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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2020Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures... (Review)
Review
Across the tree of life, hosts have evolved mechanisms to control and mediate interactions with symbiotic partners. We suggest that the evolution of physical structures that allow hosts to spatially separate symbionts, termed compartmentalization, is a common mechanism used by hosts. Such compartmentalization allows hosts to: (i) isolate symbionts and control their reproduction; (ii) reward cooperative symbionts and punish or stop interactions with non-cooperative symbionts; and (iii) reduce direct conflict among different symbionts strains in a single host. Compartmentalization has allowed hosts to increase the benefits that they obtain from symbiotic partners across a diversity of interactions, including legumes and rhizobia, plants and fungi, squid and , insects and nutrient provisioning bacteria, plants and insects, and the human microbiome. In cases where compartmentalization has not evolved, we ask why not. We argue that when partners interact in a competitive hierarchy, or when hosts engage in partnerships which are less costly, compartmentalization is less likely to evolve. We conclude that compartmentalization is key to understanding the evolution of symbiotic cooperation. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Physiological Phenomena; Decapodiformes; Fabaceae; Fungi; Humans; Insecta; Microbiota; Plants; Symbiosis; Vibrio
PubMed: 32772665
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0602 -
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... Nov 2020This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.Nonhost resistance is typically considered the ability of a plant species to repel... (Review)
Review
This article is part of the Top 10 Unanswered Questions in MPMI invited review series.Nonhost resistance is typically considered the ability of a plant species to repel all attempts of a pathogen species to colonize it and reproduce on it. Based on this common definition, nonhost resistance is presumed to be very durable and, thus, of great interest for its potential use in agriculture. Despite considerable research efforts, the molecular basis of this type of plant immunity remains nebulous. We here stress the fact that "nonhost resistance" is a phenomenological rather than a mechanistic concept that comprises more facets than typically considered. We further argue that nonhost resistance essentially relies on the very same genes and pathways as other types of plant immunity, of which some may act as bottlenecks for particular pathogens on a given plant species or under certain conditions. Thus, in our view, the frequently used term "nonhost genes" is misleading and should be avoided. Depending on the plant-pathogen combination, nonhost resistance may involve the recognition of pathogen effectors by host immune sensor proteins, which might give rise to host shifts or host range expansions due to evolutionary-conditioned gains and losses in respective armories. Thus, the extent of nonhost resistance also defines pathogen host ranges. In some instances, immune-related genes can be transferred across plant species to boost defense, resulting in augmented disease resistance. We discuss future routes for deepening our understanding of nonhost resistance and argue that the confusing term "nonhost resistance" should be used more cautiously in the light of a holistic view of plant immunity.
Topics: Disease Resistance; Host Specificity; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plants
PubMed: 32808862
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-06-20-0161-CR -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Sep 2020Existing paradigms for plant microevolution rarely acknowledge the potential impacts of diverse microbiomes on evolutionary processes. Many plant-associated... (Review)
Review
Existing paradigms for plant microevolution rarely acknowledge the potential impacts of diverse microbiomes on evolutionary processes. Many plant-associated microorganisms benefit the host via access to resources, protection from pathogens, or amelioration of abiotic stress. In doing so, they alter the plant's perception of the environment, potentially reducing the strength of selection acting on plant stress tolerance or defence traits or altering the traits that are the target of selection. We posit that the microbiome can affect plant microevolution via (1) manipulation of plant phenotypes in ways that increase plant fitness under stress and (2) direct microbial responses to the environment that benefit the plant. Both mechanisms might favour plant genotypes that attract or stimulate growth of the most responsive microbial populations or communities. We provide support for these scenarios using infectious disease and quantitative genetics models. Finally, we discuss how beneficial plant-microbiome associations can evolve if traditional mechanisms maintaining cooperation in pairwise symbioses, namely partner fidelity, partner choice and fitness alignment, also apply to the interactions between plants and diverse foliar and soil microbiomes. To understand the role of the plant microbiome in host evolution will require a broad ecological understanding of plant-microbe interactions across both space and time. This article is part of the theme issue 'The role of the microbiome in host evolution'.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Genotype; Microbiota; Phenotype; Plant Physiological Phenomena; Plants; Stress, Physiological; Symbiosis
