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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation... (Review)
Review
While most bacterial species taken up by macrophages are degraded through processing of the bacteria-containing vacuole through the endosomal-lysosomal degradation pathway, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved to evade degradation through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway. All intra-vacuolar pathogens possess specialized secretion systems (T3SS-T7SS) that inject effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to modulate myriad of host cell processes and remodel their vacuoles into proliferative niches. Although intravacuolar pathogens utilize similar secretion systems to interfere with their vacuole biogenesis, each pathogen has evolved a unique toolbox of protein effectors injected into the host cell to interact with, and modulate, distinct host cell targets. Thus, intravacuolar pathogens have evolved clear idiosyncrasies in their interference with their vacuole biogenesis to generate a unique intravacuolar niche suitable for their own proliferation. While there has been a quantum leap in our knowledge of modulation of phagosome biogenesis by intravacuolar pathogens, the detailed biochemical and cellular processes affected remain to be deciphered. Here we discuss how the intravacuolar bacterial pathogens , and utilize their unique set of effectors injected into the host cell to interfere with endocytic, exocytic, and ER-to-Golgi vesicle traffic. However, is the main exception for a bacterial pathogen that proliferates within the hydrolytic lysosomal compartment, but its T4SS is essential for adaptation and proliferation within the lysosomal-like vacuole.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Golgi Apparatus; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Legionella; Lysosomes; Vacuoles
PubMed: 34858868
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.722433 -
Biomedica : Revista Del Instituto... Mar 2022Introduction: Facial nerve injury induces changes in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and affects both object recognition memory and spatial memory...
Introduction: Facial nerve injury induces changes in hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity and affects both object recognition memory and spatial memory consolidation (i.e., hippocampus-dependent tasks). Although facial nerve injury-associated microglial activation has been described regarding the primary motor cortex, it has not been ascertained whether something similar occurs in the hippocampus. Peripheral nerve injuryassociated microglial changes in hippocampal tissue could explain neuronal changes in the contralateral hippocampus. Objective: To characterize the effect of unilateral facial nerve injury on microglial proliferation and activation in the contralateral hippocampus. Materials and methods. Immunohistochemical experiments detected microglial cells in the hippocampal tissue of rats that had undergone facial nerve injury. The animals were sacrificed at specific times after injury to evaluate hippocampal microglial cell proliferation (cell density) and activation (cell area); sham-operated animals were compared to lesioned animals sacrificed 1, 3, 7, 21, or 35 days after injury. Results: Facial nerve-injured rats’ hippocampal microglial cells proliferated and adopted an activated phenotype 3- to 21-days post-lesion. Such modifications were transient since the microglial cells returned to their resting state five weeks after injury, despite the injury’s irreversible nature. Conclusions: Facial nerve injury causes the transient proliferation and activation of microglial cells in the hippocampus. This finding might partly explain the morphological and electrophysiological changes described for CA1 pyramidal neurons and the impairment of spatial memory consolidation which has previously been observed in facial nerve-injured rats.
Topics: Microglia
PubMed: 35471181
DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.6216 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2023Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a group of severe, progressive, and debilitating diseases with limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to explore novel...
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a group of severe, progressive, and debilitating diseases with limited therapeutic options. This study aimed to explore novel therapeutic targets in PAH through bioinformatics and experiments. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was applied to detect gene modules related to PAH, based on the GSE15197, GSE113439, and GSE117261. GSE53408 was applied as validation set. Subsequently, the validated most differentially regulated hub gene was selected for further ex vivo and in vitro assays. , , and were analyzed as potential intervention targets for PAH. Consistently with the bioinformatic results, our ex vivo and in vitro data indicated that PARM1 expression increased significantly in the lung tissue and/or pulmonary artery of the MCT-induced PAH rats and hypoxia-induced PAH mice in comparison with the respective controls. Besides, a similar expression pattern of PARM1 was found in the hypoxia- and PDGF--treated isolated rat primary pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). In addition, hypoxia/PDGF--induced PARM1 protein expression could promote the elevation of phosphorylation of AKT, phosphorylation of FOXO3A and PCNA, and finally the proliferation of PASMCs in vitro, whereas PARM1 siRNA treatment inhibited it. Mechanistically, PARM1 promoted PAH via AKT/FOXO3A/PCNA signaling pathway-induced PASMC proliferation.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Rats; Cell Proliferation; Cells, Cultured; Extracellular Matrix Proteins; Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension; Hypoxia; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; Pulmonary Artery
PubMed: 37047359
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076385 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Heterothermy, as a temperature-dependent physiological continuum, may affect host-pathogen interactions through modulation of immune responses. Here, we evaluated...
