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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2020The utilization of polymer/metal organic framework (MOF) nanocomposites in various biomedical applications has been widely studied due to their unique properties that... (Review)
Review
The utilization of polymer/metal organic framework (MOF) nanocomposites in various biomedical applications has been widely studied due to their unique properties that arise from MOFs or hybrid composite systems. This review focuses on the types of polymer/MOF nanocomposites used in drug delivery and imaging applications. Initially, a comprehensive introduction to the synthesis and structure of MOFs and bio-MOFs is presented. Subsequently, the properties and the performance of polymer/MOF nanocomposites used in these applications are examined, in relation to the approach applied for their synthesis: (i) non-covalent attachment, (ii) covalent attachment, (iii) polymer coordination to metal ions, (iv) MOF encapsulation in polymers, and (v) other strategies. A critical comparison and discussion of the effectiveness of polymer/MOF nanocomposites regarding their synthesis methods and their structural characteristics is presented.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Drug Delivery Systems; Hydrogen Bonding; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Metals; Nanocomposites; Polymerization; Polymers; Static Electricity
PubMed: 31906398
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010185 -
Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi = Huaxi... Jun 2020Bulk-fill composite resin are simple to operate, and they reduce polymerization shrinkage and microleakage compare to traditional resin-based composites. However, their... (Review)
Review
Bulk-fill composite resin are simple to operate, and they reduce polymerization shrinkage and microleakage compare to traditional resin-based composites. However, their clinical application could be affected by numerous factors, such as the material itself, light curing, placement techniques, storage condition, and preheating. This review aimed to summarize the definitions, classifications, indications, clinical properties, and influencing factors of the clinical application of bulk-fill resin-based composites and discuss the ways to improve their clinical effectiveness.
Topics: Composite Resins; Dental Materials; Materials Testing; Polymerization; Surface Properties
PubMed: 32573127
DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2020.03.001 -
Journal of the American Chemical Society Dec 2019The dynamic interactions of membranes, particularly their fusion and fission, are critical for the transmission of chemical information between cells. Fusion is...
The dynamic interactions of membranes, particularly their fusion and fission, are critical for the transmission of chemical information between cells. Fusion is primarily driven by membrane tension built up through membrane deformation. For artificial polymersomes, fusion is commonly induced via the external application of a force field. Herein, fusion-promoted development of anisotropic tubular polymersomes (tubesomes) was achieved in the absence of an external force by exploiting the unique features of aqueous ring-opening metathesis polymerization-induced self-assembly (ROMPISA). The out-of-equilibrium tubesome morphology was found to arise spontaneously during polymerization, and the composition of each tubesome sample (purity and length distribution) could be manipulated simply by targeting different core-block degrees of polymerization (DPs). The evolution of tubesomes was shown to occur via fusion of "monomeric" spherical polymersomes, evidenced most notably by a step-growth-like relationship between the fraction of tubular to spherical nano-objects and the average number of fused particles per tubesome (analogous to monomer conversion and DP, respectively). Fusion was also confirmed by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) studies to show membrane blending and confocal microscopy imaging to show mixing of the polymersome lumens. We term this unique phenomenon polymerization-induced polymersome fusion, which operates via the buildup of membrane tension exerted by the growing polymer chains. Given the growing body of evidence demonstrating the importance of nanoparticle shape on biological activity, our methodology provides a facile route to reproducibly obtain samples containing mixtures of spherical and tubular polymersomes, or pure samples of tubesomes, of programmed length. Moreover, the capability to mix the interior aqueous compartments of polymersomes during polymerization-induced fusion also presents opportunities for its application in catalysis, small molecule trafficking, and drug delivery.
Topics: Anisotropy; Coordination Complexes; Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer; Molecular Structure; Particle Size; Polymerization; Polymers; Surface Properties
PubMed: 31782652
DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10152 -
Accounts of Chemical Research Oct 2022The polymerization of biomolecules is a central operation in biology that connects molecular signals with proliferative and information-rich events in cells. As...
