-
Gut Microbes 2021is a class of organism that often appears in high-throughput sequencing data but has not been purely cultured and is widely present in the animal and human intestines.... (Review)
Review
is a class of organism that often appears in high-throughput sequencing data but has not been purely cultured and is widely present in the animal and human intestines. There is a strong association between variation in abundance and obesity, leanness, and human health. In addition, a growing body of studies has shown that is also implicated in other diseases, such as gallstones and chronic constipation, and has shown some correlation with the positive or negative changes in its course. Sequencing data combined with metabolic profiling indicate that is likely to be a genus capable of producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as butyrate, which is an important reference indicator for screening "next-generation probiotics ". Considering the positive effects of in some specific diseases, such as obesity-related metabolic diseases, it has already been characterized as one of the next-generation probiotic candidates and therefore has great potential for development and application in the future food, health care, and biopharmaceutical products.
Topics: Animals; Clostridiales; Humans; Probiotics
PubMed: 34693878
DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1987783 -
International Journal of Molecular... May 2023Despite the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) in infants and children, especially those categorized as functional GIDs (FGIDs), insufficient knowledge... (Review)
Review
Despite the high prevalence of gastrointestinal disorders (GIDs) in infants and children, especially those categorized as functional GIDs (FGIDs), insufficient knowledge about their pathophysiology has limited both symptomatic diagnosis and the development of optimal therapies. Recent advances in the field of probiotics have made their potential use as an interesting therapeutic and preventive strategy against these disorders possible, but further efforts are still needed. In fact, there is great controversy surrounding this topic, generated by the high variety of potential probiotics strains with plausible therapeutic utility, the lack of consensus in their use as well as the few comparative studies available on probiotics that record their efficacy. Taking into account these limitations, and in the absence of clear guidelines about the dose and timeframe for successful probiotic therapy, our review aimed to evaluate current studies on potential use of probiotics for the prevention and treatment of the most common FGIDs and GIDs in the pediatric population. Furthermore, matters referring to know major action pathways and key safety recommendations for probiotic administration proposed by major pediatric health agencies shall also be discussed.
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Probiotics; Consensus
PubMed: 37298377
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119427 -
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology... Dec 2022A history of safe use is a backbone of safety assessments for many current probiotic species, however, there is no global harmonization regarding requirements for... (Review)
Review
A history of safe use is a backbone of safety assessments for many current probiotic species, however, there is no global harmonization regarding requirements for establishing probiotic safety for use in foods and supplements. As probiotic manufacturers are increasingly seeking to use new strains, novel species, and next-generation probiotics, justification based on a significant history of use may be challenged. There are efforts underway by a variety of stakeholders, including the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), to develop best practices guidelines for assessing the quality and safety of probiotics. A current initiative of the USP seeks to provide expert advice specific to safety considerations for probiotics. Toward this goal, this review provides a helpful summary guide to global regulatory guidelines. We question the suitability of traditional animal toxicology studies designed for testing chemicals for relevance in assessing probiotic safety. This includes discussion of the use of excessive dose levels, the length of repeated dose toxicity studies needed, and the most suitable animal species used in toxicology studies. In addition, the importance of proper manufacturing practices with regard to final product safety are also included. Thus, an outline of essential parameters of a comprehensive safety assessment for a probiotic are provided.
Topics: Animals; Probiotics; Dietary Supplements
PubMed: 36206977
DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105266 -
Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews Sep 2021Recently the scientific community has seen a growing interest in the role of the gut-brain axis and, in particular, how probiotic supplementation may influence neural... (Review)
Review
Recently the scientific community has seen a growing interest in the role of the gut-brain axis and, in particular, how probiotic supplementation may influence neural function and behaviour via manipulation of the gut microbiota. The purpose of this review was to systematically review the current literature exploring the effect of probiotic intervention on cognitive function. PsychINFO, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for human trials. Studies selected for inclusion administered a probiotic intervention and included at least one behavioural measure of cognitive performance. A total of 30 experimental papers were included, exploring the effect of probiotics across a variety of ages, populations and cognitive domains. The evidence suggests there may be potential for probiotics to enhance cognitive function or attenuate cognitive decline, particularly in clinically relevant adult populations for whom cognitive dysfunction may be present. However, the limited number of studies and the quality of the existing research makes it challenging to interpret the data. Further research is clearly warranted. PROSPERO: CRD42020164820.
