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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely found in plants, contributing to plant growth and development and having prominent applications in food... (Review)
Review
Flavonoids are an important class of secondary metabolites widely found in plants, contributing to plant growth and development and having prominent applications in food and medicine. The biosynthesis of flavonoids has long been the focus of intense research in plant biology. Flavonoids are derived from the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway, and have a basic structure that comprises a C15 benzene ring structure of C6-C3-C6. Over recent decades, a considerable number of studies have been directed at elucidating the mechanisms involved in flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. In this review, we systematically summarize the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. We further assemble an exhaustive map of flavonoid biosynthesis in plants comprising eight branches (stilbene, aurone, flavone, isoflavone, flavonol, phlobaphene, proanthocyanidin, and anthocyanin biosynthesis) and four important intermediate metabolites (chalcone, flavanone, dihydroflavonol, and leucoanthocyanidin). This review affords a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding flavonoid biosynthesis, and provides the theoretical basis for further elucidating the pathways involved in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, which will aid in better understanding their functions and potential uses.
Topics: Biosynthetic Pathways; Flavonoids; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Gene Regulatory Networks; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 34884627
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312824 -
Cell Apr 2020Plants are foundational for global ecological and economic systems, but most plant proteins remain uncharacterized. Protein interaction networks often suggest protein...
Plants are foundational for global ecological and economic systems, but most plant proteins remain uncharacterized. Protein interaction networks often suggest protein functions and open new avenues to characterize genes and proteins. We therefore systematically determined protein complexes from 13 plant species of scientific and agricultural importance, greatly expanding the known repertoire of stable protein complexes in plants. By using co-fractionation mass spectrometry, we recovered known complexes, confirmed complexes predicted to occur in plants, and identified previously unknown interactions conserved over 1.1 billion years of green plant evolution. Several novel complexes are involved in vernalization and pathogen defense, traits critical for agriculture. We also observed plant analogs of animal complexes with distinct molecular assemblies, including a megadalton-scale tRNA multi-synthetase complex. The resulting map offers a cross-species view of conserved, stable protein assemblies shared across plant cells and provides a mechanistic, biochemical framework for interpreting plant genetics and mutant phenotypes.
Topics: Mass Spectrometry; Plant Proteins; Plants; Protein Interaction Mapping; Protein Interaction Maps; Proteomics
PubMed: 32191846
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.049 -
The EMBO Journal Jul 2023Chloroplasts are plant organelles responsible for photosynthesis and environmental sensing. Most chloroplast proteins are imported from the cytosol through the...
Chloroplasts are plant organelles responsible for photosynthesis and environmental sensing. Most chloroplast proteins are imported from the cytosol through the translocon at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (TOC). Previous work has shown that TOC components are regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to control the chloroplast proteome, which is crucial for the organelle's function and plant development. Here, we demonstrate that the TOC apparatus is also subject to K63-linked polyubiquitination and regulation by selective autophagy, potentially promoting plant stress tolerance. We identify NBR1 as a selective autophagy adaptor targeting TOC components, and mediating their relocation into vacuoles for autophagic degradation. Such selective autophagy is shown to control TOC protein levels and chloroplast protein import and to influence photosynthetic activity as well as tolerance to UV-B irradiation and heat stress in Arabidopsis plants. These findings uncover the vital role of selective autophagy in the proteolytic regulation of specific chloroplast proteins, and how dynamic control of chloroplast protein import is critically important for plants to cope with challenging environments.
Topics: Chloroplasts; Plants; Organelles; Protein Transport; Chloroplast Proteins; Arabidopsis; Autophagy; Plant Proteins; Arabidopsis Proteins; Carrier Proteins
PubMed: 37248861
DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112534 -
Current Biology : CB Mar 2020In this Primer, Seraphim and Houry highlight the structural features and functional diversity of AAA+ proteins and summarise our current knowledge of the molecular...
In this Primer, Seraphim and Houry highlight the structural features and functional diversity of AAA+ proteins and summarise our current knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving the activities of these proteins.
Topics: AAA Proteins; Archaeal Proteins; Bacterial Proteins; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 32208144
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.044 -
Genomics Mar 2021Here, 38 wheat PYL genes (TaPYLs) belonging to 13 homoeologous groups were identified using the genome-search method, with 26 and 12 PYL genes identified in Triticum...
Here, 38 wheat PYL genes (TaPYLs) belonging to 13 homoeologous groups were identified using the genome-search method, with 26 and 12 PYL genes identified in Triticum dicoccoides and Aegilops tauschii, respectively. Phylogenetic relationship, conserved domain and molecular evolution analysis revealed that PYL genes showed highly conservative between wheat and theprogenitors. Interaction network and miRNA target prediction found that TaPYLs could interact with the important components of ABA signaling pathway and Tae-miR966b-3p might be a hub regulator mediating wheat ABA signal network. Furthermore, the tissue-specific and stress-responsive TaPYLs were detected through RNA-seq analysis. Expressions of 10 TaPYLs were validated by QPCR analysis and the homoeologous genes showed significantly differential expression, suggesting subfunctionalization of them has occurred. Finally, 3D structures of the TaPYL proteins were predicted by homology modeling. This study lays the foundation for further functional study of PYL genes for development and stress tolerance improvement in wheat and beyond.
