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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021The human oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and dysbiosis of the microflora and imbalanced microbiota-host interactions drive many oral... (Review)
Review
The human oral cavity harbors approximately 1,000 microbial species, and dysbiosis of the microflora and imbalanced microbiota-host interactions drive many oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Oral microbiota homeostasis is critical for systemic health. Over the last two decades, bacterial protein phosphorylation systems have been extensively studied, providing mounting evidence of the pivotal role of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation in oral bacterial dysbiosis and bacteria-host interactions. Ongoing investigations aim to discover novel kinases and phosphatases and to understand the mechanism by which these phosphorylation events regulate the pathogenicity of oral bacteria. Here, we summarize the structures of bacterial tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases and phosphatases and discuss the roles of tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation systems in and , emphasizing their involvement in bacterial metabolism and virulence, community development, and bacteria-host interactions.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dysbiosis; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Microbiota; Phosphorylation; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Serine; Threonine; Tyrosine
PubMed: 35087767
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.814659 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Oral diseases impose a major health burden worldwide and have a profound effect on general health. Dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers are the most... (Review)
Review
Oral diseases impose a major health burden worldwide and have a profound effect on general health. Dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral cancers are the most common oral health conditions. Their occurrence and development are related to oral microbes, and effective measures for their prevention and the promotion of oral health are urgently needed. Raman spectroscopy detects molecular vibration information by collecting inelastic scattering light, allowing a "fingerprint" of a sample to be acquired. It provides the advantages of rapid, sensitive, accurate, and minimally invasive detection as well as minimal interference from water in the "fingerprint region." Owing to these characteristics, Raman spectroscopy has been used in medical detection in various fields to assist diagnosis and evaluate prognosis, such as detecting and differentiating between bacteria or between neoplastic and normal brain tissues. Many oral diseases are related to oral microbial dysbiosis, and their lesions differ from normal tissues in essential components. The colonization of keystone pathogens, such as , resulting in microbial dysbiosis in subgingival plaque, is the main cause of periodontitis. Moreover, the components in gingival crevicular fluid, such as infiltrating inflammatory cells and tissue degradation products, are markedly different between individuals with and without periodontitis. Regarding dental caries, the compositions of decayed teeth are transformed, accompanied by an increase in acid-producing bacteria. In oral cancers, the compositions and structures of lesions and normal tissues are different. Thus, the changes in bacteria and the components of saliva and tissue can be used in examinations as special markers for these oral diseases, and Raman spectroscopy has been acknowledged as a promising measure for detecting these markers. This review summarizes and discusses key research and remaining problems in this area. Based on this, suggestions for further study are proposed.
Topics: Dental Caries; Dysbiosis; Humans; Periodontitis; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Spectrum Analysis, Raman
PubMed: 35186787
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.775236 -
Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene :... Feb 2023Research has suggested 2 potential mechanisms by which the periodontal inflammatory response may communicate to distant organs: 1) direct translocation of periodontal... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Research has suggested 2 potential mechanisms by which the periodontal inflammatory response may communicate to distant organs: 1) direct translocation of periodontal bacteria from the oral cavity to another organ system; and 2) inflammation as a result of metastatic periodontal inflammation. The purpose of this scoping review is to explore these mechanisms as potential mediators between periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease.
METHODS
A reiterative literature search of peer-reviewed articles was performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases using keywords or combinations such as Alzheimer's disease AND periodontitis OR periodontal disease AND inflammation.
RESULTS
A total of 777 articles were identified. After eliminating duplicates and reviewing titles and abstracts, 84 articles were selected for full-text review. Following full-text review, 19 articles met the eligibility criteria for the study.
DISCUSSION
The review of the literature highlights how periodontitis may contribute to neuroinflammation by the introduction of periodontal bacteria and/or proinflammatory cytokines locally produced at the periodontium.
CONCLUSION
Inflammation is an important mechanism in the onset and progression of both periodontitis and Alzheimer's disease. Nevertheless, further studies are necessary to better understand the multifactorial pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Alzheimer Disease; Periodontitis; Periodontium; Inflammation
PubMed: 36968797
DOI: No ID Found -
International Journal of Oral Science Sep 2023While several previous studies have indicated the link between periodontal disease (PD) and myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying mechanisms remain unclear....
