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Cancer Science Feb 20225-Aminolevulinic acid is a new-generation photosensitizer with high tumor specificity. It has been used successfully in the diagnosis, treatment, and screening of... (Review)
Review
5-Aminolevulinic acid is a new-generation photosensitizer with high tumor specificity. It has been used successfully in the diagnosis, treatment, and screening of urological cancers including bladder cancer; specifically, it has been used in photodynamic diagnosis to detect tumors by illuminating the lesion with a specific wavelength of light to produce fluorescence in the lesion after administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid, in photodynamic therapy, which induces tumor cell death via production of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species, and in photodynamic screening, in which porphyrin excretion in the blood and urine is used as a tumor biomarker after administration of 5-aminolevulinic acid. In addition to these applications in urological cancers, 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic technology is expected to be used as a novel strategy for a large number of cancer types because it is based on a property of cancer cells known as the Warburg effect, which is a basic biological property that is common across all cancers.
Topics: Aminolevulinic Acid; Biomarkers, Tumor; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins; Reactive Oxygen Species; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms; Warburg Effect, Oncologic
PubMed: 34750935
DOI: 10.1111/cas.15193 -
The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A Dec 2020Recent advances in laser technology have made three-photon (3P) microscopy a real possibility, raising interest in the phenomenon of 3P absorption (3PA). Understanding...
Recent advances in laser technology have made three-photon (3P) microscopy a real possibility, raising interest in the phenomenon of 3P absorption (3PA). Understanding 3PA of organic chromophores is especially important in view of those imaging applications that rely on exogenous probes, whose optical properties can be manipulated and optimized. Here, we present measurements and theoretical analysis of the degenerate 3PA spectra of several phosphorescent metalloporphyrins, which are used in the construction of biological oxygen probes. The effective 3PA cross sections (σ) of these porphyrins near 1700 nm, a new promising biological optical window, were found to be on the order of 1000 GM3 (1 GM3 = 10 cm s), therefore being among the highest values reported to date for organic chromophores. To interpret our data, we developed a qualitative four-state model specific for porphyrins and used it in conjunction with quantitative analysis based on the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT)/ Tamm-Dancoff approximation (ATDA)/sum-over-states (SOS) formalism. The analysis revealed that B (Soret) state plays a key role in the enhancement of 3PA of porphyrins in the Q band region, while the low-lying two-photon (2P)-allowed gerade states interfere negatively and diminish the 3PA strength. This study features the first systematic examination of 3PA properties of porphyrins, suggesting ways to improve their performance and optimize them for imaging and other biomedical applications.
Topics: Lasers; Models, Molecular; Molecular Structure; Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Porphyrins
PubMed: 33337890
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c08334 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2023Renal immune injury is a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease, and, despite the progress made in understanding underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, current... (Review)
Review
Renal immune injury is a frequent cause of end-stage renal disease, and, despite the progress made in understanding underlying pathogenetic mechanisms, current treatments to preserve renal function continue to be based mainly on systemic immunosuppression. Small molecules, naturally occurring biologic agents, show considerable promise in acting as disease modifiers and may provide novel therapeutic leads. Certain naturally occurring or synthetic Metalloporphyrins (Mps) can act as disease modifiers by increasing heme oxygenase (HO) enzymatic activity and/or synthesis of the inducible HO isoform (HO-1). Depending on the metal moiety of the Mp employed, these effects may occur in tandem or can be discordant (increased HO-1 synthesis but inhibition of enzyme activity). This review discusses effects of Mps, with varying redox-active transitional metals and cyclic porphyrin cores, on mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and outcomes of renal immune injury.