The polymerization of biomolecules is a central operation in biology that connects molecular signals with proliferative and information-rich events in cells. As molecules arrange precisely across 3-D space, they create new functional capabilities such as catalysis and transport highways and exhibit new phase separation phenomena that fuel nonequilibrium dynamics in cells. Hence, the observed polymer chemistry manifests itself as a molecular basis leading to cellular phenotypes, expressed as a multitude of hierarchical structures found in cell biology. Although many milestone discoveries had accompanied the rise of the synthetic polymer era, fundamental studies were realized within a closed, pristine environment and that their behavior in a complex multicomponent system remains challenging and thus unexplored. From this perspective, there is a rich trove of undiscovered knowledge that awaits the polymer science community that can revolutionize understanding in the interactive nanoscale world of the living cell.In this Account, we discuss the strategies that have enabled synthetic polymer chemistry to be conducted within the cells (membrane inclusive) and to establish monomer design principles that offer spatiotemporal control of the polymerization. As reaction considerations such as monomer concentration, polymer growth dynamics, and reactivities are intertwined with the subcellular environment and transport processes, we first provide a chemical narrative of each major cellular compartment. The conditions within each compartment will therefore set the boundaries on the type of polymer chemistry that can be conducted. Both covalent and supramolecular polymerization concepts are explored separately in the context of scaffold design, polymerization mechanism, and activation. To facilitate transport into a localized subcellular space, we show that monomers can be reversibly modified by targeting groups or stimulus-responsive motifs that react within the specific compartment. Upon polymerization, we discuss the characterization of the resultant polymeric structures and how these phase-separated structures would impact biological processes such as cell cycle, metabolism, and apoptosis. As we begin to integrate cellular biochemistry with in situ polymer science, we identify landmark challenges and technological hurdles that, when overcome, would lead to invaluable discoveries in macromolecular therapeutics and biology.
Topics: Catalysis; Macromolecular Substances; Polymerization; Polymers
PubMed: 36178462
DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00420 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2022The encapsulation of active ingredients into solid capsules from biodegradable materials has received significant attention over the last decades. In this short review,... (Review)
Review
The encapsulation of active ingredients into solid capsules from biodegradable materials has received significant attention over the last decades. In this short review, we focus on the formation of micro- and nano-sized capsules and emulsions based on artificial peptides as a fully degradable material. It deals with various approaches for the preparation of peptide-based capsules as well as with their crucial properties such as size and stability. We categorize all preparation procedures into three basic approaches: self-assembly, polymerization and crosslinking, and layer-by-layer technology. This article is meant to offer a short overview over all successful methods suitable for obtaining access to these very promising carrier systems.
Topics: Capsules; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Cross-Linking Reagents; Drug Carriers; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Models, Chemical; Nanocapsules; Peptides; Polymerization; Polymers
PubMed: 35209164
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041373 -
Nature Communications Aug 2023Polymerization in living systems has become an effective strategy to regulate cell functions and behavior. However, the requirement of high concentrations of monomers,...
Polymerization in living systems has become an effective strategy to regulate cell functions and behavior. However, the requirement of high concentrations of monomers, the existence of complicated intracorporal interferences, and the demand for extra external stimulations hinder their further biological applications. Herein, a nanocompartment-confined strategy that provides a confined and secluded environment for monomer enrichment and isolation is developed to achieve high polymerization efficiency, reduce the interference from external environment, and realize broad-spectrum polymerizations in living systems. For exogenous photopolymerization, the light-mediated free-radical polymerization of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate induces a 2.7-fold increase in the reaction rate with the protection of a confined environment. For endogenous hydrogen peroxide-responsive polymerization, p‑aminodiphenylamine hydrochloride embedded in a nanocompartment not only performs a 6.4-fold higher reaction rate than that of free monomers, but also activates an effective second near-infrared photoacoustic imaging-guided photothermal immunotherapy at tumor sites. This nanocompartment-confined strategy breaks the shackles of conventional polymerization, providing a universal platform for in vivo synthesis of polymers with diverse structures and functions.
Topics: Polymerization; Hydrogen Peroxide; Immunotherapy; Polymers
PubMed: 37634028
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40935-1 -
Cell Death and Differentiation Jan 2024Mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL) forms amyloid-like polymers to promote necroptosis; however, the mechanism through which these polymers trigger cell death is...
Mixed lineage kinase-like protein (MLKL) forms amyloid-like polymers to promote necroptosis; however, the mechanism through which these polymers trigger cell death is not clear. We have determined that activated MLKL translocates to the lysosomal membrane during necroptosis induction. The subsequent polymerization of MLKL induces lysosome clustering and fusion and eventual lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). This LMP leads to the rapid release of lysosomal contents into the cytosol, resulting in a massive surge in cathepsin levels, with Cathepsin B (CTSB) as a significant contributor to the ensuing cell death as it cleaves many proteins essential for cell survival. Importantly, chemical inhibition or knockdown of CTSB protects cells from necroptosis. Furthermore, induced polymerization of the MLKL N-terminal domain (NTD) also triggers LMP, leading to CTSB release and subsequent cell death. These findings clearly establish the critical role of MLKL polymerization induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization (MPI-LMP) in the process of necroptosis.
