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Surgical Oncology Clinics of North... Jan 2020Progress toward the implementation of a molecular characterization paradigm in cancer drug development over the past 20 years has markedly enhanced our capability to... (Review)
Review
Progress toward the implementation of a molecular characterization paradigm in cancer drug development over the past 20 years has markedly enhanced our capability to select patients who are more likely to benefit from cancer therapy. Improvements in genomic and related diagnostic testing platforms have permitted evaluation of the efficacy of treatment assignment based on predefined biologic features of a patient's tumor or germline using master protocols that may include many malignancies and their molecularly characterized subsets. With this approach, a wide range of new targeted and immunologic treatment approaches have been defined for patients who, heretofore, lacked effective therapeutic options.
Topics: Antineoplastic Agents; Biomarkers, Tumor; History, 21st Century; Humans; Molecular Targeted Therapy; Neoplasms; Pharmacogenetics; Precision Medicine
PubMed: 31757312
DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2019.08.003 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jun 2023Treatment of clinical mastitis (CM) and use of antimicrobials for dry cow therapy are responsible for the majority of animal-defined daily doses of antimicrobial use... (Review)
Review
Treatment of clinical mastitis (CM) and use of antimicrobials for dry cow therapy are responsible for the majority of animal-defined daily doses of antimicrobial use (AMU) on dairy farms. However, advancements made in the last decade have enabled excluding nonsevere CM cases from antimicrobial treatment that have a high probability of cure without antimicrobials (no bacterial causes or gram-negative, excluding Klebsiella spp.) and cases with a low bacteriological cure rate (chronic cases). These advancements include availability of rapid diagnostic tests and improved udder health management practices, which reduced the incidence and infection pressure of contagious CM pathogens. This review informed an evidence-based protocol for selective CM treatment decisions based on a combination of rapid diagnostic test results, review of somatic cell count and CM records, and elucidated consequences in terms of udder health, AMU, and farm economics. Relatively fast identification of the causative agent is the most important factor in selective CM treatment protocols. Many reported studies did not indicate detrimental udder health consequences (e.g., reduced clinical or bacteriological cures, increased somatic cell count, increased culling rate, or increased recurrence of CM later in lactation) after initiating selective CM treatment protocols using on-farm testing. The magnitude of AMU reduction following a selective CM treatment protocol implementation depended on the causal pathogen distribution and protocol characteristics. Uptake of selective treatment of nonsevere CM cases differs across regions and is dependent on management systems and adoption of udder health programs. No economic losses or animal welfare issues are expected when adopting a selective versus blanket CM treatment protocol. Therefore, selective CM treatment of nonsevere cases can be a practical tool to aid AMU reduction on dairy farms.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Milk; Mastitis, Bovine; Anti-Infective Agents; Lactation; Mammary Glands, Animal; Cell Count; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 37080782
DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22826 -
Open Veterinary Journal Sep 2023Canine lymphoma is one of the most commonly reported hematopoietic tumors.
BACKGROUND
Canine lymphoma is one of the most commonly reported hematopoietic tumors.
AIM
A few retrospective studies have involved complex evaluations including diagnostic features and treatment protocols, but these studies infrequently demonstrate variable factors that affect survival time, and comparisons among chemotherapeutic protocols are limited. This study aimed to identify prognostic factors that can be simply detected in dogs with lymphoma, such as abnormalities in physical and hematologic findings, and treatment protocols.
METHODS
Clinical records of 77 dogs diagnosed with lymphoma were retrospectively reviewed.
RESULTS
The author newly identified leukocyte and platelet abnormalities as negative prognostic factors. Furthermore, this study suggests that decreased gastrointestinal toxicity and improvements of hematologic abnormalities, such as anemia, thrombocytopenia, and lymphocytosis or lymphoblasts, in peripheral blood during chemotherapy act as positive prognostic factors. Finally, strict adherence to therapeutic protocol and selecting multiple agents as rescue protocol are important to prolong survival time.