Topics: Adult; Brain; Cognition; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Longevity; Probiotics
PubMed: 34171323
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.032 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Abundant microbiota resides in the organs of the body, which utilize the nutrition and form a reciprocal relationship with the host. The composition of these microbiota... (Review)
Review
Abundant microbiota resides in the organs of the body, which utilize the nutrition and form a reciprocal relationship with the host. The composition of these microbiota changes under different pathological conditions, particularly in response to stress and digestive diseases, making the microbial composition and health of the hosts body interdependent. Probiotics are living microorganisms that have demonstrated beneficial effects on physical health and as such are used as supplements to ameliorate symptoms of various digestive diseases by optimizing microbial composition of the gut and restore digestive balance. However, the supplementary effect does not achieve the expected result. Therefore, a targeted screening strategy on probiotic bacteria is crucial, owing to the presence of several bacterial strains. Core bacteria work effectively in maintaining microbiological homeostasis and stabilization in the gastrointestinal tract. Some of the core bacteria can be inherited and acquired from maternal pregnancy and delivery; others can be acquired from contact with the mother, feces, and the environment. Knowing the genera and functions of the core bacteria could be vital in the isolation and selection of probiotic bacteria for supplementation. In addition, other supporting strains of probiotic bacteria are also needed. A comprehensive strategy for mining both core and supporting bacteria before its clinical use is needed. Using metagenomics or other methods of estimation to discern the typically differentiated strains of bacteria is another important strategy to treat dysbiosis. Hence, these two factors are significant to carry out targeted isolation and selection of the functional strains to compose the resulting probiotic preparation for application in both research and clinical use. In conclusion, precise probiotic supplementation, by screening abundant strains of bacteria and isolating specific probiotic strains, could rapidly establish the core microbiota needed to confer resilience, particularly in bacterial dysfunctional diseases. This approach can help identify distinct bacteria which can be used to improve supplementation therapies.
Topics: Pregnancy; Female; Humans; Probiotics; Bacteria; Microbiota; Intestinal Diseases; Bacterial Infections
PubMed: 36341458
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034727 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Dec 2023The rising popularity of probiotic food in the diet for improved health benefits leads to the development of new probiotic functional foods. In general, biscuit is a...
The rising popularity of probiotic food in the diet for improved health benefits leads to the development of new probiotic functional foods. In general, biscuit is a long-shelf-life snack product that can be consumed straight from the pack without further processing. Although the development of probiotic bakery products is an innovative approach to market expansion, the infusion of probiotics in biscuits to produce probiotic biscuits has not been explored because of the complexity of the baking process. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of baking conditions (160, 180, 200, and 220 °C) on the viability of free and encapsulated probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus NCDC 016 cells by adding them into biscuit dough separately and baking for up to 600 sec. The cells were encapsulated using 20 % maltodextrin and 8.51 % gum arabic as a wall material and spray drying at an inlet and outlet air temperature of 150 and 55 ± 2 °C, respectively. At different baking temperatures (160, 180, 200, and 220 °C), the viability of probiotic (free and encapsulated) cells, the physicochemical properties of biscuits, and the inactivation kinetics of cells were examined by withdrawing samples every 120 sec. The survivability of encapsulated cells was observed to be higher than free cells at 160 and 180 °C for 600 sec. The moisture content and water activity were found to be higher and lower, respectively for encapsulated probiotic biscuits than for the biscuit containing free cells. The observed results of higher cell viability at 200 °C, 360 sec (5.38 log CFU/g) than at 180 °C, 600 sec (5.02 log CFU/g) can be explained by the time-temperature combination. Thus, producing the probiotic biscuit at baking conditions of 200 °C and 360 min is possible, providing the cell viability of 5 log CFU/g of probiotic biscuit. Further, the inactivation kinetics of cells were predicted by log-linear, Weibull, log-logistic, Gompertz, and Buchanan models. Under all baking conditions, the log-linear model was the best model for describing the data of encapsulated and free cells.
Topics: Millets; Lactobacillus acidophilus; Lactobacillus; Food Additives; Probiotics
PubMed: 37986522
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113573 -
Trends in Biotechnology Mar 2022Genetically engineered microbes that secrete therapeutics, sense and respond to external environments, and/or target specific sites in the gut fall under an emergent... (Review)
Review
Genetically engineered microbes that secrete therapeutics, sense and respond to external environments, and/or target specific sites in the gut fall under an emergent class of therapeutics, called live biotherapeutic products (LBPs). As live organisms that require symbiotic host interactions, LBPs offer unique therapeutic opportunities, but also face distinct challenges in the gut microenvironment. In this review, we describe recent approaches (often demonstrated using traditional probiotic microorganisms) to discover LBP chassis and genetic parts utilizing omics-based methods and highlight LBP delivery strategies, with a focus on addressing physiological challenges that LBPs encounter after oral administration. Finally, we share our perspective on the opportunity to apply an integrated approach, wherein discovery and delivery strategies are utilized synergistically, towards tailoring and optimizing LBP efficacy.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Genetic Engineering; Probiotics
PubMed: 34481657
DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.08.002 -
