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Molecular Plant Pathology Nov 2023The susceptibility factor TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 1 (TOM1) is required for efficient multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Although some phylogenetic and...
The susceptibility factor TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION 1 (TOM1) is required for efficient multiplication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). Although some phylogenetic and functional analyses of the TOM1 family members have been conducted, a comprehensive analysis of the TOM1 homologues based on phylogeny from the most ancient to the youngest representatives within the plant kingdom, analysis of support for tobamovirus accumulation and interaction with other host and viral proteins has not been reported. In this study, using Nicotiana benthamiana and TMV as a model system, we functionally characterized the TOM1 homologues from N. benthamiana and other plant species from different plant lineages. We modified a multiplex genome editing tool and generated a sextuple mutant in which TMV multiplication was dramatically inhibited. We showed that TOM1 homologues from N. benthamiana exhibited variable capacities to support TMV multiplication. Evolutionary analysis revealed that the TOM1 family is restricted to the plant kingdom and probably originated in the Chlorophyta division, suggesting an ancient origin of the TOM1 family. We found that the TOM1 family acquired the ability to promote TMV multiplication after the divergence of moss and spikemoss. Moreover, the capacity of TOM1 orthologues from different plant species to promote TMV multiplication and the interactions between TOM1 and TOM2A and between TOM1 and TMV-encoded replication proteins are highly conserved, suggesting a conserved nature of the TOM2A-TOM1-TMV Hel module in promoting TMV multiplication. Our study not only revealed a conserved nature of a gene module to promote tobamovirus multiplication, but also provides a valuable strategy for TMV-resistant crop development.
Topics: Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Tobamovirus; Phylogeny; Plant Proteins; Nicotiana; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 37443447
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13375 -
Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao = Chinese... Jan 2022Salt stress may cause primary osmotic stress and ion toxicity, as well as secondary oxidative stress and nutritional stress in plants, which hampers the agricultural... (Review)
Review
Salt stress may cause primary osmotic stress and ion toxicity, as well as secondary oxidative stress and nutritional stress in plants, which hampers the agricultural production. Salt stress-responsive transcription factors can mitigate the damage of salt stress to plants through regulating the expression of downstream target genes. Based on the soil salinization and its damage to plants, and the central regulatory role of transcription factors in the plant salt stress-responsive signal transduction network, this review summarized the salt stress-responsive signal transduction pathways that the transcription factors are involved, and the application of salt stress-responsive transcription factors to enhance the salt tolerance of plants. We also reviewed the transcription factors-regulated complex downstream gene network which is formed by forming homo- or heterodimers between transcription factors and by forming complexes with regulatory proteins. This paper provides a theoretical basis for understanding the role of salt stress-responsive transcription factors in the salt stress regulatory network, which may facilitate the molecular breeding for improved stress resistance.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Osmotic Pressure; Plant Proteins; Plants, Genetically Modified; Salt Stress; Salt Tolerance; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 35142118
DOI: 10.13345/j.cjb.210135 -
Viruses Apr 2021In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein... (Review)
Review
In the plant immune system, according to the 'gene-for-gene' model, a resistance gene product in the plant specifically surveils a corresponding effector protein functioning as an avirulence () gene product. This system differs from other plant-pathogen interaction systems, in which plant genes recognize a single type of gene or gene family because almost all virus genes with distinct structures and functions can also interact with genes as determinants. Thus, research conducted on viral Avr-R systems can provide a novel understanding of and gene product interactions and identify mechanisms that enable rapid co-evolution of plants and phytopathogens. In this review, we intend to provide a brief overview of virus-encoded proteins and their roles in triggering plant resistance, and we also summarize current progress in understanding plant resistance against virus genes. Moreover, we present applications of gene-mediated phenotyping in gene identification and screening of segregating populations during breeding processes.
Topics: Genes, Plant; Host Microbial Interactions; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 33923435
DOI: 10.3390/v13040688 -
Cryptochromes and the Circadian Clock: The Story of a Very Complex Relationship in a Spinning World.Genes Apr 2021Cryptochromes are flavin-containing blue light photoreceptors, present in most kingdoms, including archaea, bacteria, plants, animals and fungi. They are structurally... (Review)
Review
Cryptochromes are flavin-containing blue light photoreceptors, present in most kingdoms, including archaea, bacteria, plants, animals and fungi. They are structurally similar to photolyases, a class of flavoproteins involved in light-dependent repair of UV-damaged DNA. Cryptochromes were first discovered in in which they control many light-regulated physiological processes like seed germination, de-etiolation, photoperiodic control of the flowering time, cotyledon opening and expansion, anthocyanin accumulation, chloroplast development and root growth. They also regulate the entrainment of plant circadian clock to the phase of light-dark daily cycles. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms by which plant cryptochromes control the synchronisation of the clock with the environmental light. Furthermore, we summarise the circadian clock-mediated changes in cell cycle regulation and chromatin organisation and, finally, we discuss a putative role for plant cryptochromes in the epigenetic regulation of genes.
