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Genes Jun 2023The GOLDEN2-LIKE () gene family members provide significant contributions to the growth and development of plants. In this study, a total of 76 wheat gene family...
The GOLDEN2-LIKE () gene family members provide significant contributions to the growth and development of plants. In this study, a total of 76 wheat gene family members () were detected in the wheat genome and were categorized into three groups (including six subgroups) based on the gene structure and protein motif analyses. These genes were unevenly distributed in 19 of 21 wheat chromosomes. A total of 63 segmental duplication pairs of genes were identified in the wheat genome. The expression levels of all the genes indicated that genes showed different expression patterns in various organs and tissues. Moreover, the transcriptions of genes were significantly affected under abiotic stress (cold, ABA, NaCl, and PEG). This study offered valuable insights into the functional characterization of genes in wheat.
Topics: Triticum; Gene Expression Profiling; Genome, Plant; Multigene Family; Plant Proteins; Evolution, Molecular; Transcription Factors; Genetic Variation
PubMed: 37510246
DOI: 10.3390/genes14071341 -
Plant Physiology Apr 2024It has been almost a century since biologically active gibberellin (GA) was isolated. Here, we give a historical overview of the early efforts in establishing the GA... (Review)
Review
It has been almost a century since biologically active gibberellin (GA) was isolated. Here, we give a historical overview of the early efforts in establishing the GA biosynthesis and catabolism pathway, characterizing the enzymes for GA metabolism, and elucidating their corresponding genes. We then highlight more recent studies that have identified the GA receptors and early GA signaling components (DELLA repressors and F-box activators), determined the molecular mechanism of DELLA-mediated transcription reprograming, and revealed how DELLAs integrate multiple signaling pathways to regulate plant vegetative and reproductive development in response to internal and external cues. Finally, we discuss the GA transporters and their roles in GA-mediated plant development.
Topics: Gibberellins; Plant Growth Regulators; Signal Transduction; Plant Development; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 38290048
DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae044 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Jul 2021Sensing and response to high temperatures are crucial to prevent heat-related damage and to preserve cellular and metabolic functions. The response to heat stress is a... (Review)
Review
Sensing and response to high temperatures are crucial to prevent heat-related damage and to preserve cellular and metabolic functions. The response to heat stress is a complex and coordinated process that involves several subcellular compartments and multi-level regulatory networks that are synchronized to avoid cell damage while maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we provide an insight into the most recent advances in elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in heat stress sensing and response in Marchantia polymorpha. Based on the signaling pathways and genes that were identified in Marchantia, our analyses indicate that although with specific particularities, the core components of the heat stress response seem conserved in bryophytes and angiosperms. Liverworts not only constitute a powerful tool to study heat stress response and signaling pathways during plant evolution, but also provide key and simple mechanisms to cope with extreme temperatures. Given the increasing prevalence of high temperatures around the world as a result of global warming, this knowledge provides a new set of molecular tools with potential agronomical applications.
Topics: Epigenesis, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Heat-Shock Response; Marchantia; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Reactive Oxygen Species
PubMed: 33058168
DOI: 10.1111/pce.13914 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2021Plant cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are tetrameric cation channels which may be activated by the cyclic nucleotides (cNMPs) adenosine 3',5'-cyclic... (Review)
Review
Plant cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are tetrameric cation channels which may be activated by the cyclic nucleotides (cNMPs) adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). The genome of encodes 20 CNGC subunits associated with aspects of development, stress response and immunity. Recently, it has been demonstrated that CNGC subunits form heterotetrameric complexes which behave differently from the homotetramers produced by their constituent subunits. These findings have widespread implications for future signalling research and may help explain how specificity can be achieved by CNGCs that are known to act in disparate pathways. Regulation of complex formation may involve cyclic nucleotide-gated channel-like proteins.
Topics: Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Cation Channels; Plant Proteins; Protein Multimerization; Protein Processing, Post-Translational
PubMed: 33467208
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020874 -
Plant Physiology Jun 2020As one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants, R2R3-MYB proteins play crucial roles in regulating a series of plant-specific biological...
