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International Journal of Environmental... Jun 2021The homeless population are among the most vulnerable groups to experience suicide ideation and behavior. Several studies have shown that people who are homeless... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The homeless population are among the most vulnerable groups to experience suicide ideation and behavior. Several studies have shown that people who are homeless experience more significant suicidal ideation and behavior than the general population. However, there is limited information about what suicide interventions exist, to what extent they are grounded in robust research, and which intervention components effectively reduce suicidal ideation and behavior in the homeless community. This research aimed to characterise the current evidence base in the area of suicide prevention for homeless individuals.
METHODS
A scoping review guided by Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage framework was conducted and a narrative synthesis was performed. Pubmed, EMBASE, PsychInfo, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Open Grey, and Bielefeld Academic Search Engine were searched up to 8 May 2020.
RESULTS
A total of 3209 records were identified through database and grey literature searching. Three studies are included in this review. Key outcomes identify suicide intervention prevention programmes; similarities and differences across interventions, and examples of staff training. A quality review of the studies was completed.
CONCLUSION
A stark gap in the evidence of suicide specific prevention interventions targeted at homeless populations.
Topics: Ill-Housed Persons; Humans; Population Groups; Suicidal Ideation
PubMed: 34206560
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136729 -
Australasian Psychiatry : Bulletin of... Aug 2023The principles of gender equity are important to achieve the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (the College) strategic goals. (1) To present the... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
The principles of gender equity are important to achieve the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (the College) strategic goals. (1) To present the data on gender equity, (2) To describe how the action plan was developed, (3) To discuss how this work aligns with a commitment to inclusion and diversity.
METHODS
Firstly, the formation of a working group with representation from across the College. Secondly, undertaking a data snapshot and discussion paper on gender equity to support consultation. Thirdly, reviewing similar action plans, a literature review, and undertaking broad consultation across the College. Finally, collating data using a thematic analysis to support the development of an action plan.
RESULTS
Data obtained on gender equity identified clear gaps in leadership roles, academic activities and awards. Our review and consultation identified themes focused on gaps in gender equity including a role for organisational leadership approach. Together this has then informed an action plan for gender equity for the College.
CONCLUSIONS
There are no simple solutions that will solve gender inequity; this requires systemic solutions to achieve meaningful change. However, the development of the action plan is a significant step towards addressing the current gender inequities.
Topics: Humans; Gender Equity; Australia; Population Groups; Leadership; Psychiatry
PubMed: 37400962
DOI: 10.1177/10398562231186126 -
European Journal of Human Genetics :... Jun 2022Northern Pakistan is home to many diverse ethnicities and languages. The region acted as a prime corridor for ancient invasions and population migrations between Western...
Northern Pakistan is home to many diverse ethnicities and languages. The region acted as a prime corridor for ancient invasions and population migrations between Western Eurasia and South Asia. Kho, one of the major ethnic groups living in this region, resides in the remote and isolated mountainous region in the Chitral Valley of the Hindu Kush Mountain range. They are culturally and linguistically distinct from the rest of the Pakistani population groups and their genetic ancestry is still unknown. In this study, we generated genome-wide genotype data of ~1 M loci (Illumina WeGene array) for 116 unrelated Kho individuals and carried out comprehensive analyses in the context of worldwide extant and ancient anatomically modern human populations across Eurasia. The results inferred that the Kho can trace a large proportion of their ancestry to the population who migrated south from the Southern Siberian steppes during the second millennium BCE ~110 generations ago. An additional wave of gene flow from a population carrying East Asian ancestry was also identified in the Kho that occurred ~60 generations ago and may possibly be linked to the expansion of the Tibetan Empire during 7th to 9th centuries CE (current era) in the northwestern regions of the Indian sub-continent. We identified several candidate regions suggestive of positive selection in the Kho, that included genes mainly involved in pigmentation, immune responses, muscular development, DNA repair, and tumor suppression.