Topics: Circadian Clocks; Cryptochromes; Epigenesis, Genetic; Plant Proteins; Plants
PubMed: 33946956
DOI: 10.3390/genes12050672 -
Molecular Plant Pathology Sep 2022During tobamovirus-host coevolution, tobamoviruses developed numerous interactions with host susceptibility factors and exploited these interactions for replication and...
During tobamovirus-host coevolution, tobamoviruses developed numerous interactions with host susceptibility factors and exploited these interactions for replication and movement. The plant-encoded TOBAMOVIRUS MULTIPLICATION (TOM) susceptibility proteins interact with the tobamovirus replicase proteins and allow the formation of the viral replication complex. Here CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutagenesis allowed the exploration of the roles of SlTOM1a, SlTOM1b, and SlTOM3 in systemic tobamovirus infection of tomato. Knockouts of both SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 in sltom1a/sltom3 plants resulted in an asymptomatic response to the infection with recently emerged tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). In addition, an accumulation of ToBRFV RNA and coat protein (CP) in sltom1a/sltom3 mutant plants was 516- and 25-fold lower, respectively, than in wild-type (WT) plants at 12 days postinoculation. In marked contrast, sltom1a/sltom3 plants were susceptible to previously known tomato viruses, tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and tomato mosaic virus (ToMV), indicating that SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 are not essential for systemic infection of TMV and ToMV in tomato plants. Knockout of SlTOM1b alone did not contribute to ToBRFV and ToMV resistance. However, in triple mutants sltom1a/sltom3/sltom1b, ToMV accumulation was three-fold lower than in WT plants, with no reduction in symptoms. These results indicate that SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 are essential for the replication of ToBRFV, but not for ToMV and TMV, which are associated with additional susceptibility proteins. Additionally, we showed that SlTOM1a and SlTOM3 positively regulate the tobamovirus susceptibility gene SlARL8a3. Moreover, we found that the SlTOM family is involved in the regulation of plant development.
Topics: Solanum lycopersicum; Plant Diseases; Plant Proteins; Tobacco Mosaic Virus; Tobamovirus
PubMed: 35706371
DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13227 -
The Plant Journal : For Cell and... Feb 2020The best predictor of leaf level photosynthetic rate is the porosity of the leaf surface, as determined by the number and aperture of stomata on the leaf. This... (Review)
Review
The best predictor of leaf level photosynthetic rate is the porosity of the leaf surface, as determined by the number and aperture of stomata on the leaf. This remarkable correlation between stomatal porosity (or diffusive conductance to water vapour g ) and CO assimilation rate (A) applies to all major lineages of vascular plants (Figure 1) and is sufficiently predictable that it provides the basis for the model most widely used to predict water and CO fluxes from leaves and canopies. Yet the Ball-Berry formulation is only a phenomenological approximation that captures the emergent character of stomatal behaviour. Progressing to a more mechanistic prediction of plant gas exchange is challenging because of the diversity of biological components regulating stomatal action. These processes are the product of more than 400 million years of co-evolution between stomatal, vascular and photosynthetic tissues. Both molecular and structural components link the abiotic world of the whole plant with the turgor pressure of the epidermis and guard cells, which ultimately determine stomatal pore size and porosity to water and CO exchange (New Phytol., 168, 2005, 275). In this review we seek to simplify stomatal behaviour by using an evolutionary perspective to understand the principal selective pressures involved in stomatal evolution, thus identifying the primary regulators of stomatal aperture. We start by considering the adaptive process that has locked together the regulation of water and carbon fluxes in vascular plants, finally examining specific evidence for evolution in the proteins responsible for regulating guard cell turgor.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Photosynthesis; Plant Proteins; Plant Stomata; Plant Transpiration
PubMed: 31596990
DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14561 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Oct 2022Photoperiod is an important environmental cue. Plants can distinguish the seasons and flower at the right time through sensing the photoperiod. Soybean is a sensitive...
Photoperiod is an important environmental cue. Plants can distinguish the seasons and flower at the right time through sensing the photoperiod. Soybean is a sensitive short-day crop, and the timing of flowering varies greatly at different latitudes, thus affecting yields. Soybean cultivars in high latitudes adapt to the long day by the impairment of two phytochrome genes, and , and the legume-specific flowering suppressor, . However, the regulating mechanism underlying phyA and E1 in soybean remains largely unknown. Here, we classified the regulation of the E1 family by phyA2 and phyA3 at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, revealing that phyA2 and phyA3 regulate E1 by directly binding to LUX proteins, the critical component of the evening complex, to regulate the stability of LUX proteins. In addition, phyA2 and phyA3 can also directly associate with E1 and its homologs to stabilize the E1 proteins. Therefore, phyA homologs control the core flowering suppressor E1 at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, to double ensure the E1 activity. Thus, our results disclose a photoperiod flowering mechanism in plants by which the phytochrome A regulates LUX and E1 activity.