CONCLUSION
This study identified indicators to be used as prognostic factors through survival analysis.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Retrospective Studies; Lymphoma; Thrombocytopenia; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Survival Analysis; Dog Diseases
PubMed: 37842100
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i9.8 -
The World Allergy Organization Journal May 2020The current COVID-19 pandemic has changed many medical practices in order to provide additional protection to both our patients and healthcare providers. In many cases... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The current COVID-19 pandemic has changed many medical practices in order to provide additional protection to both our patients and healthcare providers. In many cases this includes seeing patients through electronic means such as telehealth or telephone rather than seeing them in person. Asthma exacerbations cannot always be treated in this way.
PROBLEM
Current emergency unit asthma guidelines recommend bronchodilators be administered by metered dose inhaler (MDI) and spacer for mild-moderate asthma and include it as a choice even in severe asthma, but many emergency units continue to prefer nebulised therapy for patients who urgently require beta-agonists. The utilization of nebulised therapy potentially increases the risk of aerosolization of the coronavirus. Since nosocomial transmission of respiratory pathogens is a major threat in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, use of nebulised therapy is of even greater concern due to the potential increased risk of infection spread to nearby patients and healthcare workers.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
We propose a risk stratification plan that aims to avoid nebulised therapy, when possible, by providing an algorithm to help better delineate those who require nebulised therapy. Protocols that include strategies to allow flexibility in using MDIs rather than nebulisers in all but the most severe patients should help mitigate this risk of aerosolised infection transmission to patients and health care providers. Furthermore, expedient treatment of patients with high dose MDI therapy augmented with more rapid initiation of systemic therapy may help ensure patients are less likely to deteriorate to the stage where nebulisers are required.
PubMed: 32411315
DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100125 -
International Dental Journal Oct 2022The aim of this work was to review the protocol of the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for arresting caries, specifically the application time. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this work was to review the protocol of the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) for arresting caries, specifically the application time.
METHOD
Two researchers searched manufacturers' instructions, YouTube videos, and 5 databases (Embase, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science). Manufacturers' instructions, videos from national dental organisations, and peer-reviewed journal articles that published the SDF application protocol in English for arresting caries were selected.
RESULTS
The review included 14 protocols from 15 publications from 4 manufacturers, 3 dental associations, and 7 author teams (one team had 2 articles). The American Dental Association and the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry provided their SDF application protocols on YouTube. The American Academy of Paediatric Dentistry and 7 author teams published their protocols in journal articles. Seven publications suggested an SDF application time of 60 seconds. Seven publications suggested a time range of 10 seconds to 240 seconds. Two publications suggested caries excavation, but 4 publications suggested no caries excavation before SDF application. The procedures from at least 5 publications involved protecting the gingiva with petroleum jelly, isolating the carious tooth with cotton rolls, drying the carious lesion with a 3-in-1 syringe, applying SDF solution with a micro brush for 60 seconds, removing excess SDF solution with gauze, and applying fluoride varnish to the SDF-treated lesion.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the SDF application protocol is simple and straightforward, the published protocols could be different. Most publications suggested an SDF application time of 60 seconds, which can be long, particularly for young children and older adults.
Topics: Aged; Cariostatic Agents; Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Fluorides, Topical; Humans; Petrolatum; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds; Silver Compounds
PubMed: 35843730
DOI: 10.1016/j.identj.2022.06.006 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2024Patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) require additional treatments, especially those not eligible or not responding to high...
Patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) require additional treatments, especially those not eligible or not responding to high dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Over the last few years, several new treatments have been developed and approved for these patients, among them of particular relevance are those targeting CD19. Tafasitamab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD19, composed of a modified fragment crystallizable (Fc) region engineered with higher affinity for Fc gamma receptors (FcγR) receptors, leading to increased cytotoxicity through natural killer cells and macrophages (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated phagocytosis). In this product review, we will discuss its mechanism of action, safety profile and efficacy results from clinical trials that led to its approval in combination with lenalidomide for patients with R/R DLBCL ineligible for high-dose chemotherapy and autologous transplantation.
