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Molecular Medicine Reports Mar 2024Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive disease in the mouth and is considered to be associated with systemic diseases. Accumulating evidence has... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive disease in the mouth and is considered to be associated with systemic diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that periodontitis is a risk factor for pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) and lung cancer. The presence of common periodontal pathogens has been detected in samples from a variety of pulmonary diseases. Periodontal pathogens can be involved in lung diseases by promoting the adhesion and invasion of respiratory pathogens, regulating the apoptosis of respiratory epithelium and inducing overexpression of mucin and disrupting the balance of immune systemin respiratory epithelium cells. Additionally, measures to control plaque and maintain the health of periodontal tissue can decrease the incidence of respiratory adverse events. This evidence suggests a close association between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to review the clinical association between periodontitis and pneumonia, COPD, asthma, COVID‑19 and lung cancer, and propose a possible mechanism and potential role of periodontal pathogens in linking periodontal disease and lung disease. This could provide a direction for further research on the association between periodontitis and lung disease and provide novel ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment management of these two diseases.
Topics: Humans; Asthma; COVID-19; Fusobacterium nucleatum; Lung Neoplasms; Periodontitis; Pneumonia; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory Tract Diseases
PubMed: 38240101
DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13166 -
Molecular Oral Microbiology Apr 2021Periodontitis is an irreversible, chronic inflammatory disease where inflammophilic pathogenic microbial communities accumulate in the gingival crevice. Neutrophils are... (Review)
Review
Periodontitis is an irreversible, chronic inflammatory disease where inflammophilic pathogenic microbial communities accumulate in the gingival crevice. Neutrophils are a major component of the innate host response against bacterial challenge, and under homeostatic conditions, their microbicidal functions typically protect the host against periodontitis. However, a number of periodontal pathogens developed survival strategies to evade neutrophil microbicidal functions while promoting inflammation, which provides a source of nutrients for bacterial growth. Research on periodontal pathogens has largely focused on a few established species: Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. However, advances in culture-independent techniques have facilitated the identification of new bacterial species in periodontal lesions, such as the two Gram-positive anaerobes, Filifactor alocis and Peptoanaerobacter stomatis, whose characterization of pathogenic potential has not been fully described. Additionally, there is not a full understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms used against neutrophils by organisms that are abundant in periodontal lesions. This presents a substantial barrier to the development of new approaches to prevent or ameliorate the disease. In this review, we first summarize the neutrophil functions affected by the established periodontal pathogens listed above, denoting unknown areas that still merit a closer look. Then, we review the literature on neutrophil functions and the emerging periodontal pathogens, F. alocis and P. stomatis, comparing the effects of the emerging microbes to that of established pathogens, and speculate on the contribution of these putative pathogens to the progression of periodontal disease.
Topics: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Clostridiales; Humans; Inflammation; Neutrophils; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Treponema denticola
PubMed: 33128827
DOI: 10.1111/omi.12321 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2024Localized juvenile (aggressive) periodontitis starts at puberty in otherwise healthy individuals and involves the proximal surfaces of permanent incisors and first... (Review)
Review
Localized juvenile (aggressive) periodontitis starts at puberty in otherwise healthy individuals and involves the proximal surfaces of permanent incisors and first molars. The disease destroys a sizeable amount of periodontal bone within a few months despite minimal dental plaque and gingival tissue inflammation. Cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, as well as the two main periodontopathic bacteria Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis, are linked to juvenile periodontitis. Juvenile periodontitis-affected teeth show cementum hypoplasia. We hypothesize that an active herpesvirus infection, at the time of root formation, hampers cementum formation and, at puberty, herpesvirus reactivation triggers an upgrowth of bacterial pathogens which produce rapid periodontal destruction on teeth with a defective periodontium. A pathogenic interaction between active herpesviruses and bacterial pathogens can potentially explain the etiology and incisor-first molar destructive pattern of juvenile periodontitis. Effective treatment of juvenile periodontitis may target the herpesvirus-bacteria co-infection.
Topics: Humans; Aggressive Periodontitis; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Coinfection; Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae Infections; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 4, Human
PubMed: 37345343
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12501 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2022Periodontal disease in pregnancy is considered a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. Periodontal disease has a microbial etiology, however, the current state of...
BACKGROUND
Periodontal disease in pregnancy is considered a risk factor for adverse birth outcomes. Periodontal disease has a microbial etiology, however, the current state of knowledge about the subgingival microbiome in pregnancy is not well understood.
OBJECTIVE
To characterize the structure and diversity of the subgingival microbiome in early and late pregnancy and explore relationships between the subgingival microbiome and preterm birth among pregnant Black women.
