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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Jun 2022Radix astragali polysaccharide (RAP) is a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide. It is an immune promoter and regulator, and has antivirus, antitumor, anti-aging,... (Review)
Review
Radix astragali polysaccharide (RAP) is a water-soluble heteropolysaccharide. It is an immune promoter and regulator, and has antivirus, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-radiation, anti-stress, anti-oxidation and other activitys. The extraction, separation, purification, structure, activity and modification of RAP were summarized. Some extraction methods of RAP had been introduced, and the separation and purification methods of RAP were reviewed, and the structure and activity of RAP were highly discussed. Current derivatization of RAP was outlined. Through the above discussion that the yield of crude polysaccharides from Radix astragali by enzyme-assisted extraction was significantly higher than that by other extraction methods, but each extraction method had different extraction effects under certain conditions, and the activity efficiency of RAP was also different. Therefore, it is particularly important to optimize the extraction method with known better yield for the study of RAP. In addition, the purification and separation of RAP are the key factors affecting the yield and activity of RAP. At the same time, there are still few studies on the derivatiration of Radix astragali polysaccharide, but the researches in this area are very important. RAP also has many important pharmacological effects on human body, but its practical application needs further study. Finally, studies on the structure-activity relationship of RAP still need to be carried out by many scholars. This review would provide some help for further researches on various important applications of RAP.
Topics: Aging; Astragalus propinquus; Dietary Carbohydrates; Drugs, Chinese Herbal; Humans; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 35468585
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113015 -
Acta Biomaterialia Sep 2023To tackle antimicrobial resistance, a global threat identified by the United Nations, is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and is responsible for... (Review)
Review
To tackle antimicrobial resistance, a global threat identified by the United Nations, is a common cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) and is responsible for significant costs on healthcare systems, a substantial amount of research has been devoted to developing polysaccharide-based strategies that prevent bacterial attachment and biofilm formation on surfaces. Polysaccharides are essential building blocks for life and an abundant renewable resource that have attracted much attention due to their intrinsic remarkable biological potential antibacterial activities. If converted into efficient antibacterial coatings that could be applied to a broad range of surfaces and applications, polysaccharide-based coatings could have a significant potential global impact. However, the ultimate success of polysaccharide-based antibacterial materials will be determined by their potential for use in manufacturing processes that are scalable, versatile, and affordable. Therefore, in this review we focus on recent advances in polysaccharide-based antibacterial coatings from the perspective of fabrication methods. We first provide an overview of strategies for designing polysaccharide-based antimicrobial formulations and methods to assess the antibacterial properties of coatings. Recent advances on manufacturing polysaccharide-based coatings using some of the most common polysaccharides and fabrication methods are then detailed, followed by a critical comparative overview of associated challenges and opportunities for future developments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Our review presents a timely perspective by being the first review in the field to focus on advances on polysaccharide-based antibacterial coatings from the perspective of fabrication methods along with an overview of strategies for designing polysaccharide-based antimicrobial formulations, methods to assess the antibacterial properties of coatings as well as a critical comparative overview of associated challenges and opportunities for future developments. Meanwhile this work is specifically targeted at an audience focused on featuring critical information and guidelines for developing polysaccharide-based coatings. Including such a complementary work in the journal could lead to further developments on polysaccharide antibacterial applications.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Polysaccharides; Coated Materials, Biocompatible
PubMed: 37481193
DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.023 -
Journal of Materials Chemistry. B Sep 2021Polysaccharides have attracted considerable attention in a broad range of applications in recent years, which is due to their remarkable features such as... (Review)
Review
Polysaccharides have attracted considerable attention in a broad range of applications in recent years, which is due to their remarkable features such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, renewable origin, and facile modification. Considerable research efforts have been focused on developing polysaccharide nanoparticles and to promote their applications in various areas and biomedicine in particular. The present review highlights the properties of common polysaccharides used in nanoparticle formation as well as strategies to fabricate polysaccharide nanoparticles. Furthermore, the combination of polysaccharide nanoparticles and polymers is presented and brought into the context of applications. Finally, applications of polysaccharide nanoparticles as nano-delivery system, Pickering emulsion stabilisers, and material reinforcing agent in the fields of nanomedicine, cosmetics, and food system are highlighted. Moreover, this review describes and critically discusses present limitations and drawbacks in the preparation and use of polysaccharide nanoparticles, revealing directions to develop polysaccharide nanoparticles for further utilisation in various applications in the future.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Materials Testing; Nanoparticles; Polysaccharides
PubMed: 33928990
DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00628b -
Drug Delivery Dec 2022Based on the tumor hypoxic microenvironment and the new programmed cell death mode of combined ferroptosis, an angelica polysaccharide-based nanocarrier material was...
