known about their occurrence in adulthood. This study aimed to assess...
AIMS
Pica and rumination disorder are known as feeding disorder diagnoses in childhood, but little is known about their occurrence in adulthood. This study aimed to assess prevalence rates of one-time and recurrent pica and rumination behaviours (PB and RB) in adults, including sociodemographic subgroups, and to examine associations with other eating disorder and general psychopathology.
METHODS
The representative population sample ( = 2403) completed measures on PB and RB, symptoms of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), body image and symptoms of depression and anxiety.
RESULTS
Any PB and RB were reported in 5.33 and 5.49%, respectively, while recurrent PB or RB occurred in 1.08 and 0.71%, respectively. Co-occurrence was high, with 35.29% of recurrent PB in RB, and 23.08% vice versa. Prevalence rates of recurrent PB or RB did not differ by gender, weight status, educational or migration history from those without recurrent behaviours. Adults with . without recurrent PB and RB showed more symptoms of ARFID, general eating disorders depression and anxiety, and behavioural symptoms of eating disorders (with the exception of compensatory behaviours in recurrent PB), and less positive body image. However, there were no differences regarding age and body mass index.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings highlight the clinical significance of PB and RB in adults regarding both prevalence and associations with other psychopathological symptoms. In particular, associations with body image need to be investigated further, as in contrast to other eating disorders, body image disturbance is not yet represented in the diagnostic criteria for pica and rumination disorder. In sum, the findings highlight the need for clinical attention for these disorders and related behaviours in adults.
Topics: Adult; Feeding and Eating Disorders; Humans; Pica; Prevalence; Psychopathology; Rumination Syndrome
PubMed: 35678377
DOI: 10.1017/S2045796022000208 -
Neuropharmacology Nov 20215F-MDMB-PICA is a popular synthetic cannabinoid associated with analytically confirmed intoxications. In vitro studies show 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent cannabinoid-1...
5F-MDMB-PICA is a popular synthetic cannabinoid associated with analytically confirmed intoxications. In vitro studies show 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent cannabinoid-1 receptor (CB) agonist, but little information is available about in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. To this end, the present study had three aims: 1) to develop a validated method for detection of 5F-MDMB-PICA and its metabolites in rat plasma, 2) to utilize the method for investigating pharmacokinetics of 5F-MDMB-PICA in rats, and 3) to relate 5F-MDMB-PICA pharmacokinetics to pharmacodynamic effects. 5F-MDMB-PICA and its metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and method validation followed forensic standards. Male Sprague-Dawley rats bearing surgically implanted jugular catheters and subcutaneous (s.c.) temperature transponders received 5F-MDMB-PICA (50, 100, or 200 μg/kg, s.c.) or its vehicle. Blood samples were drawn at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 min post-injection, and plasma was assayed using LC-MS/MS. At each blood draw, body temperature, and catalepsy scores were recorded. Maximum plasma concentrations (C) of 5F-MDMB-PICA rose linearly with increasing dose (1.72-6.20 ng/mL), and plasma half-life (t) ranged from 400 to 1000 min 5F-MDMB-PICA-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid and 5OH-MDMB-PICA were the only metabolites detected, and plasma concentrations were much lower than the parent drug. 5F-MDMB-PICA induced robust hypothermia and catalepsy-like symptoms that were significantly correlated with concentrations of 5F-MDMB-PICA. Radioligand binding in rat brain membranes revealed 5F-MDMB-PICA displays high affinity for CB (IC = 2 nM) while metabolites do not. In summary, 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent CB agonist in rats whose pharmacodynamic effects are related to circulating concentrations of the parent drug and not its metabolites.
Topics: Animals; Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists; Cannabinoids; Catalepsy; Hypothermia; Male; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1
PubMed: 34547333
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108800 -
World Neurosurgery Jun 2024A retrospective study of cases of endovascular treatment of dissection of the vertebral artery with subarachnoid hemorrhage was conducted.
INTRODUCTION
A retrospective study of cases of endovascular treatment of dissection of the vertebral artery with subarachnoid hemorrhage was conducted.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data were 11 cases of vertebral artery dissecting aneurysm (VADA)s among 291 consecutive SAH patients who underwent clipping or endovascular treatment at Ota Memorial Hospital. Classified into four patterns based on the location of the dissection and posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA): Pre-PICA, post-PICA, involved PICA, and non-PICA. And one of the case had bilateral vertebral artery dissection, and Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was included in the study.
RESULTS
Ruptured VADA occurred in 11 of the 291 patients (3.8%). Endovascular treatment was performed in 8 of these 11 patients. Postoperative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) detected no high intensity lesions and no postoperative ischemic complications or rebleeding occurred in any patient. In a case of bilateral VADA, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis very low or high wall shear stress (WSS) at the dissection, low aneurysm formation indicator (AFI), and high oscillatory shear index(OSI) may be considered rupture factors.
CONCLUSION
Treatment strategies for each branching pattern of PICA can prevent rupture and avoid ischemic complications. And prediction of the rupture side is important in patients with bilateral dissection to consider the appropriate treatment and timing.
PubMed: 38857867
DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.06.007 -
Biological Research For Nursing Oct 2021Nausea and vomiting are consistently identified among the most distressing side effects of chemotherapy. In recent years, Olanzapine (OLZ) treatment was added to...