While several previous studies have indicated the link between periodontal disease (PD) and myocardial infarction (MI), the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Autophagy, a cellular quality control process that is activated in several diseases, including heart failure, can be suppressed by Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.). However, it is uncertain whether autophagy impairment by periodontal pathogens stimulates the development of cardiac dysfunction after MI. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between PD and the development of MI while focusing on the role of autophagy. Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs) and MI model mice were inoculated with wild-type P.g. or gingipain-deficient P.g. to assess the effect of autophagy inhibition by P.g. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated NRCMs had lower cell viability than those inoculated with gingipain-deficient P.g. This study also revealed that gingipains can cleave vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8), a protein involved in lysosomal sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), at the 47th lysine residue, thereby inhibiting autophagy. Wild-type P.g.-inoculated MI model mice were more susceptible to cardiac rupture, with lower survival rates and autophagy activity than gingipain-deficient P.g.-inoculated MI model mice. After inoculating genetically modified MI model mice (VAMP8-K47A) with wild-type P.g., they exhibited significantly increased autophagy activation compared with the MI model mice inoculated with wild-type P.g., which suppressed cardiac rupture and enhanced overall survival rates. These findings suggest that gingipains, which are virulence factors of P.g., impair the infarcted myocardium by cleaving VAMP8 and disrupting autophagy. This study confirms the strong association between PD and MI and provides new insights into the potential role of autophagy in this relationship.
Topics: Mice; Rats; Animals; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Gingipain Cysteine Endopeptidases; Autophagosomes; Myocardium; Periodontal Diseases; Heart Rupture
PubMed: 37723152
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00251-2 -
The Lancet. Healthy Longevity Apr 2023Periodontitis results from dysbiosis of the oral microbiome and affects up to 70% of US adults aged 65 years and older. More than 50 systemic inflammatory disorders and... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis results from dysbiosis of the oral microbiome and affects up to 70% of US adults aged 65 years and older. More than 50 systemic inflammatory disorders and comorbidities are associated with periodontitis, many of which overlap with immunotherapy-associated toxicities. Despite the increasing use of immunotherapy for the treatment of cancer, uncertainty remains as to whether the microbial shift associated with periodontal disease can influence response rates and tolerance to cancer immunotherapy. We herein review the pathophysiology of periodontitis and the local and systemic inflammatory conditions related to oral dysbiosis, and discuss the overlapping adverse profiles of periodontitis and immunotherapy. The effects of the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a key pathogen in periodontitis, highlight how the oral microbiome can affect the hosts' systemic immune responses, and further research into the local and systemic influence of other microorganisms causing periodontal disease is necessary. Addressing periodontitis in an ageing population of people with cancer could have potential implications for the clinical response to (and tolerability of) immunotherapy and warrants further investigation.
Topics: Humans; Dysbiosis; Periodontitis; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Neoplasms; Immunotherapy
PubMed: 37003275
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00021-1 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. (), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic... (Review)
Review
The association between periodontal disease and systemic disease has become a research hotspot. (), a crucial periodontal pathogen, affects the development of systemic diseases. The pathogenicity of is largely linked to interference with the host's immunity. This review aims to discover the role of in the modulation of the host's adaptive immune system through a large number of virulence factors and the manipulation of cellular immunological responses (mainly mediated by T cells). These factors may affect the cause of large numbers of systemic diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, adverse pregnancy outcomes, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Alzheimer's disease. The point of view of adaptive immunity may provide a new idea for treating periodontitis and related systemic diseases.
Topics: Female; Pregnancy; Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Immunity, Cellular; Periodontal Diseases; Adaptive Immunity; Alzheimer Disease
PubMed: 36467726
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1026457 -
European Journal of Clinical... Nov 2020Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major subgingival plaque bacterium in periodontitis, has recently attracted much attention as a possible microbial driver in Alzheimer's... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major subgingival plaque bacterium in periodontitis, has recently attracted much attention as a possible microbial driver in Alzheimer's disease. In the present paper, another common neuroinflammatory disease, Parkinson's disease (PD), is discussed. A recent study found major virulence factors of P. gingivalis such as gingipain R1 (RgpA) and lipopolysaccharide in the blood circulation of a PD population. The current review reveals how features such as systemic inflammation, hypercoagulation, presence of amyloid fibrin(ogen) in plasma, and marked ultrastructural changes in platelets, probably induced by P. gingivalis, may affect the development of PD. Several other clinical studies have also demonstrated an association between periodontitis and PD. Even if the risk of periodontal diseases causing neurological disorders needs to be better substantiated, that should not keep us from trying to prevent them by performing careful daily dental hygiene.