As one of the largest families of transcription factors (TFs) in plants, R2R3-MYB proteins play crucial roles in regulating a series of plant-specific biological processes. Although the diversity of plant R2R3-MYB TFs has been studied previously, the processes and mechanisms underlying the expansion of these proteins remain unclear. Here, we performed evolutionary analyses of plant R2R3-MYB TFs with dense coverage of streptophyte algae and embryophytes. Our analyses revealed that ancestral land plants exhibited 10 subfamilies of R2R3-MYB proteins, among which orthologs of seven subfamilies were present in chlorophytes and charophycean algae. We found that asymmetric gene duplication events in different subfamilies account for the expansion of R2R3-MYB proteins in embryophytes. We further discovered that the largest subfamily of R2R3-MYBs in land plants, subfamily VIII, emerged in the common ancestor of Zygnematophyceae and embryophytes. During plant terrestrialization, six duplication events gave rise to seven clades of subfamily VIII. Subsequently, this TF subfamily showed a tendency for expansion in bryophytes, lycophytes, and ferns and extensively diversified in ancestral gymnosperms and angiosperms in clades VIII-A-1, VIII-D, and VIII-E. In contrast to subfamily VIII, other subfamilies of R2R3-MYB TFs have remained less expanded across embryophytes. The findings regarding phylogenetic analyses, auxiliary motifs, and DNA-binding specificities provide insight into the evolutionary history of plant R2R3-MYB TFs and shed light on the mechanisms underlying the extensive expansion and subsequent sub- and neofunctionalization of these proteins.
Topics: Arabidopsis Proteins; Evolution, Molecular; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Genome, Plant; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 32291329
DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.01082 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Apr 2020Transcriptional factors play important roles in plant growth, development and responses to stresses. BBX transcriptional factors are characterized with one or two B-box... (Review)
Review
Transcriptional factors play important roles in plant growth, development and responses to stresses. BBX transcriptional factors are characterized with one or two B-box domains in the protein sequence. They are comprehensively involved in photomorphogenesis, flowering, shade avoidance, signal transduction of phytohormones, biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants by regulating gene transcription and interacting with other transcription factors. The classification, structure and functions of BBX of plants are reviewed in this paper.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Proteins; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 32347061
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.190302 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of... (Review)
Review
The wall is the last frontier of a plant cell involved in modulating growth, development and defense against biotic stresses. Cellulose and additional polysaccharides of plant cell walls are the most abundant biopolymers on earth, having increased in economic value and thereby attracted significant interest in biotechnology. Cellulose biosynthesis constitutes a highly complicated process relying on the formation of cellulose synthase complexes. () and () genes encode enzymes that synthesize cellulose and most hemicellulosic polysaccharides. and rice are invaluable genetic models and reliable representatives of land plants to comprehend cell wall synthesis. During the past two decades, enormous research progress has been made to understand the mechanisms of cellulose synthesis and construction of the plant cell wall. A plethora of and mutants have been characterized, providing functional insights into individual protein isoforms. Recent structural studies have uncovered the mode of CesA assembly and the dynamics of cellulose production. Genetics and structural biology have generated new knowledge and have accelerated the pace of discovery in this field, ultimately opening perspectives towards cellulose synthesis manipulation. This review provides an overview of the major breakthroughs gathering previous and recent genetic and structural advancements, focusing on the function of CesA and Csl catalytic domain in plants.
Topics: Catalytic Domain; Glucosyltransferases; Models, Molecular; Mutation; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 34299608
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144335 -
The Plant Journal : For Cell and... Apr 2021Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play significant roles in mediating innate immunity and development of plants. The evolution of plant RLKs has been characterized by...