Topics: Protein Kinases; Necroptosis; Polymerization; Lysosomes; Polymers; Receptor-Interacting Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases
PubMed: 37996483
DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01237-7 -
Chemical Society Reviews Oct 2022Ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactams is a highly efficient and versatile method to synthesize polyamides. Within the last ten years, significant advances in... (Review)
Review
Ring opening polymerization (ROP) of lactams is a highly efficient and versatile method to synthesize polyamides. Within the last ten years, significant advances in polymerization methodology and monomer diversity are ushering in a new era of polyamide chemistry. We begin with a discussion of polymerization techniques including the most widely used anionic ring opening polymerization (AROP), and less prevalent cationic ROP and enzyme-catalyzed ROP. Next, we describe new monomers being explored for ROP with increased functionality and stereochemistry. We emphasize the relationships between composition, structure, and properties, and how chemists can control composition and structure to dictate a desired property or performance. Finally, we discuss biomedical applications of the synthesized polyamides, specifically as biomaterials and pharmaceuticals, with examples to include as antimicrobial agents, cell adhesion substrates, and drug delivery scaffolds.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Biocompatible Materials; Caprolactam; Lactams; Nylons; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Polymerization; Polymers
PubMed: 36047318
DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00930c -
Dental Materials : Official Publication... Dec 2022To determine degree of conversion (DC), maximum polymerization rate (RP), polymerization shrinkage (PS), maximum shrinkage rate (PS R) and fracture toughness (K) of...
OBJECTIVES
To determine degree of conversion (DC), maximum polymerization rate (RP), polymerization shrinkage (PS), maximum shrinkage rate (PS R) and fracture toughness (K) of different types of bulk-fill (BF) composites plus the effect of viscosity reduction techniques.
METHODS
BF specimens were created in 2 mm deep molds: SonicFill 3 (SF3), Viscalor (VC), One Bulk Fill (OBF) and Beautifil Bulk (BBR). SF3 was applied via sonic insertion using a SonicFill handpiece (Kerr Corp. USA). Viscalor was pre-heated in a Caps Warmer in T3 mode (at 68 °C) for 30 s (T3-30 s) and 3 min (T3-3 min), respectively. Specimens were irradiated at zero distance from the upper surface with an Elipar S10 LED unit (3 M ESPE, USA) of mean irradiance 1200 mW/cm for 40 s. Real-time polymerization kinetics and DC at 5 min and 24 h post-irradiation (DC and DC) were measured using ATR-FTIR (n = 3). PS was measured up to 1 h on 1 mm thick discs via the bonded-disk technique (n = 3) and PS R obtained by numerical differentiation (n = 3). For fracture toughness, single-edge-notched specimens (32 × 6 ×3 mm) of each BF composite were prepared and measured by three-point bending after 7 d water storage (n = 5). Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA, independent T-tests and Tukey post-hoc tests (p < 0.05).
RESULTS
SF3 showed the significantly highest DC, DC and RP (p < 0.05), followed by OBF (p < 0.05). Regardless of pre-heating, VC showed comparable conversion kinetics to BBR (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in PS of these BF composites, except OBF had the highest PS (p > 0.05). However, PS Rmax significantly varied among materials (p = 0.047) and SF3 had the highest PS R. Regarding fracture toughness, BBR had the lowest K (p < 0.05), whereas other composites showed similar K (p > 0.05). Strong correlations of filler content (wt%)-PS/K were found. Different pre-heating times had no significant influences on DC %, RP, PS, PS R and K of VC (p > 0.05).
SIGNIFICANCE
Different types of bulk-fill composites showed comparable shrinkage. A highly filled BF giomer composite (BBR) had the lowest fracture toughness, whereas others had similar K. Pre-heating had no adverse effects on Viscalor properties. Sonication and pre-heating are beneficial techniques to enhance composite flowability without either increasing shrinkage or reducing fracture toughness.
Topics: Polymerization; Composite Resins; Materials Testing; Kinetics; Viscosity; Surface Properties; Dental Stress Analysis
PubMed: 38709119
DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.10.002 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Polylactide (PLA) is a biocompatible polyester that can be obtained by polycondensation of lactic acid or the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide [...].
Polylactide (PLA) is a biocompatible polyester that can be obtained by polycondensation of lactic acid or the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of lactide [...].
Topics: Polyesters; Polymerization; Lactic Acid; Biocompatible Materials
PubMed: 36771051
DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031386