METHODS
This longitudinal descriptive study used 16S rRNA sequencing to profile the subgingival microbiome of 59 Black women and describe microbial ecology using alpha and beta diversity metrics. We also compared microbiome features across early (8-14 weeks) and late (24-30 weeks) gestation overall and according to gestational age at birth outcomes (spontaneous preterm, spontaneous early term, full term).
RESULTS
In this sample of Black pregnant women, the top twenty bacterial taxa represented in the subgingival microbiome included a spectrum representative of various stages of biofilm progression leading to periodontal disease, including known periopathogens and Other organisms associated with periodontal disease reflected in the subgingival microbiome included several spp., and spp. Measures of alpha or beta diversity did not distinguish the subgingival microbiome of women according to early/late gestation or full term/spontaneous preterm birth; however, alpha diversity differences in late pregnancy between women who spontaneously delivered early term and women who delivered full term were identified. Several taxa were also identified as being differentially abundant according to early/late gestation, and full term/spontaneous early term births.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the composition of the subgingival microbiome is shifted toward complexes associated with periodontal disease, the diversity of the microbiome remains stable throughout pregnancy. Several taxa were identified as being associated with spontaneous early term birth. Two, in particular, are promising targets of further investigation. Depletion of the oral commensal in early pregnancy and elevated levels of in late pregnancy were both associated with spontaneous early term birth.
Topics: Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Microbiota; Periodontal Diseases; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Term Birth
PubMed: 35646730
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873683 -
Microbiology Spectrum Feb 2022Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important human pathogen and also a model organism for the Bacteroidetes phylum. O-glycosylation has been reported in this phylum with...
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important human pathogen and also a model organism for the Bacteroidetes phylum. O-glycosylation has been reported in this phylum with findings that include the O-glycosylation motif, the structure of the O-glycans in a few species, and an extensive O-glycoproteome analysis in Tannerella forsythia. However, O-glycosylation has not yet been confirmed in P. gingivalis. We therefore used glycoproteomics approaches including partial deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as well as both HILIC and FAIMS based glycopeptide enrichment strategies leading to the identification of 257 putative glycosylation sites in 145 glycoproteins. The sequence of the major O-glycan was elucidated to be HexNAc-HexNAc(P-Gro-[Ac])-dHex-Hex-HexA-Hex(dHex). Western blot analyses of mutants lacking the glycosyltransferases PGN_1134 and PGN_1135 demonstrated their involvement in the biosynthesis of the glycan while mass spectrometry analysis of the truncated O-glycans suggested that PGN_1134 and PGN_1135 transfer the two HexNAc sugars. Interestingly, a strong bias against the O-glycosylation of abundant proteins exposed to the cell surface such as abundant T9SS cargo proteins, surface lipoproteins, and outer membrane β-barrel proteins was observed. In contrast, the great majority of proteins associated with the inner membrane or periplasm were glycosylated irrespective of their abundance. The P. gingivalis O-glycosylation system may therefore function to establish the desired physicochemical properties of the periplasm. Porphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen primarily associated with severe periodontal disease and further associated with rheumatoid arthritis, dementia, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Protein glycosylation can be important for a variety of reasons including protein function, solubility, protease resistance, and thermodynamic stability. This study has for the first time demonstrated the presence of O-linked glycosylation in this organism by determining the basic structure of the O-glycans and identifying 257 glycosylation sites in 145 proteins. It was found that most proteins exposed to the periplasm were O-glycosylated; however, the abundant surface exposed proteins were not. The O-glycans consisted of seven monosaccharides and a glycerol phosphate with 0-2 acetyl groups. These glycans are likely to have a stabilizing role to the proteins that bear them and must be taken into account when the proteins are produced in heterologous organisms.