Nausea and vomiting are consistently identified among the most distressing side effects of chemotherapy. In recent years, Olanzapine (OLZ) treatment was added to anti-emetic guidelines as a treatment for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV), despite little available data supporting a mechanism behind the positive benefits of the drug. Here, we examine whether OLZ reduces cisplatin chemotherapy-induced side effects on food intake and pica behavior in rats (i.e., kaolin intake, a proxy for nausea/emesis). Behavioral experiments tested whether systemic or hindbrain administration of OLZ ameliorated cisplatin-induced pica, anorexia, and body weight loss in rats. We also tested whether systemic OLZ reduces cisplatin-induced neuronal activation in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), a hindbrain region controlling emesis. Lastly, given their role in regulating feeding and emesis, circulating ghrelin levels and central mRNA expression levels of serotonin (HT) receptor subunits, including 5-HT2C, were measured in brain regions that regulate CINV and energy balance in an exploratory analysis to investigate potential mediators of OLZ action. Our results show that both systemic and hindbrain administration of OLZ attenuated cisplatin-induced kaolin intake and body weight loss, but not anorexia. Systemic OLZ decreased cisplatin-induced c-Fos immunofluorescence in the DVC and prevented cisplatin-induced reductions in circulating ghrelin levels. IP OLZ also blocked cisplatin-induced increases in expression in DVC and hypothalamic micropunches. These data suggest hindbrain exposure to OLZ is sufficient to induce reductions in cisplatin-induced pica and that central serotonergic signaling, via 5-HT2C, and changes in circulating ghrelin may be potential mediators of olanzapine anti-emetic action.
Topics: Animals; Antiemetics; Antineoplastic Agents; Cisplatin; Nausea; Olanzapine; Rats; Vomiting
PubMed: 33789505
DOI: 10.1177/10998004211000443 -
Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery Jun 2023To assess the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)-PICA bypass possibility.
OBJECTIVE
To assess the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA)-PICA bypass possibility.
METHODS
Fifteen adult cadaver heads were used for surgical simulation, and the far-lateral approach was used to expose the surgical field. The bilateral PICA course, diameter, and perforators were observed and measured to evaluate the possibility of a PICA-PICA bypass.
RESULTS
The PICA-PICA bypass was performed in seven (46.7 %) of the 15 specimens; the procedure was performed easily in three specimens, a little difficult in two, and was difficult in two specimens because of the relationship between the tonsil and the short parallel length of the bilateral tonsillomedullary (p3) segment. In eight (53.3 %) of the 15 specimens, PICA-PICA bypass was not feasible for reasons including 1) the caliber of the bilateral p3 was unmatched for bypass, 2) the distance of bilateral p3 in the midline was > 7 mm, 3) the middle segment of p3 perforating direct arteries limited the buffer length, and 4) single caudal loops.
CONCLUSION
The possibility of PICA-PICA bypass was determined by the proximity of the bilateral p3, caliber match, and mobilization of the bilateral caudal loop due to the perforators. The difficulty of the PICA-PICA bypass mainly depends on the relationship between the cerebellar tonsil and the parallel length of the bilateral PICA in the midline.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Cerebral Revascularization; Cerebellum; Vertebral Artery; Cadaver; Intracranial Aneurysm
PubMed: 37163930
DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2023.107759 -
Frontiers in Pharmacology 2022Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting severely impairs the treatment and prognosis of cancer patients. Depressive mood disorder might aggravate nausea and vomiting...
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting severely impairs the treatment and prognosis of cancer patients. Depressive mood disorder might aggravate nausea and vomiting in cancer patients; however, the role of neurotransmitters and receptors involved in the mediation of emesis and nausea is still not well elaborated. The study was carried out based on the chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression-like phenotype rat model and cisplatin-induced pica rat model establishment. Forty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into the non-treated control group and the chronic stress group, which were exposed to 8 weeks of stress. Each group was then sub-divided into vehicle subgroups ( = 10) and cisplatin subgroups ( = 10) which were given cisplatin to induce pica behavior. Kaolin and food intake were recorded after administration. The medulla oblongata and ileum tissues were obtained. Neurotransmitters involved in the mediation of emesis and nausea (5-HT, DA, SP, and AEA) were detected using an ELISA kit. Vomit-related receptors (5-HTR, DAR, NKR, and CBR) in tissues were assayed for mRNA and protein expression by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Behavioral test and sucrose preference validated that depression-like phenotype rat models were established successfully. The kaolin consumption test confirmed that chronic stress pretreatment aggravated anorexia and pica behavior. Vomiting-related molecules' data showed that chronic stress exposure increased 5-HT and SP levels in the medulla oblongata. Vomiting-related receptor expression data showed that chronic stress pretreatment upregulated 5-HTR, DAR, and NKR expressions and downregulated the CBR expression in the medulla oblongata. However, chronic stress pretreatment downregulated 5-HTR, DAR, and NKR expressions and upregulated the CBR expression in the ileum. Chronic stress pretreatment aggravates anorexia and vomiting progress, which might be altering neurotransmitters and receptors involved in the mediation of emesis and the nausea level and expression in the central nervous system.
PubMed: 35910350
DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.913124