Topics: Flowers; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Photoperiod; Phytochrome; Phytochrome A; Plant Proteins; Glycine max
PubMed: 36191205
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208708119 -
Molecular Plant-microbe Interactions :... Feb 2024Embedded in the plasma membrane of plant cells, receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor proteins (RPs) act as key sentinels, responsible for detecting potential pathogenic... (Review)
Review
Embedded in the plasma membrane of plant cells, receptor kinases (RKs) and receptor proteins (RPs) act as key sentinels, responsible for detecting potential pathogenic invaders. These proteins were originally characterized more than three decades ago as disease resistance (R) proteins, a concept that was formulated based on Harold Flor's gene-for-gene theory. This theory implies genetic interaction between specific plant R proteins and corresponding pathogenic effectors, eliciting effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Over the years, extensive research has unraveled their intricate roles in pathogen sensing and immune response modulation. RKs and RPs recognize molecular patterns from microbes as well as dangers from plant cells in initiating pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and danger-triggered immunity (DTI), which have intricate connections with ETI. Moreover, these proteins are involved in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. This review showcases seminal studies in discovering RKs and RPs as R proteins and discusses the recent advances in understanding their functions in sensing pathogen signals and the plant cell integrity and in preventing autoimmunity, ultimately contributing to a robust and balanced plant defense response. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
Topics: Plants; Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Plant Proteins; Disease Resistance; Carrier Proteins; Plant Immunity; Plant Diseases
PubMed: 38416059
DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-10-23-0177-HH -
The New Phytologist Mar 2022Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and...
Blue-light (BL) phototropin receptors (phot1 and phot2) regulate plant growth by activating NPH3/RPT2-like (NRL) family members. Little is known about roles for BL and phots in regulating plant immunity. We showed previously that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi02860 targets potato (St)NRL1, promoting its ability to enhance susceptibility by facilitating proteasome-mediated degradation of the immune regulator StSWAP70. This raises the question: do BL and phots negatively regulate immunity? We employed coimmunoprecipitation, virus-induced gene silencing, transient overexpression and targeted mutation to investigate contributions of phots to regulating immunity. Whereas transient overexpression of Stphot1 and Stphot2 enhances P. infestans colonization of Nicotiana benthamiana, silencing endogenous Nbphot1 or Nbphot2 reduces infection. Stphot1, but not Stphot2, suppressed the INF1-triggered cell death (ICD) immune response in a BL- and NRL1-dependent manner. Stphot1, when coexpressed with StNRL1, promotes degradation of StSWAP70, whereas Stphot2 does not. Kinase-dead Stphot1 fails to suppress ICD, enhance P. infestans colonization or promote StSWAP70 degradation. Critically, BL enhances P. infestans infection, which probably involves phots but not other BL receptors such as cryptochromes and F-box proteins ZTL1 and FKF1. We demonstrate that Stphot1 and Stphot2 play different roles in promoting susceptibility, and Stphot1 kinase activity is required for BL- and StNRL1-mediated immune suppression.
Topics: Phototropins; Phytophthora infestans; Plant Diseases; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Nicotiana
PubMed: 34923631
DOI: 10.1111/nph.17929 -
Journal of Plant Research May 2021Climate change, malnutrition, and food insecurity are the inevitable challenges being faced by the agriculture sector today. Plants are susceptible to extreme... (Review)
Review
Climate change, malnutrition, and food insecurity are the inevitable challenges being faced by the agriculture sector today. Plants are susceptible to extreme temperatures during the crucial phases of flowering and seed development, and elevated carbon levels also lead to yield losses. Productivity is also affected by floods and droughts. Therefore, increasing plant yield and stress tolerance are the priorities to be met through novel biotechnological interventions. The contributions of NAC genes towards enhancing plant survivability under stress is well known. Here we focus on the potential of NAC genes in the regulation of abiotic stress tolerance, secondary cell wall synthesis, lateral root development, yield potential, seed size and biomass, ROS signaling, leaf senescence, and programmed cell death. Once naturally tolerant candidate NAC genes have been identified, and the nature of their association with growth and fitness against multi-environmental stresses has been determined, they can be exploited for building inherent tolerance in future crops via transgenic technologies. An update on the latest developments is provided in this review, which summarizes the current understanding of the roles of NAC in the establishment of various stress-adaptive mechanisms in model and food crop plants.
Topics: Droughts; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Plant Proteins; Plants, Genetically Modified; Stress, Physiological; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 33616799
DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01270-y