Heterothermy, as a temperature-dependent physiological continuum, may affect host-pathogen interactions through modulation of immune responses. Here, we evaluated proliferation and functional performance of a macrophage cell line established from the greater mouse-eared () bat at 8, 17.5, and 37°C to simulate body temperatures during hibernation, daily torpor and euthermia. Macrophages were also frozen to -20°C and then examined for their ability to proliferate in the immediate post-thaw period. We show that bat macrophages can proliferate at lower temperatures, though their growth rate is significantly slower than at 37°C. The cells differed in their shape, size and ability to attach to the plate surface at both lower temperatures, being spheroidal and free in suspension at 8°C and epithelial-like, spindle-shaped and/or spheroidal at 17.5°C. While phagocytosis at temperatures of 8 and 17.5°C amounted to 85.8 and 83.1% of the activity observed at 37°C, respectively, full phagocytic activity was restored within minutes of translocation into a higher temperature. Bat-derived macrophages were also able to withstand temperatures of -20°C in a cryoprotectant-free cultivation medium and, in the immediate post-thaw period, became viable and were able to proliferate. Our data enhance understanding of macrophage biology.
PubMed: 36157196
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978756 -
Fukushima Journal of Medical Science Aug 2020During wound healing, fibroblasts proliferate from the margin, and migrate into the provisional matrix where they differentiate into myofibroblasts resulting in wound...
During wound healing, fibroblasts proliferate from the margin, and migrate into the provisional matrix where they differentiate into myofibroblasts resulting in wound contraction; however, fibroblasts are hyperproliferative during chronic tissue damage. We previously reported that cesium chloride inhibited a human cancer cell proliferation; therefore, cesium is also presumed to suppress fibroblast proliferation. We here investigated the effects of cesium chloride on the proliferation and migration of murine embryotic fibroblast cells, NIH/3T3 cells. Cultured NIH/3T3 cells with 0-10 mM sodium and cesium chloride were counted using trypan blue dye-exclusion method, then cell growth and viability were evaluated. The percentage of wound closure was calculated by scratch assay. The number of the cells was decreased by application of 1-10 mM cesium in a dose-dependent manner, whereas the viability of the cells was unchanged. The treatment with 3-10 mM cesium inhibited the proliferation rate and % of wound closure compared with controls. These results suggested that cesium inhibits the proliferation and migration of fibroblast cells. This study indicates a possible therapeutic role of cesium chloride in the treatment of wound healing and fibrosis.
Topics: Animals; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Cesium; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Fibroblasts; Mice; NIH 3T3 Cells; Wound Healing
PubMed: 32624528
DOI: 10.5387/fms.2020-08 -
Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2024Intravascular lymphomas are rare disease conditions that exhibit neoplastic lymphoid cells that are confined mainly to the lumens of small capillaries and medium-sized... (Review)
Review
Intravascular lymphomas are rare disease conditions that exhibit neoplastic lymphoid cells that are confined mainly to the lumens of small capillaries and medium-sized vessels. The majority of the intravascular lymphomas are of B-cell origin, but they can include NK/T-cell and CD30+ immunophenotypes. In the histologic differential diagnosis are benign proliferations such as intralymphatic histiocytosis and intravascular atypical CD30+ T-cell proliferation. In this review, we discuss the clinical, histopathologic, and molecular findings of intravascular B-cell lymphoma, intravascular NK/T-cell lymphoma, intralymphatic histiocytosis, and benign atypical intravascular CD30+ T-cell proliferation.