Based on the tumor hypoxic microenvironment and the new programmed cell death mode of combined ferroptosis, an angelica polysaccharide-based nanocarrier material was synthesized. The polymer contains hydrophilic angelica polysaccharide (ASP) that is linked by azobenzene (AZO) linker with ferrocene (Fc), and then the side chain was covalently modified with arachidonic acid (AA). It was postulated that the polymer micelles could work as an instinctive liver targeting drug delivery carrier, owing to the existence of ASP with liver targeting. Moreover, the aim was to engineer hypoxia-responsive polymer micelles which was modified by AA, for selective enhancement of ferroptosis in solid tumor, via diminishing glutathione (GSH) under hypoxia. Finally, we synthesized the amphiphilic polymer micelles AA/ASP-AZO-Fc (AAAF) by self-assembling. The structure of AAAF was confirmed by H-NMR and FT-IR. Then, we exemplified the hydrophobic medication curcumin into polymer micelles AAAF@Cur, which has smooth and regular spheres. In vitro release test affirmed that AAAF@Cur can achieve hypoxia response to drug release. In addition, a series of cell experiments confirmed that hypoxia could enhance cell uptake and effectively improve the proliferation inhibitory activity of HepG2 cells. In conclusion, AAAF, as an effective cell carrier, is expected to develop in sensitizing ferroptosis and anti-tumor.
Topics: Angelica; Arachidonic Acid; Azo Compounds; Cell Survival; Chemistry, Pharmaceutical; Drug Carriers; Drug Liberation; Ferrous Compounds; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Hypoxia; Liver Neoplasms; Metallocenes; Micelles; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Particle Size; Polysaccharides; Surface Properties
PubMed: 34967268
DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2021324 -
Protein and Polysaccharide-Based Electroactive and Conductive Materials for Biomedical Applications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jul 2021Electrically responsive biomaterials are an important and emerging technology in the fields of biomedical and material sciences. A great deal of research explores the... (Review)
Review
Electrically responsive biomaterials are an important and emerging technology in the fields of biomedical and material sciences. A great deal of research explores the integral role of electrical conduction in normal and diseased cell biology, and material scientists are focusing an even greater amount of attention on natural and hybrid materials as sources of biomaterials which can mimic the properties of cells. This review establishes a summary of those efforts for the latter group, detailing the current materials, theories, methods, and applications of electrically conductive biomaterials fabricated from protein polymers and polysaccharides. These materials can be used to improve human life through novel drug delivery, tissue regeneration, and biosensing technologies. The immediate goal of this review is to establish fabrication methods for protein and polysaccharide-based materials that are biocompatible and feature modular electrical properties. Ideally, these materials will be inexpensive to make with salable production strategies, in addition to being both renewable and biocompatible.
Topics: Biocompatible Materials; Biomimetic Materials; Electric Conductivity; Polysaccharides; Proteins; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 34361653
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154499 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021The natural gums used as high molecular weight oleogelators are mainly polysaccharides that deliver a broad spectrum of possible utilization methods when structuring... (Review)
Review
The natural gums used as high molecular weight oleogelators are mainly polysaccharides that deliver a broad spectrum of possible utilization methods when structuring liquid fats to solid forms. The review discusses a natural gums' structuring and gelling behavior to capture the oil droplets and form the water/oil gelling emulsions basing on their structural conformation, internal charge, and polymeric characteristics. The specific parameters and characteristics of natural gums based oleogels are also discussed. In the future, oleogels may eliminate saturated and trans fats from food products and allow the production of low-fat products, thus reducing the environmental damage caused by the excessive use of palm oil. The increasing knowledge of molecular interaction in polysaccharide chains of natural gums allows to apply more sustainable and wiser strategies towards product formulation. Innovative solutions for using oleogels based on natural polysaccharide biopolymers let incorporate them into the food matrix and replace fats completely or create blends containing the source of fats and the addition of the oleogel. The profound insight into molecular characteristics of natural gums in the function of being oleogelators is presented.