Topics: Heme Oxygenase (Decyclizing); Metalloporphyrins; Heme Oxygenase-1; Kidney
PubMed: 37047787
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076815 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. The demand for new therapeutic approaches has increased attention paid toward therapies with high... (Review)
Review
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. The demand for new therapeutic approaches has increased attention paid toward therapies with high targeting efficiency, improved selectivity and few side effects. Porphyrins are powerful molecules with exceptional properties and multifunctional uses, and their special affinity to cancer cells makes them the ligands par excellence for anticancer drugs. Porphyrin derivatives are used as the most important photosensitizers (PSs) for photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is a promising approach for anticancer treatment. Nevertheless, the lack of solubility and selectivity of the large majority of these macrocycles led to the development of different photosensitizer complexes. In addition, targeting agents or nanoparticles were used to increase the efficiency of these macrocycles for PDT applications. On the other hand, gold tetrapyrrolic macrocycles alone showed very interesting chemotherapeutic activity without PDT. In this review, we discuss the most important porphyrin derivatives, alone or associated with other drugs, which have been found effective against CRC, as we describe their modifications and developments through substitutions and delivery systems.
Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; Humans; Nanoparticles; Photochemotherapy; Photosensitizing Agents; Porphyrins
PubMed: 34885849
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237268 -
Journal of Postgraduate Medicine 2023Porphyrias are a rare group of inborn errors of metabolism due to defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The biochemical hallmark is the overproduction of porphyrin...
Porphyrias are a rare group of inborn errors of metabolism due to defects in the heme biosynthetic pathway. The biochemical hallmark is the overproduction of porphyrin precursors and porphyrin species. Afflicted patients present with a myriad of symptoms causing a diagnostic odyssey. Symptoms often overlap with those of common diseases and may be overlooked unless there is heightened clinical suspicion. We are reporting clinical features and diagnostic challenges in four pediatric patients having variegate porphyria, congenital erythropoietic porphyria, acute intermittent porphyria, and erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP), who presented with diverse multisystem manifestations. This case series illustrates a logical analysis of symptoms and judicious selection of investigations and the role of genotyping in successfully diagnosing porphyrias.
Topics: Child; Humans; Porphyrias; Porphyria, Acute Intermittent; Porphyrins
PubMed: 37082991
DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_698_22 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2020The application of porphyrins and their derivatives have been investigated extensively over the past years for phototherapy cancer treatment. Phototherapeutic Porphyrins... (Review)
Review
The application of porphyrins and their derivatives have been investigated extensively over the past years for phototherapy cancer treatment. Phototherapeutic Porphyrins have the ability to generate high levels of reactive oxygen with a low dark toxicity and these properties have made them robust photosensitizing agents. In recent years, Porphyrins have been combined with various nanomaterials in order to improve their bio-distribution. These combinations allow for nanoparticles to enhance photodynamic therapy (PDT) cancer treatment and adding additional nanotheranostics (photothermal therapy-PTT) as well as enhance photodiagnosis (PDD) to the reaction. This review examines various porphyrin-based inorganic nanoparticles developed for phototherapy nanotheranostic cancer treatment over the last three years (2017 to 2020). Furthermore, current challenges in the development and future perspectives of porphyrin-based nanomedicines for cancer treatment are also highlighted.
Topics: Animals; Biocompatible Materials; Carbon; Humans; Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles; Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Nanoparticles; Neoplasms; Photochemotherapy; Porphyrins; Quantum Dots; Silicon Dioxide; Theranostic Nanomedicine
PubMed: 32397477
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093358 -
Advanced Science (Weinheim,... May 2024Photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window has been attracting attention as a promising...
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI)-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) in the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window has been attracting attention as a promising cancer theranostic platform. Here, it is reported that the π-extended porphyrins fused with one or two nanographene units (NGP-1 and NGP-2) can serve as a new class of NIR-responsive organic agents, displaying absorption extending to ≈1000 and ≈1400 nm in the NIR-I and NIR-II windows, respectively. NGP-1 and NGP-2 are dispersed in water through encapsulation into self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs), achieving high photothermal conversion efficiency of 60% and 69%, respectively, under 808 and 1064 nm laser irradiation. Moreover, the NIR-II-active NGP-2-NPs demonstrated promising photoacoustic responses, along with high photostability and biocompatibility, enabling PAI and efficient NIR-II PTT of cancer in vivo.