Topics: Asian People; Ethnicity; Gene Flow; Genetics, Population; Humans; Pakistan
PubMed: 35217804
DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01057-2 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Australia's social, structural, and political context, together with the continuing impact of colonisation, perpetuates health care and outcome disparities for First... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Australia's social, structural, and political context, together with the continuing impact of colonisation, perpetuates health care and outcome disparities for First Nations Australians. A new approach led by First Nations Australians is required to address these disparities. Co-design is emerging as a valued method for First Nations Australian communities to drive change in health policy and practice to better meet their needs and priorities. However, it is critical that co-design processes and outcomes are culturally safe and effective. : This project aimed to identify the current evidence around optimal approaches to co-design in health with First Nations Australians.
METHODS
First Nations Australian co-led team conducted a comprehensive review to identify peer-reviewed and grey literature reporting the application of co-design in health-related areas by and with First Nations Australians. A First Nations Co-Design Working Group (FNCDWG) was established to guide this work and team.A Collaborative Yarning Methodology (CYM) was used to conduct a thematic analysis of the included literature.
RESULTS
After full-text screening, 99 studies were included. Thematic analysis elicited the following six key themes, which included 28 practical sub-themes, relevant to co-design in health with First Nations Australians: ; and .
CONCLUSION
The findings of this review provide a valuable snapshot of the existing evidence to be used as a starting point to guide appropriate and effective applications of co-design in health with First Nations Australians.
Topics: Humans; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; Australia; Population Groups; Delivery of Health Care; American Indian or Alaska Native; Health Services, Indigenous
PubMed: 36498237
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316166 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2023To examine racial and ethnic self-identification among adolescents and explore psychosocial outcomes and peer treatment for multiracial adolescents in the United States.
OBJECTIVE
To examine racial and ethnic self-identification among adolescents and explore psychosocial outcomes and peer treatment for multiracial adolescents in the United States.
METHODS
Data are from the 2014 Child Development Supplement, a subsample of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. Data were weighted to be nationally representative. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population and to explore family and parent demographics. Multivariable regressions tested for differences in psychosocial outcomes and peer treatment and group behaviors for multiracial youth in comparison to their single race peers.
RESULTS
Black multiracial youth had significantly lower scores on the children's depression index compared to single race Black youth, and White multiracial youth reported significantly higher rates of peer mistreatment in comparison to White single race youth. Black multiracial and White multiracial adolescents reported similar positive and negative peer group behaviors.
CONCLUSIONS
Complex patterns emerge when examining the psychosocial and peer treatment variables presented in this analysis for multiracial adolescents and their single-race peers. The findings regarding depressive symptoms and peer bullying point to signs of different relationships between multiracial groups. White multiracial adolescents report worse outcomes than their White single-race peers, but Black multiracial adolescents reporting better outcomes than their Black single-race peers.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Adolescent Behavior; Peer Group; Peer Influence; Racial Groups; United States; White; Black or African American
PubMed: 36923049
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.852268 -
Israel Journal of Health Policy Research Aug 2021Many studies have shown significant gaps in mortality, and cause specific mortality by educational status. This study investigated these measures in Israel by...
BACKGROUND
Many studies have shown significant gaps in mortality, and cause specific mortality by educational status. This study investigated these measures in Israel by educational and ethnic status in recent decades.
METHOD
A mortality follow-up till 2017 was done of a cohort of Israeli residents aged 25-64 in 2000 who remained in Israel and had available educational data, grouped into under 8, 9-11, 12, 13-15 and 16 and above years of education. Indirect age adjustment was used to calculate Standard Mortality Ratios (SMRs) by sex and educational group, and a Cox regression model to assess relative risk of total and cause specific mortality controlling for age and ethnic group (Jews and Others and Arabs).The analysis was repeated for each ethnic group separately.