Topics: Alginates; Carrageenan; Colloids; Emulsions; Fatty Acids; Food; Food Analysis; Organic Chemicals; Plant Gums; Polysaccharides; Polysaccharides, Bacterial
PubMed: 34884775
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312977 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2022Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly increasing worldwide; therefore, effective therapies are required in the current scenario of increasing cancer cases.... (Review)
Review
Cancer incidence and mortality are rapidly increasing worldwide; therefore, effective therapies are required in the current scenario of increasing cancer cases. Polysaccharides are a family of natural polymers that hold unique physicochemical and biological properties, and they have become the focus of current antitumour drug research owing to their significant antitumour effects. In addition to the direct antitumour activity of some natural polysaccharides, their structures offer versatility in synthesizing multifunctional nanocomposites, which could be chemically modified to achieve high stability and bioavailability for delivering therapeutics into tumor tissues. This review aims to highlight recent advances in natural polysaccharides and polysaccharide-based nanomedicines for cancer therapy.
Topics: Humans; Polysaccharides; Antineoplastic Agents; Neoplasms; Nanomedicine
PubMed: 36432183
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27228083 -
Carbohydrate Polymers Mar 2022The intention of this publication is to give an overview on research related to conjugates of polysaccharides and peptides. Dextran, chitosan, and alginate were... (Review)
Review
The intention of this publication is to give an overview on research related to conjugates of polysaccharides and peptides. Dextran, chitosan, and alginate were selected, to cover four of the most often encountered functional groups known to be present in polysaccharides. These groups are the hydroxyl, the amine, the carboxyl, and the acetal functionality. A collection of the commonly used chemical reactions for conjugation is provided. Conjugation results into distinct properties compared to the parent polysaccharide, and a number of these characteristics are highlighted. This review aims at demonstrating the applicability of said conjugates with a strong emphasis on biomedical applications, drug delivery, biosensing, and tissue engineering. Some suggestions are made for more rigorous chemistries and analytics that could be investigated. Finally, an outlook is given into which direction the field could be developed further. We hope that this survey provides the reader with a comprehensive summary and contributes to the progress of works that aim at synthetically combining two of the main building blocks of life into supramolecular structures with unprecedented biological response.
Topics: Alginates; Biocompatible Materials; Chitosan; Dextrans; Diagnostic Imaging; Drug Delivery Systems; Glycoconjugates; Peptides; Tissue Engineering
PubMed: 35027118
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118875 -
Current Opinion in Structural Biology Dec 2019The discovery of oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds by enzymes currently known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) has had a major impact on our current... (Review)
Review
The discovery of oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds by enzymes currently known as lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) has had a major impact on our current understanding of the enzymatic conversion of recalcitrant polysaccharides such as chitin and cellulose. The number of LPMO sequence families keeps expanding and novel substrate specificities and biological functionalities are being discovered. The catalytic mechanism of these LPMOs remains somewhat enigmatic. Recently, novel insights have been obtained from studies of enzyme-substrate complexes by X-ray crystallography, EPR, NMR, and modeling. Furthermore, it has been shown that LPMOs may carry out peroxygenase reactions, at much higher rates than monooxygenase reactions, which affects our understanding and exploitation of these powerful enzymes.
Topics: Catalysis; Catalytic Domain; Hydrogen Peroxide; Hydrolysis; Mixed Function Oxygenases; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxygen; Phylogeny; Polysaccharides; Protein Binding; Structure-Activity Relationship; Substrate Specificity
PubMed: 30947104
DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.02.015 -
Marine Drugs Oct 2021During the processes of primary and secondary endosymbiosis, different microalgae evolved to synthesis different storage polysaccharides. In stramenopiles, the main... (Review)
Review
During the processes of primary and secondary endosymbiosis, different microalgae evolved to synthesis different storage polysaccharides. In stramenopiles, the main storage polysaccharides are β-1,3-glucan, or laminarin, in vacuoles. Currently, laminarin is gaining considerable attention due to its application in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceuticals industries, and also its importance in global biogeochemical cycles (especially in the ocean carbon cycle). In this review, the structures, composition, contents, and bioactivity of laminarin were summarized in different algae. It was shown that the general features of laminarin are species-dependence. Furthermore, the proposed biosynthesis and catabolism pathways of laminarin, functions of key genes, and diel regulation of laminarin were also depicted and comprehensively discussed for the first time. However, the complete pathways, functions of genes, and diel regulatory mechanisms of laminarin require more biomolecular studies. This review provides more useful information and identifies the knowledge gap regarding the future studies of laminarin and its applications.
Topics: Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Biological Products; Glucans; Polysaccharides; Stramenopiles; Structure-Activity Relationship
PubMed: 34677475
DOI: 10.3390/md19100576