Topics: Humans; Parkinson Disease; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32564247
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-03944-2 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of microbial etiology. It has been suggested that endodontic bacterial DNA might translocate to distant organs blood...
Apical periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of microbial etiology. It has been suggested that endodontic bacterial DNA might translocate to distant organs blood vessels, but no studies have been conducted. We aimed first to explore overall extraradicular infection, as well as specifically by spp; and their potential to translocate from infected root canals to blood through peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this cross-sectional study, healthy individuals with and without a diagnosis of apical periodontitis with an associated apical lesion of endodontic origin (both, symptomatic and asymptomatic) were included. Apical lesions (N=64) were collected from volunteers with an indication of tooth extraction. Intracanal samples (N=39) and respective peripheral blood mononuclear cells from apical periodontitis (n=14) individuals with an indication of endodontic treatment, as well as from healthy individuals (n=14) were collected. The detection frequencies and loads (DNA copies/mg or DNA copies/μL) of total bacteria, and were measured by qPCR. In apical lesions, the detection frequencies (%) and median bacterial loads (DNA copies/mg) respectively were 70.8% and 4521.6 for total bacteria; 21.5% and 1789.7 for and 18.4% and 1493.9 for . In intracanal exudates, the detection frequencies and median bacterial loads respectively were 100% and 21089.2 (DNA copies/μL) for total bacteria, 41% and 8263.9 for ; and 20.5%, median 12538.9 for Finally, bacteria were detected in all samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells including apical periodontitis and healthy groups, though total bacterial loads (median DNA copies/μL) were significantly higher in apical periodontitis (953.6) compared to controls (300.7), p<0.05. was equally detected in both groups (50%), but its bacterial load tended to be higher in apical periodontitis (262.3) than controls (158.8), p>0.05; was not detected. Bacteria and specifically spp. were frequently detected in endodontic canals and apical lesions. Also, total bacteria and DNA were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, supporting their plausible role in bacterial systemic translocation.
Topics: Bacterial Translocation; Cross-Sectional Studies; DNA, Bacterial; Humans; Leukocytes, Mononuclear; Periapical Periodontitis; Porphyromonas endodontalis
PubMed: 33816354
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.649925 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2024Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune disease with a complex outset. Besides the genetic susceptibility in its pathogenesis, various environmental factors... (Review)
Review
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune disease with a complex outset. Besides the genetic susceptibility in its pathogenesis, various environmental factors also participate. Of these, in recent years, there have been increasing reports of the involvement of bacteria in the disease's outset and development, especially gut microbiota and oral pathogens. Most recent reports about bacteria participation in RA pathogenesis focus on and . There are also reports about the involvement of respiratory and urinary tract pathogens. The exact mechanisms leading to RA development used by bacteria are not well known; however, some mechanisms by which bacteria can interact with the immune system are known and can potentially lead to RA development. The aim of this study is to provide a comprehensive review of the potential bacteria participating in RA development and the mechanism involved in that process.
Topics: Humans; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Communicable Diseases; Genetic Predisposition to Disease
PubMed: 38542357
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063386 -
Annals of Medicine 2023Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by diffuse hepatic steatosis and has quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease. Its incidence... (Review)
Review
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by diffuse hepatic steatosis and has quickly risen to become the most prevalent chronic liver disease. Its incidence is increasing yearly, but the pathogenesis is still not fully understood. () is a major pathogen widely prevalent in periodontitis patients. Its infection has been reported to be a risk factor for developing insulin resistance, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and metabolic syndrome. The aim of this review is to evaluate the association between infection and NAFLD, identify the possible etiopathogenetic mechanisms, and raise public awareness of oral health to prevent and improve NAFLD. After searching in PubMed and Web of Science databases using '', 'non-alcoholic fatty liver disease', and 'hepatic steatosis' as keywords, studies related were compiled and examined. infection is a direct risk factor for NAFLD based on clinical and basic research. Moreover, it induces systematic changes and systemic abnormalities by disrupting metabolic, inflammatory, and immunologic homeostasis. -odontogenic infection promotes the occurrence and development of NAFLD. Further concerns are needed to emphasize oral health and maintain good oral hygiene for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.
Topics: Humans; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Risk Factors; Databases, Factual; Insulin Resistance; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 37708866
DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2255825