Advances in Nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) May 2023Meta-analyses have not examined the prophylactic use of orally ingested probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for preventing gastrointestinal tract infections (GTIs) of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Orally Ingested Probiotic, Prebiotic, and Synbiotic Interventions as Countermeasures for Gastrointestinal Tract Infections in Nonelderly Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Meta-analyses have not examined the prophylactic use of orally ingested probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics for preventing gastrointestinal tract infections (GTIs) of various etiologies in adult populations, despite evidence that these gut microbiota-targeted interventions can be effective in treating certain GTIs. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the effects of prophylactic use of orally ingested probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on GTI incidence, duration, and severity in nonelderly, nonhospitalized adults. CENTRAL, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through January 2022. English-language, peer-reviewed publications of randomized, placebo-controlled studies testing an orally ingested probiotic, prebiotic, or synbiotic intervention of any dose for ≥1 wk in adults who were not hospitalized, immunosuppressed, or taking antibiotics were included. Results were analyzed using random-effects meta-analyses of intention-to-treat (ITT) and complete case (CC) cohorts. Heterogeneity was explored by subgroup meta-analysis and meta-regression. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias 2 tool. Seventeen publications reporting 20 studies of probiotics (n = 16), prebiotics (n = 3), and synbiotics (n = 1) were identified (n > 6994 subjects). In CC and ITT analyses, risk of experiencing ≥1 GTI was reduced with probiotics (CC analysis-risk ratio: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.73, 1.01) and prebiotics (risk ratio: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.66, 0.98). No effects on GTI duration or severity were observed. Sources of heterogeneity included the study population and number of probiotic strains administered but were often unexplained, and a high risk of bias was observed for most studies. The specific effects of individual probiotic strains and prebiotic types could not be assessed owing to a lack of confirmatory studies. Findings indicated that both orally ingested probiotics and prebiotics, relative to placebo, demonstrated modest benefit for reducing GTI risk in nonelderly adults. However, results should be interpreted cautiously owing to the low number of studies, high risk of bias, and unexplained heterogeneity that may include probiotic strain-specific or prebiotic-specific effects. This review was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42020200670.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Prebiotics; Synbiotics; Probiotics; Gastrointestinal Diseases; Communicable Diseases
PubMed: 36822240
DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.02.002 -
Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County,... Dec 2023Obesity is a chronic state of excessive fat accumulation in the body, characterized by significant relapse and complicated by a range of health consequences. In the... (Review)
Review
Obesity is a chronic state of excessive fat accumulation in the body, characterized by significant relapse and complicated by a range of health consequences. In the treatment of obesity, a holistic approach including diet, physical activity, pharmacotherapy, bariatric surgery, and psychological support is recommended. The implications of gut microbiota (GM) as a pathogenic factor in excess body weight have been discussed, and microbial-targeted therapies-including probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics-are considered adjuvant in obesity management. Many studies have focused on assessing the effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics in weight control, although with inconclusive results, mainly because of the significant heterogeneity of the studies (with different strains, doses, forms, interventional durations, and outcomes). It is also unclear whether using probiotics or synbiotics accompanied by weight loss dietary interventions or as a part of bariatric surgery will be more effective in obesity management, not only in the short-term but also for long-term weight loss maintenance. The aim of this study was to collect and compare the available scientific data on the effectiveness of probiotic or synbiotic supplementation (as a single therapy versus as part of dietary interventions, pharmacotherapy, or bariatric therapy) on weight control in obesity.
Topics: Humans; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Synbiotics; Probiotics; Prebiotics; Obesity; Weight Gain; Weight Loss
PubMed: 37562188
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112111 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2023Proton pump inhibitors can cause diarrhea and a transient increase in fecal dysbiosis index in dogs. It is unknown if concurrent probiotic administration mitigates these...
BACKGROUND
Proton pump inhibitors can cause diarrhea and a transient increase in fecal dysbiosis index in dogs. It is unknown if concurrent probiotic administration mitigates these effects.
OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS
To assess the fecal Canine Microbial Dysbiosis Index (CMDI), fecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and fecal calprotectin concentrations in dogs administered esomeprazole with and without a probiotic.
ANIMALS
Eleven healthy dogs.
METHODS
Prospective, within-subjects before and after study. All dogs received 7-day courses of esomeprazole (1 mg/kg PO q 24h) alone followed by esomeprazole with a probiotic (15 billion CFU/kg), separated by a 4-week washout period. Data were compared between phases using mixed effects ANOVA or generalized estimating equations with post-hoc Holm adjustment for 2-way comparisons.
RESULTS
Compared to baseline (mean CMDI -2.66, SD 3.04), fecal CMDI was not different with esomeprazole administration alone (mean CMDI -1.48, SD 3.32, P = .08), but there was a significant increase (Diff 3.05, 95% CI [1.37, 4.74], P < .001, Effect size 2.02) when esomeprazole and a probiotic were administered concurrently (mean CMDI 0.39, SD 2.83). CMDI was significantly higher when esomeprazole was administered with a probiotic than alone (Diff 1.87, 95% CI [0.19, 1.87], P = .02, Effect size 1.24). Fecal calprotectin and SCFA concentrations did not differ between phases. The occurrence of vomiting and diarrhea was not different from baseline when esomeprazole was administered alone (36%/27%) or with a probiotic (46%/9%).
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
In healthy dogs, concurrent administration of a probiotic is unlikely to lessen adverse effects associated with esomeprazole administration.
Topics: Humans; Dogs; Animals; Esomeprazole; Dysbiosis; Prospective Studies; Diarrhea; Fatty Acids, Volatile; Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex; Probiotics; Inflammation; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37776099
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16886