Topics: Porphyrins; Theranostic Nanomedicine; Photoacoustic Techniques; Mice; Animals; Nanoparticles; Graphite; Humans; Infrared Rays; Disease Models, Animal; Photothermal Therapy; Cell Line, Tumor; Neoplasms; Phototherapy
PubMed: 38430537
DOI: 10.1002/advs.202309131 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022The emergence of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in recent years has stimulated the interest of scientists working in this area as one of the most applicable archetypes... (Review)
Review
The emergence of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in recent years has stimulated the interest of scientists working in this area as one of the most applicable archetypes of three-dimensional structures that can be used as promising materials in several applications including but not limited to (photo-)catalysis, sensing, separation, adsorption, biological and electrochemical efficiencies and so on. Not only do MOFs have their own specific versatile structures, tunable cavities, and remarkably high surface areas, but they also present many alternative procedures to overcome emerging obstacles. Since the discovery of such highly effective materials, they have been employed for multiple uses; additionally, the efforts towards the synthesis of MOFs with specific properties based on planned (template) synthesis have led to the construction of several promising types of MOFs possessing large biological or bioinspired ligands. Specifically, metalloporphyrin-based MOFs have been created where the porphyrin moieties are either incorporated as struts within the framework to form porphyrinic MOFs or encapsulated inside the cavities to construct porphyrin@MOFs which can combine the peerless properties of porphyrins and porous MOFs simultaneously. In this context, the main aim of this review was to highlight their structure, characteristics, and some of their prominent present-day applications.
Topics: Adsorption; Catalysis; Metal-Organic Frameworks; Metalloporphyrins; Porphyrins
PubMed: 35956867
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154917 -
Biomaterials Feb 2020Porphyrins are organic compounds that continue to attract much theoretical interest, and have been called the "pigments of life". They have a wide role in photodynamic... (Review)
Review
Porphyrins are organic compounds that continue to attract much theoretical interest, and have been called the "pigments of life". They have a wide role in photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy, along with uses in magnetic resonance, fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. There is a vast range of porphyrins that have been isolated or designed, but few of them have real clinical applications. Due to the hydrophobic properties of porphyrins, and their tendency to aggregate by stacking of the planar molecules they are difficult to work with in aqueous media. Therefore encapsulating them in nanoparticles (NPs) or attachment to various delivery vehicles have been used to improve delivery characteristics. Porphyrins can be used in a composite designed material with properties that allow specific targeting, immune tolerance, extended tissue lifetime and improved hydrophilicity. Drug delivery, healing and repairing of damaged organs, and cancer theranostics are some of the medical uses of porphyrin-based nanocomposites covered in this review.
Topics: Animals; Gold; Metal Nanoparticles; Mice; Mice, Nude; Nanocomposites; Nanoparticles; Photochemotherapy; Porphyrins; Theranostic Nanomedicine; Tissue Distribution
PubMed: 31874428
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119707 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022This study presents the synthesis and doping of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with synthesized porphyrin (5,15-bisdodecyl porphyrin, C12P) nanoparticles to fabricate...
This study presents the synthesis and doping of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with synthesized porphyrin (5,15-bisdodecyl porphyrin, C12P) nanoparticles to fabricate reduced graphene oxide-porphyrin (rGO-P) nanocomposite as well as demonstrates their outstanding removal activity of azo dye and antimicrobial potential. The synthesized porphyrin, rGO, and rGO-P nanocomposites were characterised using SEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, XRD, H-NMR, mass spectrometry, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The ability of the synthesized rGO-P nanocomposite was then investigated (as catalyst and/or adsorbent) to impact its removal efficacy against Congo red (CR) as a well-known toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic synthetic dye. The findings indicated that 0.01 g of rGO-P nanocomposite achieved 78.0% removal of CR at pH 3.0. Besides, the removal efficacy was evaluated while studying many aspects i.e. pH, CR initial concentration, and rGO-P nanocomposite amount. Moreover, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and zone of inhibition (ZOI) of antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and yeast were evaluated. The antimicrobial results showed that rGO-P nanocomposite revealed the greatest antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus with ZOI values of 24.3, 21.8, and 22.1 mm, respectively. Consequently, it demonstrates the substantial potential of rGO-P nanocomposite in the effective removal of pollutant dyes as well as significant antibacterial and antifungal properties.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antifungal Agents; Azo Compounds; Coloring Agents; Congo Red; Environmental Pollutants; Graphite; Nanocomposites; Porphyrins; Water Purification
PubMed: 36224230
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21360-8