RESULTS
2,776,422 persons were included of whom 174,792 (6.3%) died till 2017. SMR's for total mortality of males and females with less than 8 years of education compared to 16 and over were 2.2 and 1.8, respectively. Corresponding HR were 2.13 (95% CI 2.08-2.18) and 1.77 (95% CI 1.72-1.82), respectively. The highest cause specific hazard ratios in males were for homicide, 4.40 (95% CI 3.19-6.07), respiratory diseases, 4.01 (95% CI 3.61-4.44), infectious diseases, 3.55 (95% CI 3.15-3.19) and diabetes 3.41 (95% CI 3.06-3.79) and in females for diabetes, 4.41 (95% CI 3.76-5.16), infectious diseases, 4.16 (95% CI 3.52-4.91), respiratory diseases, 4.13 (95% CI 3.55-4.81), and heart disease, 2.96 (95% CI 2.66-3.29). Education-adjusted risk of all-cause mortality for Arab males was 1.07 (1.05-1.09) times that of Jews and Others and non-significant in females. High mortality risk was found for Arab males and females compared to Jews and Others for homicide, diabetes, heart and cerebrovascular disease and for respiratory disease in males. Lower risk was found for suicide and infectious diseases in both sexes and cancer in females.
CONCLUSION
We found significant effect of educational level on all-cause and cause specific mortality, particularly respiratory diseases, infectious diseases, diabetes and homicide. Our results highlight the importance of increasing the educational level of all groups in the population and of encouraging healthy behavior in the lower educated.
Topics: Arabs; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Information Storage and Retrieval; Israel; Jews; Male
PubMed: 34389049
DOI: 10.1186/s13584-021-00483-9 -
Journal of Genetics 2023With increased technological sophistication and rapidly reducing costs, currently, a huge amount of personal and populationlevel human genomic data and information is... (Review)
Review
With increased technological sophistication and rapidly reducing costs, currently, a huge amount of personal and populationlevel human genomic data and information is generated globally. There is an urgent need for an adequately curated and annotated human genome variant database for successful and large-scale application and translation in biomedical research, medical (healthcare) applications, socio-economic benefits and many other applications. The bulk of the available genomic data is generated from peoples of European descent. The genome data, particularly the human genome variant data is skewed with minimal content from other populations, particularly the minority or diverse populations. It has further contributed to global health inequality, which is visible in inefficiency, lack of effectiveness and disparity in clinical diagnosis, and precision-personalized medicine and preventive healthcare. Inevitably, this gap is widened with ensuing socio-economic implications. This problem is now faced by medical practitioners and healthcare providers in India, South Asia and other low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The current review provides views and critical appraisal of the current status of genomic research, clinical utility and genome variant databases in India and South Asia. A few observations and recommendations are made to ensure harmonization that requires further structured audit and appraisal by the indigenous populations' consortium. Emphasis is made on the urgent need for statutory regulation of genome data generation, storage, and retrieval systems in research and diagnostic genomic laboratories.