Receptor-like kinases (RLKs) play significant roles in mediating innate immunity and development of plants. The evolution of plant RLKs has been characterized by extensive variation in copy numbers and domain configurations. However, much remains unknown about the origin, evolution, and early diversification of plant RLKs. Here, we perform phylogenomic analyses of RLKs across plants (Archaeplastida), including embryophytes, charophytes, chlorophytes, prasinodermophytes, glaucophytes, and rhodophytes. We identify the presence of RLKs in all the streptophytes (land plants and charophytes), nine out of 18 chlorophytes, one prasinodermophyte, and one glaucophyte, but not in rhodophytes. Interestingly, the copy number of RLKs increased drastically in streptophytes after the split of the clade of Mesostigmatophyceae and Chlorokybophyceae and other streptophytes. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses suggest RLKs from charophytes form diverse distinct clusters, and are dispersed along the diversity of land plant RLKs, indicating that RLKs have extensively diversified in charophytes and charophyte RLKs seeded the major diversity of land plant RLKs. We identify at least 81 and 76 different kinase-associated domains for charophyte and land plant RLKs, 23 of which are shared, suggesting that RLKs might have evolved in a modular fashion through frequent domain gains or losses. We also detect signatures of positive selection for many charophyte RLK groups, indicating potential functions in host-microbe interaction. Taken together, our findings provide significant insights into the early evolution and diversification of plant RLKs and the ancient evolution of plant-microbe symbiosis.
Topics: Evolution, Molecular; Phylogeny; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Protein Kinases
PubMed: 33423360
DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15157 -
BMC Microbiology Oct 2023Secretome analysis is a valuable tool to study host-pathogen protein interactions and to identify new proteins that are important for plant health. Microbial signatures...
BACKGROUND
Secretome analysis is a valuable tool to study host-pathogen protein interactions and to identify new proteins that are important for plant health. Microbial signatures elicit defense responses in plants, and by that, the plant immune system gets triggered prior to pathogen infection. Functional properties of secretory proteins from Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (Xad1) involved in priming plant immunity was evaluated.
RESULTS
In this study, the secretome of Xad1 was analyzed under host plant extract-induced conditions, and mass spectroscopic analysis of differentially expressed protein was identified as plant-defense-activating protein viz., flagellin C (FliC). The flagellin and Flg22 peptides both elicited hypersensitive reaction (HR) in non-host tobacco, activated reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging enzymes, and increased pathogenesis-related (PR) gene expression viz., NPR1, PR1, and down-regulation of PR2 (β-1,3-glucanase). Protein docking studies revealed the Flg22 epitope of Xad1, a 22 amino acid peptide region in FliC that recognizes plant receptor FLS2 to initiate downstream defense signaling.
CONCLUSION
The flagellin or the Flg22 peptide from Xad1 was efficient in eliciting an HR in tobacco via salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense signaling that subsequently triggers systemic immune response epigenetically. The insights from this study can be used for the development of bio-based products (small PAMPs) for plant immunity and health.
Topics: Plant Proteins; Flagellin; Nicotiana; Arabidopsis Proteins; Xanthomonas axonopodis; Arabidopsis; Plants; Peptides; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37798635
DOI: 10.1186/s12866-023-03028-z -
Genome Biology Mar 2023The epidermis of cotton ovule produces fibers, the most important natural cellulose source for the global textile industry. However, the molecular mechanism of fiber...
BACKGROUND
The epidermis of cotton ovule produces fibers, the most important natural cellulose source for the global textile industry. However, the molecular mechanism of fiber cell growth is still poorly understood.
RESULTS
Here, we develop an optimized protoplasting method, and integrate single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq) to systematically characterize the cells of the outer integument of ovules from wild type and fuzzless/lintless (fl) cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). By jointly analyzing the scRNA-seq data from wildtype and fl, we identify five cell populations including the fiber cell type and construct the development trajectory for fiber lineage cells. Interestingly, by time-course diurnal transcriptomic analysis, we demonstrate that the primary growth of fiber cells is a highly regulated circadian rhythmic process. Moreover, we identify a small peptide GhRALF1 that circadian rhythmically controls fiber growth possibly through oscillating auxin signaling and proton pump activity in the plasma membrane. Combining with scATAC-seq, we further identify two cardinal cis-regulatory elements (CREs, TCP motif, and TCP-like motif) which are bound by the trans factors GhTCP14s to modulate the circadian rhythmic metabolism of mitochondria and protein translation through regulating approximately one third of genes that are highly expressed in fiber cells.
CONCLUSIONS
We uncover a fiber-specific circadian clock-controlled gene expression program in regulating fiber growth. This study unprecedentedly reveals a new route to improve fiber traits by engineering the circadian clock of fiber cells.
Topics: Gossypium; Cotton Fiber; Gene Expression Profiling; Phenotype; Gene Expression; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins
PubMed: 36918913
DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-02886-0