Topics: Amino Acid Motifs; Bacterial Proteins; Carbohydrate Sequence; Glycoproteins; Glycosylation; Humans; Polysaccharides; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 34985300
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01502-21 -
Odontology Oct 2023Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with periodontitis development, a chronic inflammatory pathology characterized by the destruction of the... (Review)
Review
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a keystone pathogen associated with periodontitis development, a chronic inflammatory pathology characterized by the destruction of the supporting teeth structure. Macrophages are recruited cells in the inflammatory infiltrate from patients with periodontitis. They are activated by the P. gingivalis virulence factors arsenal, promoting an inflammatory microenvironment characterized by cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), prostaglandins, and metalloproteinases (MMPs) that foster the tissular destruction characteristic of periodontitis. Furthermore, P. gingivalis suppresses the generation of nitric oxide, a potent antimicrobial molecule, through its degradation, and incorporating its byproducts as a source of energy. Oral antimicrobial peptides can contribute to controlling the disease due to their antimicrobial and immunoregulatory activity, which allows them to maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. This study aimed to analyze the immunopathological role of macrophages activated by P. gingivalis in periodontitis and suggested using antimicrobial peptides as therapeutic agents to treat the disease.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Antimicrobial Peptides; Macrophages; Periodontitis; Immunomodulation
PubMed: 36897441
DOI: 10.1007/s10266-023-00798-w -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021Late-onset periodontitis is associated with a series of inflammatory reactions induced by periodontal pathogens, such as , a keystone pathogen involved in periodontitis.... (Review)
Review
Late-onset periodontitis is associated with a series of inflammatory reactions induced by periodontal pathogens, such as , a keystone pathogen involved in periodontitis. Neutrophils are the most abundant leukocytes in the periodontal pocket/gingival crevice and inflamed periodontal tissues. They form a "wall" between the dental plaque and the junctional epithelium, preventing microbial invasion. The balance between neutrophils and the microbial community is essential to periodontal homeostasis. Excessive activation of neutrophils in response to periodontal pathogens can induce tissue damage and lead to periodontitis persistence. Therefore, illuminating the interactions between neutrophils and periodontal pathogens is critical for progress in the field of periodontitis. The present review aimed to summarize the interactions between neutrophils and periodontal pathogens in late-onset periodontitis, including neutrophil recruitment, neutrophil mechanisms to clear the pathogens, and pathogen strategies to evade neutrophil-mediated elimination of bacteria. The recruitment is a multi-step process, including tethering and rolling, adhesion, crawling, and transmigration. Neutrophils clear the pathogens mainly by phagocytosis, respiratory burst responses, degranulation, and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. The mechanisms that pathogens activate to evade neutrophil-mediated killing include impairing neutrophil recruitment, preventing phagocytosis, uncoupling killing from inflammation, and resistance to ROS, degranulation products, and NETs.
Topics: Extracellular Traps; Humans; Neutrophils; Periodontitis; Phagocytosis; Porphyromonas gingivalis
PubMed: 33777839
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.627328 -
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2023
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Immune Evasion; Dysbiosis; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 37842000
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1289103 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Apr 2023This review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of xylitol against Porphyromonas gingivalis anaerobic species, a key microbe contributing to periodontal disease... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review was conducted to assess the effectiveness of xylitol against Porphyromonas gingivalis anaerobic species, a key microbe contributing to periodontal disease pathogenesis.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Relevant studies published on seven online databases (Cochrane, Ovid, Pubmed, Pubmed Central, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) were included in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria allowed all study designs involving xylitol and P. gingivalis, literature published since the year 2000, and all xylitol delivery forms.
RESULTS
The initial search yielded 186 papers. After the removal of duplicates, five reviewers screened every article for eligibility and seven articles were selected for data extraction. Four out of seven included studies assessed the dose-dependent effect of xylitol on P. gingivalis growth, two studies assessed the effect of xylitol on P. gingivalis-induced cytokine expression, and one study assessed both domains.
CONCLUSIONS
From the in vitro studies included in this systematic review, there is some evidence of xylitol's inhibitory effect on P. gingivalis. However, more evidence derived from in vivo studies is required to confirm its effectiveness warranting their routine use.
Topics: Humans; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Xylitol; Periodontal Diseases; Cytokines
PubMed: 36894516
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.724 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2023a key pathogen in periodontitis, is associated with neuroinflammation. Periodontal disease increases with age; 70.1% of adults 65 years and older have periodontal...
a key pathogen in periodontitis, is associated with neuroinflammation. Periodontal disease increases with age; 70.1% of adults 65 years and older have periodontal problems. However, the - lipopolysaccharide (LPS)induced mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the possible role of -LPS in mitochondrial dysfunction during neurodegeneration. We found that -LPS treatment activated toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 signaling and upregulated the expression of Alzheimer's disease-related dementia and neuroinflammatory markers. Furthermore, the LPS treatment significantly exacerbated the production of reactive oxygen species and reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential. Our study highlighted the pivotal role of -LPS in the repression of serum response factor (SRF) and its co-factor p49/STRAP that regulate the actin cytoskeleton. The LPS treatment repressed the genes involved in mitochondrial function and biogenesis. -LPS negatively altered oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis and reduced total adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Additionally, it specifically altered the mitochondrial functions in complexes I, II, and IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Thus, it is conceivable that -LPS causes mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative stress and inflammatory events in neurodegenerative diseases.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Lipopolysaccharides; Neuroinflammatory Diseases; Signal Transduction; Porphyromonas gingivalis; Oxidative Stress; Mitochondria
PubMed: 36674463
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020950