Topics: Humans; Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antineoplastic Agents; Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols
PubMed: 38299612
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2309701 -
Blood Reviews Sep 2021Relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is common, especially in older patients, and there is currently no standard of care maintenance therapy for those who achieve... (Review)
Review
Relapse in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is common, especially in older patients, and there is currently no standard of care maintenance therapy for those who achieve complete remission. Finding effective, tolerable maintenance therapy to prolong remission has been a goal for decades, but early clinical trials testing a variety of agents demonstrated disappointing results with no overall survival benefit. CC-486, an oral hypomethylating agent, was recently approved in the United States for maintenance treatment in patients with AML in first remission following chemotherapy. A number of ongoing studies are assessing various therapeutics in the maintenance setting, including other hypomethylating agents, targeted small-molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, and immunomodulators. New strategies are needed to identify patients most likely to benefit from maintenance therapy, including those for whom a preemptive approach reliant on monitoring of measurable residual disease would be advantageous.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols; Azacitidine; Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Maintenance Chemotherapy; Remission Induction; Survival Analysis
PubMed: 33832807
DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2021.100829 -
Proteomes Mar 2023Integrative top-down proteomics is an analytical approach that fully addresses the breadth and complexity needed for effective and routine assessment of proteomes....
Integrative top-down proteomics is an analytical approach that fully addresses the breadth and complexity needed for effective and routine assessment of proteomes. Nonetheless, any such assessments also require a rigorous review of methodology to ensure the deepest possible quantitative proteome analyses. Here, we establish an optimized general protocol for proteome extracts to improve the reduction of proteoforms and, thus, resolution in 2DE. Dithiothreitol (DTT), tributylphosphine (TBP), and 2-hydroxyethyldisulfide (HED), combined and alone, were tested in one-dimensional SDS-PAGE (1DE), prior to implementation into a full 2DE protocol. Prior to sample rehydration, reduction with 100 mM DTT + 5 mM TBP yielded increased spot counts, total signal, and spot circularity (i.e., decreased streaking) compared to other conditions and reduction protocols reported in the literature. The data indicate that many widely implemented reduction protocols are significantly 'under-powered' in terms of proteoform reduction and thus, limit the quality and depth of routine top-down proteomic analyses.
PubMed: 36976889
DOI: 10.3390/proteomes11010010 -
The Saudi Dental Journal Sep 2022This review aimed to identify antimicrobial agents incorporated into dental materials obtained through additive manufacturing and their efficacy. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
This review aimed to identify antimicrobial agents incorporated into dental materials obtained through additive manufacturing and their efficacy.
METHODS
Protocol registration was performed in Open Science Framework (osf.io/sp3xa/) and an electronic search was carried out in the databases PubMed, Science Direct, Embase, Lilacs, and Scopus, up to February 2022, combining the terms ("additive manufacturing" OR "3D printing") AND (antimicrobial). Eligibility criteria included: experimental studies that incorporated 3D printing material with an antimicrobial agent for dental application; that evaluated antimicrobial activity; articles published in peer-reviewed journals and in English.
RESULTS
The database search resulted in 1139 references. The manual selection was carried out in 851 studies. Twenty-five articles were selected for full-text reading, of which 8 were included in this review. Polymers were the dental materials most often modified with antimicrobial agents for 3D printing, followed by metal alloy. The antimicrobials used were mainly nanoparticles, metal particles, antifungals, monomers containing quaternary ammonium salt, and antiseptics such as chlorhexidine.
CONCLUSION
The addition of the antimicrobial agents in polymers and alloy for additive manufacturing showed promising efficacy against spp., Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
PubMed: 36092519
DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2022.05.007 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2023Current multi-agent frameworks usually use centralized, fixed communication infrastructures for the entities that are deployed using them. This decreases the robustness...
Current multi-agent frameworks usually use centralized, fixed communication infrastructures for the entities that are deployed using them. This decreases the robustness of the system but is less challenging when having to deal with mobile agents that can migrate between nodes. We introduce, in the context of the F (Fast and Lightweight Agent Shell) multi-entity deployment framework, methods to build decentralized interaction infrastructures which support migrating entities. We discuss the WS-Regions (WebSocket Regions) communication protocol, a proposal for interaction in deployments using multiple communication methods, and a mechanism to facilitate using arbitrary names for entities. The WS-Regions Protocol is compared against Jade (the Java Agent Development Framework), the most popular agent deployment framework, with a favorable trade-off between decentralization and performance.
PubMed: 36991850
DOI: 10.3390/s23063139