PubMed: 32772675
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0590 -
Current Biology : CB Apr 2021Circadian regulation has a pervasive influence upon plant development, physiology and metabolism, impacting upon components of fitness and traits of agricultural... (Review)
Review
Circadian regulation has a pervasive influence upon plant development, physiology and metabolism, impacting upon components of fitness and traits of agricultural importance. Circadian regulation is inextricably connected to the responses of plants to their abiotic environments, from the cellular to whole plant scales. Here, we review the crosstalk that occurs between circadian regulation and responses to the abiotic environment from the intracellular scale through to naturally fluctuating environments. We examine the spatial crosstalk that forms part of plant circadian regulation, at the subcellular, tissue, organ and whole-plant scales. This includes a focus on chloroplast and mitochondrial signalling, alternative splicing, long-distance circadian signalling and circadian regulation within natural environments. We also consider mathematical models for plant circadian regulation, to suggest future areas for advancing understanding of roles for circadian regulation in plant responses to environmental cues.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm; Environment; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Development; Plants; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33905701
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.03.046 -
Plant Physiology Apr 2021Shoot branching is an important aspect of plant architecture because it substantially affects plant biology and agricultural performance. Sugars play an important role... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Shoot branching is an important aspect of plant architecture because it substantially affects plant biology and agricultural performance. Sugars play an important role in the induction of shoot branching in several species, including potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). However, the mechanism by which sugars affect shoot branching remains mostly unknown. In the present study, we addressed this question using sugar-mediated induction of bud outgrowth in potato stems under etiolated conditions. Our results indicate that sucrose feeding to detached stems promotes the accumulation of cytokinin (CK), as well as the expression of vacuolar invertase (VInv), an enzyme that contributes to sugar sink strength. These effects of sucrose were suppressed by CK synthesis and perception inhibitors, while CK supplied to detached stems induced bud outgrowth and VInv activity in the absence of sucrose. CK-induced bud outgrowth was suppressed in vinv mutants, which we generated by genome editing. Altogether, our results identify a branching-promoting module, and suggest that sugar-induced lateral bud outgrowth is in part promoted by the induction of CK-mediated VInv activity.
Topics: Crops, Agricultural; Cytokinins; Genetic Variation; Genotype; Israel; Mutation; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Shoots; Plants, Genetically Modified; Solanum tuberosum; Sucrose
PubMed: 33793932
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab003 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2021The generation of oxygen radicals and their derivatives, known as reactive oxygen species, (ROS) is a part of the signaling process in higher plants at lower... (Review)
Review
The generation of oxygen radicals and their derivatives, known as reactive oxygen species, (ROS) is a part of the signaling process in higher plants at lower concentrations, but at higher concentrations, those ROS cause oxidative stress. Salinity-induced osmotic stress and ionic stress trigger the overproduction of ROS and, ultimately, result in oxidative damage to cell organelles and membrane components, and at severe levels, they cause cell and plant death. The antioxidant defense system protects the plant from salt-induced oxidative damage by detoxifying the ROS and also by maintaining the balance of ROS generation under salt stress. Different plant hormones and genes are also associated with the signaling and antioxidant defense system to protect plants when they are exposed to salt stress. Salt-induced ROS overgeneration is one of the major reasons for hampering the morpho-physiological and biochemical activities of plants which can be largely restored through enhancing the antioxidant defense system that detoxifies ROS. In this review, we discuss the salt-induced generation of ROS, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense of plants under salinity.