Topics: Humans; Asia, Southern; Health Status Disparities; India; Population Groups; Indigenous Peoples
PubMed: 37798871
DOI: No ID Found -
Trauma, Violence & Abuse Oct 2023Children in foster care face heightened risk of adverse psychosocial and economic outcomes compared with children in the general population. Yet, the effects of foster... (Review)
Review
Children in foster care face heightened risk of adverse psychosocial and economic outcomes compared with children in the general population. Yet, the effects of foster care as an intervention are heterogeneous. Heterogeneity outcomes by race and ethnicity are of particular interest, given that Black and Indigenous youth experience foster care at higher rates than other racial/ethnic groups and experience group differences in setting, duration, and exits to permanency. This meta-regression explores racial disparities in education, employment, mental health, and behavioral outcomes during and following foster care. A systematic search of PsycINFO, ERIC, and Academic Search Complete using a series of search terms for studies published between January 2000 and June 2021 found 70 articles and 392 effect sizes that provided outcomes of US-based foster care by race/ethnicity. Findings reveal that Black foster care impacted persons (FCIPs) have 20% lower odds (95% CI: .68-.93) of achieving employment or substantial financial earnings and have 18% lower odds (95% CI: .68-1.00) of mental health concerns compared to White FCIPs. Hispanic FCIPs have 10% lower odds (95% CI: .84-.97) of achieving stable housing compared to non-Hispanic FCIPs. Moderator analyses revealed certain study features (i.e. publication type, timing of the study, location of the study, and placement status of the participants) have a significant impact on the gap between Black and non-Black and Hispanic and non-Hispanic FCIPs. The findings provide important implications for racial disparities in foster care outcomes, as well as highlight important gaps and missing information from published studies.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Humans; Ethnicity; Foster Home Care; Hispanic or Latino; Housing; Mental Health; Psychological Well-Being; Health Status Disparities; Racial Groups; Black or African American; White
PubMed: 35773632
DOI: 10.1177/15248380221111481 -
BMC Psychiatry Oct 2019This scoping review maps population-based surveys and mental health literacy (MHL) interventions undertaken in China during 1997-2018 in order to identify research gaps. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This scoping review maps population-based surveys and mental health literacy (MHL) interventions undertaken in China during 1997-2018 in order to identify research gaps.
METHOD
Following Arksey and O'Malley's framework for a scoping review, five English databases (Medline, PsycINFO, Cochrane library, Web of Science and CINAHL) and two Chinese ones (CNKI and WanFang) were systematically searched, identifying both reports of surveys and evaluation of interventions from Jan 1997 to Oct 2018.
RESULTS
MHL research has developed rapidly in China in terms of numbers of studies and geographic coverage over the past two decades. There were 350 peer-reviewed publications included in this review, covering diverse settings and participants. Of these publications, 313 (89.4%) were published in Chinese-language journals and 37 in English-language journals; 303 (86.6%) reported on survey findings and 47 reported on the evaluation of MHL interventions. MHL research in China has mainly focused on the assessment of mental health-related knowledge and beliefs. Much less attention has been given to developing and evaluating relevant interventions. MHL related to general mental health and suicide were most commonly studied, with less focus on specific disorders, although some studies covered depression, psychosis and anxiety disorders. The majority of MHL tools utilized in the studies reported in this review were developed in China (n = 97, 80.2% ) and almost half of these studies (57.8%) did not provide enough details concerning psychometrics.
CONCLUSIONS
More interventions targeting the general public and aiming to improve MHL and promote behaviour change, are needed in China. These should be evaluated with high-quality study designs, such as randomised controlled trials. Proper validation of tools used for measuring MHL should also be addressed in future studies.
Topics: China; Health Literacy; Humans; Mental Disorders; Mental Health; Population Groups; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 31655552
DOI: 10.1186/s12888-019-2307-0 -
PloS One 2022Patient complexity assessment tools (PCATs) are utilized to collect vital information to effectively deliver care to patients with complexity. Indigenous patients are... (Review)
Review
Patient complexity assessment tools (PCATs) are utilized to collect vital information to effectively deliver care to patients with complexity. Indigenous patients are viewed in the clinical setting as having complex health needs, but there is no existing PCAT developed for use with Indigenous patients, although general population PCATs may contain relevant content. Our objective was to identify PCATs that include the inquiry of domains relevant in the care of Indigenous patients with complexity. A scoping review was performed on articles published between 2016 and 2021 to extend a previous scoping review of PCATs. Data extraction from existing frameworks focused on domains of social realities relevant to the care of Indigenous patients. The search resulted in 1078 articles, 82 underwent full-text review, and 9 new tools were identified. Combined with previously known and identified PCATs, only 6 items from 5 tools tangentially addressed the domains of social realities relevant to Indigenous patients. This scoping review identifies a major gap in the utility and capacity of PCATs to address the realities of Indigenous patients. Future research should focus on developing tools to address the needs of Indigenous patients and improve health outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Patient Care; Population Groups
PubMed: 36044532
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273841