Topics: Conserved Sequence; Evolution, Molecular; Exons; Introns; Multigene Family; Plant Proteins; Protein Domains; Triticum
PubMed: 33321205
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2020.12.017 -
Biomolecules May 2021Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed... (Review)
Review
Plant development represents a continuous process in which the plant undergoes morphological, (epi)genetic and metabolic changes. Starting from pollination, seed maturation and germination, the plant continues to grow and develops specialized organs to survive, thrive and generate offspring. The development of plants and the interplay with its environment are highly linked to glycosylation of proteins and lipids as well as metabolism and signaling of sugars. Although the involvement of these protein modifications and sugars is well-studied, there is still a long road ahead to profoundly comprehend their nature, significance, importance for plant development and the interplay with stress responses. This review, approached from the plants' perspective, aims to focus on some key findings highlighting the importance of glycosylation and sugar signaling for plant development.
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; Germination; Glycosylation; Plant Development; Plant Proteins; Plants; Sugars
PubMed: 34070047
DOI: 10.3390/biom11050756 -
Annals of Botany Apr 2023Caleosin/peroxygenases (CLO/PXGs) are a family of multifunctional proteins that are ubiquitous in land plants and are also found in some fungi and green algae. CLO/PXGs... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Caleosin/peroxygenases (CLO/PXGs) are a family of multifunctional proteins that are ubiquitous in land plants and are also found in some fungi and green algae. CLO/PXGs were initially described as a class of plant lipid-associated proteins with some similarities to the oleosins that stabilize lipid droplets (LDs) in storage tissues, such as seeds. However, we now know that CLO/PXGs have more complex structures, distributions and functions than oleosins. Structurally, CLO/PXGs share conserved domains that confer specific biochemical features, and they have diverse localizations and functions.
SCOPE
This review surveys the structural properties of CLO/PXGs and their biochemical roles. In addition to their highly conserved structures, CLO/PXGs have peroxygenase activities and are involved in several aspects of oxylipin metabolism in plants. The enzymatic activities and the spatiotemporal expression of CLO/PXGs are described and linked with their wider involvement in plant physiology. Plant CLO/PXGs have many roles in both biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants and in their responses to environmental toxins. Finally, some intriguing developments in the biotechnological uses of CLO/PXGs are addressed.
CONCLUSIONS
It is now two decades since CLO/PXGs were first recognized as a new class of lipid-associated proteins and only 15 years since their additional enzymatic functions as a new class of peroxygenases were discovered. There are many interesting research questions that remain to be addressed in future physiological studies of plant CLO/PXGs and in their recently discovered roles in the sequestration and, possibly, detoxification of a wide variety of lipidic xenobiotics that can challenge plant welfare.
Topics: Plant Proteins; Plants; Lipids
PubMed: 36656070
DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad001 -
Cell Jun 2024Plants frequently encounter wounding and have evolved an extraordinary regenerative capacity to heal the wounds. However, the wound signal that triggers regenerative...
Plants frequently encounter wounding and have evolved an extraordinary regenerative capacity to heal the wounds. However, the wound signal that triggers regenerative responses has not been identified. Here, through characterization of a tomato mutant defective in both wound-induced defense and regeneration, we demonstrate that in tomato, a plant elicitor peptide (Pep), REGENERATION FACTOR1 (REF1), acts as a systemin-independent local wound signal that primarily regulates local defense responses and regenerative responses in response to wounding. We further identified PEPR1/2 ORTHOLOG RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE1 (PORK1) as the receptor perceiving REF1 signal for plant regeneration. REF1-PORK1-mediated signaling promotes regeneration via activating WOUND-INDUCED DEDIFFERENTIATION 1 (WIND1), a master regulator of wound-induced cellular reprogramming in plants. Thus, REF1-PORK1 signaling represents a conserved phytocytokine pathway to initiate, amplify, and stabilize a signaling cascade that orchestrates wound-triggered organ regeneration. Application of REF1 provides a simple method to boost the regeneration and transformation efficiency of recalcitrant crops.
Topics: Signal Transduction; Plant Proteins; Regeneration; Solanum lycopersicum; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Peptides
PubMed: 38781969
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.040 -
Toxins Jan 2023After more than 50 years of research, studies on the structure and biological activities of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) continue to provide a field of great...
After more than 50 years of research, studies on the structure and biological activities of ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) continue to provide a field of great interest within the scientific community, both for the health risks they pose and their applications in medicine and biotechnology [...].
Topics: Ribosome Inactivating Proteins; Ribosomes; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 36668855
DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010035 -
Current Biology : CB Apr 2020Liu et al. introduce the SERK family of receptor-like kinases. (Review)
Review
Liu et al. introduce the SERK family of receptor-like kinases.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Carrier Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Protein Kinases
PubMed: 32259496
DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.043