PubMed: 38611591
DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070679 -
FEBS Letters Oct 2019The shift between a proliferating and a nonproliferating state is associated with significant changes in metabolic needs. Proliferating cells tend to have higher... (Review)
Review
The shift between a proliferating and a nonproliferating state is associated with significant changes in metabolic needs. Proliferating cells tend to have higher metabolic rates, and their metabolic profiles facilitate biosynthesis, as compared to those of nondividing cells of the same sort. Recent studies have elucidated specific molecules that control metabolic changes while cells shift between proliferation and quiescence. Embryonic stem cells, which are rapidly proliferating, tend to have metabolic patterns that are similar to those of nonstem cells in a proliferative state. Moreover, although adult stem cells tend to be quiescent, their metabolic profiles have been reported in multiple organs to more closely resemble those of proliferating than those of nondividing cells in some respects. The findings raise questions about whether there are metabolic profiles that are required for stemness, and whether these profiles relate to the metabolic properties that may be required for quiescence. Here, we review the literature on how metabolism changes upon commitment to proliferation and compare the proliferating and nonproliferating metabolic states of differentiated cells and embryonic and adult stem cells.
Topics: Adult Stem Cells; Amino Acids; Animals; Cell Differentiation; Cell Division; Cell Lineage; Cell Proliferation; Embryonic Stem Cells; Fatty Acids; Fibroblasts; Glycolysis; Humans; Neurons; Nucleotides; Oxidative Phosphorylation
PubMed: 31531979
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13608 -
Clinical and Experimental Hypertension... Dec 2023Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary mechanism underlying atherosclerosis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Ketogenic diet (KD) exerts beneficial...
OBJECTIVE
Neointimal hyperplasia is the primary mechanism underlying atherosclerosis and restenosis after percutaneous coronary intervention. Ketogenic diet (KD) exerts beneficial effects in various diseases, but whether it could serve as non-drug therapy for neointimal hyperplasia remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of KD on neointimal hyperplasia and the potential mechanisms.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Carotid artery balloon-injury model was employed in adult Sprague-Dawley rats to induce neointimal hyperplasia. Then, animals were subjected to either standard rodent chow or KD. For in-vitro experiment, impacts of β-hydroxybutyrate (β-HB), the main mediator of KD effects, on platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) induced vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration and proliferation were determined. Balloon injury induced event intimal hyperplasia and upregulation of protein expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and these changes were significantly ameliorated by KD. In addition, β-HB could markedly inhibit PDGF-BB induced VMSC migration and proliferation, as well as inhibiting expressions of PCNA and α-SMC. Furthermore, KD inhibited balloon-injury induced oxidative stress in carotid artery, indicated by reduced ROS level, malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. We also found balloon-injury induced inflammation in carotid artery was suppressed by KD, indicated by decreased expressions of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α, and increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10.
CONCLUSION
KD attenuates neointimal hyperplasia through suppressing oxidative stress and inflammation to inhibit VSMC proliferation and migration. KD may represent a promising non-drug therapy for neointimal hyperplasia associated diseases.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Hyperplasia; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Becaplermin; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Diet, Ketogenic; Neointima; Carotid Artery Injuries; Oxidative Stress; Inflammation; Cell Proliferation; Cell Movement; Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 37395230
DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2023.2229538 -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Oct 2021
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Cancers Sep 2023Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and... (Review)
Review
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and severe malignancies worldwide. Recent advances in diagnostic methods allow for more accurate identification and detection of several molecular biomarkers associated with this cancer. Nonetheless, non-invasive and effective prognostic and predictive testing in CRC patients remains challenging. Classical prognostic genetic markers comprise mutations in several genes (e.g., , , and ). Furthermore, CIN and MSI serve as chromosomal markers, while epigenetic markers include CIMP and many other candidates such as , , , , and . The number of proliferation-related long non-coding RNAs (e.g., SNHG1, SNHG6, MALAT-1, CRNDE) and microRNAs (e.g., miR-20a, miR-21, miR-143, miR-145, miR-181a/b) that could serve as potential CRC markers has also steadily increased in recent years. Among the immunohistochemical (IHC) proliferative markers, the prognostic value regarding the patients' overall survival (OS) or disease-free survival (DFS) has been confirmed for thymidylate synthase (TS), cyclin B1, cyclin D1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and Ki-67. In most cases, the overexpression of these markers in tissues was related to worse OS and DFS. However, slowly proliferating cells should also be considered in CRC therapy (especially radiotherapy) as they could represent a reservoir from which cells are recruited to replenish the rapidly proliferating population in response to cell-damaging factors. Considering the above, the aim of this article is to review the most common proliferative markers assessed using various methods including IHC and selected molecular biology techniques (e.g., qRT-PCR, in situ hybridization, RNA/DNA sequencing, next-generation sequencing) as prognostic and predictive markers in CRC.
PubMed: 37760539
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15184570