Topics: Antioxidants; Oxidative Stress; Plants; Reactive Oxygen Species; Salinity; Signal Transduction; Stress, Physiological
PubMed: 34502233
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179326 -
The Biochemical Journal Jan 2020Seed longevity is a central pivot of the preservation of biodiversity, being of main importance to face the challenges linked to global climate change and population... (Review)
Review
Seed longevity is a central pivot of the preservation of biodiversity, being of main importance to face the challenges linked to global climate change and population growth. This complex, quantitative seed quality trait is acquired on the mother plant during the second part of seed development. Understanding what factors contribute to lifespan is one of the oldest and most challenging questions in plant biology. One of these challenges is to recognize that longevity depends on the storage conditions that are experimentally used because they determine the type and rate of deleterious conditions that lead to cell death and loss of viability. In this review, we will briefly review the different storage methods that accelerate the deteriorative reactions during storage and argue that a minimum amount of information is necessary to interpret the longevity data. Next, we will give an update on recent discoveries on the hormonal factors regulating longevity, both from the ABA signaling pathway but also other hormonal pathways. In addition, we will review the effect of both maternal and abiotic factors that influence longevity. In the last section of this review, we discuss the problems in unraveling cause-effect relationship between the time of death during storage and deteriorative reactions leading to seed ageing. We focus on the three major types of cellular damage, namely membrane permeability, lipid peroxidation and RNA integrity for which germination data on seed stored in dedicated seed banks for long period times are now available.
Topics: Germination; Lipid Peroxidation; Longevity; Plant Development; Plants; RNA; Seeds; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 31967650
DOI: 10.1042/BCJ20190165 -
Cells Mar 2021Interactions between land plants and other organisms such as pathogens, pollinators, or symbionts usually involve a variety of specialized effectors participating in... (Review)
Review
Interactions between land plants and other organisms such as pathogens, pollinators, or symbionts usually involve a variety of specialized effectors participating in complex cross-talks between organisms. Fatty acids and their lipid derivatives play important roles in these biological interactions. While the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) desaturases appears to be largely responsive to biotic stress, the different monounsaturated fatty acids produced by these enzymes were shown to take active part in plant biotic interactions and were assigned with specific functions intrinsically linked to the position of the carbon-carbon double bond within their acyl chain. For example, oleic acid, an omega-9 monounsaturated fatty acid produced by Δ-stearoyl-ACP desaturases, participates in signal transduction pathways affecting plant immunity against pathogen infection. Myristoleic acid, an omega-5 monounsaturated fatty acid produced by Δ-myristoyl-ACP desaturases, serves as a precursor for the biosynthesis of omega-5 anacardic acids that are active biocides against pests. Finally, different types of monounsaturated fatty acids synthesized in the labellum of orchids are used for the production of a variety of alkenes participating in the chemistry of sexual deception, hence favoring plant pollination by hymenopterans.
Topics: Acyl Carrier Protein; Fatty Acid Desaturases; Fatty Acids; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Plants
PubMed: 33803674
DOI: 10.3390/cells10030674 -
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal... Dec 2021The timing of seed production and release is highly relevant for successful plant reproduction. Ecological disturbances, if synchronized with reproductive effort, can... (Review)
Review
The timing of seed production and release is highly relevant for successful plant reproduction. Ecological disturbances, if synchronized with reproductive effort, can increase the chances of seeds and seedlings to germinate and establish. This can be especially true under variable and synchronous seed production (masting). Several observational studies have reported worldwide evidence for co-occurrence of disturbances and seed bumper crops in forests. Here, we review the evidence for interaction between disturbances and masting in global plant communities; we highlight feedbacks between these two ecological processes and posit an evolutionary pathway leading to the selection of traits that allow trees to synchronize seed crops with disturbances. Finally, we highlight relevant questions to be tested on the functional and evolutionary relationship between disturbances and masting. This article is part of the theme issue 'The ecology and evolution of synchronized seed production in plants'.
Topics: Forests; Reproduction; Seeds; Trees
PubMed: 34657468
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0384 -
The Plant Cell Apr 2022The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes....
The apoplast is a continuous plant compartment that connects cells between tissues and organs and is one of the first sites of interaction between plants and microbes. The plant cell wall occupies most of the apoplast and is composed of polysaccharides and associated proteins and ions. This dynamic part of the cell constitutes an essential physical barrier and a source of nutrients for the microbe. At the same time, the plant cell wall serves important functions in the interkingdom detection, recognition, and response to other organisms. Thus, both plant and microbe modify the plant cell wall and its environment in versatile ways to benefit from the interaction. We discuss here crucial processes occurring at the plant cell wall during the contact and communication between microbe and plant. Finally, we argue that these local and dynamic changes need to be considered to fully understand plant-microbe interactions.
Topics: Cell Wall; Communication; Plant Cells; Plants
PubMed: 35157079
DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac040